Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010

8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010

1/35

Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on NormalPolyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric

By: Dr. Ruma Chakrabarti

Kumaraguru college of Technology

Coimbatore

Abstract:

Microfibres are well established in the apparel markets. It is used either as a single fibre fabric

or in conjunction with coarser synthetic or natural fibres, providing fabrics of enhanced

drapability, luster, softness, smoothness and in many cases novel tactile and visual aesthetics.

These fibres due to its extreme fineness has some distinguishing properties like higher dye

uptake, lower colour yield etc and hence requires and presents a challenge to the dyer in terms of

shade matching with that of normal polyester fibre[1]. The study aims at understanding the step

by step process occurring in the dye bath with changes in time and temperature during the total

cycle of dyeing by the study of the kinetics involved in the dyeing process, which is determined

in terms of its colour yield and dye uptake in gms/kg of the microfibre fabric as compared to the

normal polyester fabric [2,3].

1. Introduction:

The last two decades have witnessed major innovations in the textile industry, and a prime

example has been the advent of the polyester Microfibres. Microfibres have set new trends in the

textile industry and manmade fibres were upgraded to be superior to natural fibres both in

appearance and also in the other physical and comfort properties.

A microfibre technically denotes a fibre of 1.0 denier or less in linear density. Still finer fibres

of less than 0.3 dpf are referred to as super micro fibres. The advent of these fibres in the apparel


2/35

market has put the dyer and processor at a loss in terms of their understanding of the processing,

dyeing and finishing of these Microfibres. These fibres with its extreme fineness has some

distinguishing properties like higher dye uptake, lower colour yield, improved absorbency etc

and present a challenge to the dyer in terms of shade matching with the normal denier polyester

fibre. Our study aims at arriving at an understanding of the kinetics involved in the dyeing

process, which is determined in terms of its colour yield and dye uptake in gms/kg of the

microfibre fabric as compared to the normal polyester fabric[4-8].

2. Materials and Methods:

2.1Fabric:

Normal Polyester X Normal Polyester(NPET) Micro Polyester X Micro Polyester (MPET)

2.2 Chemicals and Auxiliaries:

Dimethyl Formamide GR Chlorobenzene GR Acetic Acid GR Sodium Hydrosulphite Purified Sodium Hydroxide Extra Pure Non-Ionic detergent

(Auxipon NP)


3/35

2.3. Disperse Dyes:

Four different categories of disperse dyes were used supplied by Clariant India Pvt. Ltd.

Dye TypeForon Blue SE-2RI Medium Energy

Foron Brown S-3RELI High Energy

Foron Brill. Orange E-RLI Low Energy

Foron Rubine RD-GFLI Rapid

2.4. Experimental Methods:

2.4.1. Scouring: The fabric sample was scoured with 2g/l of non-ionic detergent at 80C for 30

minutes and then rinsed with hot and cold water and subsequently dried in air.

2.4.2. Dyeing:Commercial samples of disperse dyes were used to dye the fabrics with the usual

dyeing procedure.

2.4.3. Studies of Dyeing Kinetics: The dyeing was carried out in HTHP beaker dyeing machine.

The samples of known weight were dyed for 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% shade alone or in combination

(Micro Denier Polyester fabric and Normal Polyester fabric in the same bath) in the dye baths

containing required amount of dye dispersion, and 3 g/l of acetic acid keeping material to liquor

ratio of 1:50. The dyeing was started at 70C followed by heating of this dye bath to 130C with

a heating rate of 2C/min. The samples were removed from the bath at required temperature and

time intervals of dyeing. Dyed samples were given reduction clearing treatment at 2g/l sodium

hydroxide at 60C for 30 minutes, washed with water and then air dried.

2.4.4. Determination of Dye Uptake:The amount of disperse dye on dyed fabric was determined

by extracting dye present in 10 mg of dyed fabrics in 10 ml. of solvent at 115C-120C for one

hour. Optical density of the extract was determined on UV-1201, Shimadzu UV-VIS

spectrophotometer. Calibration curves plotted with commercial dyes were used to calculate the


4/35

amount of dye on the fibre from the optical density values and expressed in terms of grams of

dye/kg of fibre. For Foron Blue SE-2RI, and Foron Rubine RD-GFLI, Chlorobenzene and for

Foron Brill. Orange E-RLI and Foron Brown S-3RELI Dimethyl Formamide was used as a dye

extracting solvent.

2.4.5. Evaluation of Colour Depth of Dyed Samples:The dyed samples were evaluated for the

depth of the colour by determining K/S values using a Spectraflash SF 300, Computer Colour

Matching System supplied by Datacolor International, USA.

2.4.6. Light Fastness: The dyed samples were exposed to a light fastness test in a Suntest CPS.

Care was taken during exposing of samples to light fastness test in Suntest so that only half

samples were exposed to the light by covering the other half by black card paper. The samples

were exposed for a total period of 24 hours.

2.4.7. Sublimation Fastness:The dyed samples were tested for sublimation fastness test using

sublimation fastness tester machine, supplied by Electronics and Engineering Company. The

specimens were prepared by sandwiching the dyed sample with undyed cotton fabric on one side

and similar undyed polyester fabric on the other side. The specimens were then tested for

sublimation fastness at 210C for 30 secs.


5/35

3.0 Results and Discussion:

Table 1: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron blue SE 2RI

Shade : 0.5%

K/SDye uptake

gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness

Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.035 0000 0.17 1 1 5 4-5

10 90 0.064 0.089 0.027 0.042 1 1 5 4

15 100 0.7160 0.992 0.291 0.474 1-2 1 5 4

20 110 2.614 2.343 0.984 1.359 2 1 4-5 425 120 3.816 3.271 1.429 2.131 2 1-2 4-5 4

30 130 5.123 4.846 2.083 2.316 3 2-3 4 3-4

50 130 5.741 4.86 2.334 2.383 3-4 3 4 3-4

60 130 5.682 4.984 2.310 2.382 3-4 3-4 3-4 3

90 130 5.682 4.986 2.292 2.382 4 3-4 3-4 3

Table 2: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI

Shade : 0.5%

K/SDye uptake

gms/kg.of fibre Light fastnessSublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.042 0000 0.020 1 1 5 4-5

10 90 0.063 0.091 0.025 0.043 1 1 5 4-5

15 100 0.695 1.020 0.295 0.467 2 1 5 4

20 110 2.620 2.489 0.819 1.381 2-3 2 4-5 4

25 120 3.751 3.505 1.420 2.201 3 3 4-5 4

30 130 4.860 4.902 1.975 2.343 3-4 3-4 4-5 3-4

50 130 5.59 4.994 2.274 2.387 3-4 4 4 3-460 130 5.62 4.998 2.287 2.389 4 4-5 3-4 3

90 130 5.618 4.949 2.284 2.391 4 4-5 3-4 3


6/35

Fig.1: Effect Of time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI

Shade : 0.5%

Fig.2: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI

Shade : 0.5%


7/35

Table3: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron blue SE 2RIShade : 1%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0

C) NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

Mic00roPET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.0523 0000 0.025 1 1 4-5 4

10 90 0.1207 0.148 0.045 0.069 1 1 4-5 4

15 100 1.793 1.355 0.492 0.791 2-3 2 4-5 3-4

20 110 4.159 3.620 1.691 2.065 3-4 2-3 4 3-4

25 120 6.859 5.432 2.717 3.552 4 3-4 3-4 3

30 130 8.838 8.057 3.471 3.851 4-5 4 3-4 3

50 130 9.569 8.313 3.82 3.973 5 4-5 3 2-3

60 130 9.471 8.307 3.850 3.970 5 4-5 3 2-3

90 130 9.397 8.306 3.85 3.970 5 4-5 3 2-3

Table4: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI

Shade : 1%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0000 0.060 0000 0.029 1 1 4-5 4

10 90 0.095 0.164 0.038 0.071 1 1 4-5 4

15 100 1.692 1.584 0.485 0.805 2-3 2 4-5 3-4

20 110 4.098 3.742 1.665 2.123 3-4 2-3 4 3-4

25 120 6.68 6.859 2.382 3.591 4-5 4 3-4 3

30 130 8.514 8.248 3.462 3.942 4-5 4 3-4 3

50 130 9.052 8.322 3.681 3.977 5 4-5 3 2-3

60 130 9.15 8.321 3.720 3.979 5 4-5 3 2-3

90 130 9.200 8.324 3.740 3.979 5 4-5 3 2-3


8/35

Fig.3:Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI

Shade : 1%

Fig4: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI

Shade : 1%


9/35

Table5: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron blue SE 2RIShade : 1.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0

C) NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

Mic00roPET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.060 0000 0.037 1-2 1 4-5 4

10 90 0.188 0.197 0.0765 0.1032 2 1-2 4-5 4

15 100 2.175 2.264 0.927 1.035 2-3 2 4-5 4

20 110 5.036 3.500 2.647 2.796 3 2 4-5 3-4

25 120 8.789 7.102 3.620 3.697 3-4 3 4 3-4

30 130 12.806 11.188 5.206 5.328 4 3 4 3

50 130 13.616 11.853 5.535 5.676 5 4-5 3-4 3

60 130 14.200 12.430 5.775 5.955 5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3

90 130 14.090 12.450 5.730 5.955 5-6 5 3-4 2-3

Table6: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Blue SE 2RIShade : 1.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.091 0000 0.043 1-2 1 4-5 410 90 0.167 0.233 0.0682 0.1065 2 1-2 4-5 4

15 100 1.965 2.525 0.879 1.207 2-3 2 4-5 4

20 110 4.784 3.563 2.626 3.184 3 2 4-5 3-4

25 120 8.630 8.069 3.573 4.286 3-4 3 4 3-4

30 130 12.769 12.372 5.191 5.613 4 3 4 3

50 130 13.573 12.481 5.52 5.965 5 4-5 3-4 3

60 130 13.726 12.484 5.58 5.968 5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3

90 130 13.774 12.487 5.60 5.968 5-6 5 3-4 2-3


10/35

Fig.5: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI

Shade : 1.5%

Fig.6: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI

Shade : 1.5%


11/35

Table7: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 0.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0

C) NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

Mic00roPET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0000 0000 0.037 3-2 2 4-5 4

10 90 0000 0.041 0000 0.050 3-2 2 4-5 4

15 100 0.230 0.218 0.081 0.242 3-2 2 4-5 4

20 110 0.421 0.398 0.262 0.449 3-4 3 4-5 4

25 120 0.889 0.761 0.491 0.961 4 3-4 4-5 3-4

30 130 1.268 1.126 0.759 1.254 5 4 4 3-4

50 130 3.071 1.51 1.752 1.846 6 5-6 4 3-4

60 130 3.189 1.60 1.986 2.166 6 5-6 3-4 3

90 130 3.402 1.61 2.120 2.172 6 5-6 3-4 3

Table8: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI

Shade : 0.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 3-2 2 4-5 4

10 90 0000 0.045 0000 0.050 3-2 2 4-5 4

15 100 0.229 0.224 0.069 0.258 3-2 2 4-5 4

20 110 0.415 0.405 0.244 0.466 3-4 3 4-5 4

25 120 0.794 0.778 0.482 0.962 4 3-4 4-5 3-4

30 130 1.219 1.065 0.725 1.317 5 4 4 3-4

50 130 2.665 1.599 1.655 1.977 6 5-6 4 3-4

60 130 3.047 1.707 1.892 2.713 6 5-6 3-4 3

90 130 3.229 1.710 2.005 2.113 6 5-6 3-4 3


12/35

Fig.7: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 0.5%

Fig.8: Effect of time on K/SDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI

Shade : 0.5%


13/35

Table9: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 1%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0

C) NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

Mic00roPET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 2-3 2 4-5 4

10 90 0000 0.0680 0000 0.083 2-3 2 4-5 4

15 100 0.217 0.361 0.135 0.431 3-4 3 4-5 4

20 110 0.701 0.658 0.437 0.799 3-4 3 4-5 4

25 120 1.480 1.332 0.919 1.602 4 3-4 4 3

30 130 2.032 1.853 1.266 2.256 4 3-4 4 3

50 130 4.688 2.732 2.921 3.44 5-6 5 3-4 3

60 130 5.314 2.969 3.311 3.610 6-7 6 3-4 3

90 130 5.691 2.969 3.533 3.621 6-7 6 3 2-3


Shade : 1%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 2-3 2 4-5 4

10 90 0000 0.070 0000 0.087 2-3 2 4-5 4

15 100 0.195 0.363 0.121 0.448 3-4 3 4-5 4

20 110 0.679 0.664 0.422 0.810 3-4 3 4-5 4

25 120 1.315 1.357 0.895 1.673 4 3-4 4 3

30 130 2.020 1.875 1.254 2.291 4 3-4 4 3

50 130 4.612 2.830 2.863 3.469 5-6 5 3-4 3

60 130 5.274 3.01 3.274 3.670 6-7 6 3-4 3

90 130 5.589 3.01 3.470 3.675 6-7 6 3 2-3


14/35

Fig.9: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI

Shade : 1%

Fig10: Effect of time on K/SDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI

Shade : 1%


15/35

Table11: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 1.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0

C) NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

Mic00roPET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 2-3 2 4 3-4

10 90 0000 0.103 0000 0.124 2-3 2 5 3-4

15 100 0.325 0.544 0.202 0.6 2-3 2 5 3-4

20 110 1.052 0.878 0.655 1.086 3 2-3 4 3

25 120 2.216 1.997 1.428 2.403 4-5 4 4 3

30 130 3.048 2.813 2.893 3.384 5 4-5 3-4 2-3

50 130 7.035 4.252 4.381 5.115 6-7 5 3-4 2-3

60 130 7.971 4.500 4.966 5.415 7 6 3-4 2

90 130 8.796 4.515 5.199 5.431 7 6 3-4 2


Shade : 1.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 2-3 2 4 3-4

10 90 0000 0.105 0000 0.130 2-3 2 5 3-4

15 100 0.289 0.565 0.180 0.674 2-3 2-3 4 3-4

20 110 1.019 0.996 0.633 1.178 3 2-3 4 3

25 120 2.216 2.038 1.376 2.520 4-5 4 4 3

30 130 2.988 2.820 2.799 3.485 5 4-5 3-4 2-3

50 130 7.010 4.326 4.352 5.224 6-7 5 3-4 2-3

60 130 7.790 4.563 4.967 5.453 7 6 3-4 2

90 130 8.796 4.583 5.178 5.544 7 6 3-4 2


16/35

Fig11: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI

Shade : 1.5%

Fig.12: Effect of time on K/SDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 1.5%


17/35

Table13: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brill. Orange E RLI

Shade : 0.5%

K/S

Dye uptake

gms/kg.of fibre Light fastness

Sublimation

fastnessTime(min)

Temp(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.048 0000 0.012 1 1 3 2-3

10 90 0.221 0.172 0.047 0.097 1 1 2-3 2

15 100 0.670 0.274 0.190 0.331 1-2 1 2-3 2

20 110 3.741 2.970 0.961 1.361 3-4 2 2 2

25 120 5.281 3.771 2.080 2.999 4 3 2 1-2

30 130 6.163 4.466 2.834 3.034 4-5 3-4 1-2 1-2

50 130 6.481 4.726 2.909 3.194 5 4 1-2 1-2

60 130 6.543 4.832 3.141 3.220 5 4 1 1

90 130 6.545 4.932 2.945 3.271 5 4 1 1

Table14: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Brill. Orange E RLI

Shade : 0.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.051 0000 0.015 1 1 3 2-3

10 90 0.205 0.129 0.041 0.106 1 1 2-3 2

15 100 0.619 0.297 0.179 0.342 1-2 1 2-3 2

20 110 3.394 3.082 0.972 1.407 3-4 2 2 2

25 120 4.842 3.986 2.045 2.971 4 3 2 1-2

30 130 5.955 5.163 2.731 3.097 4-5 3-4 1-2 1-2

50 130 6.429 5.293 2.934 3.116 5 4 1-2 1-2

60 130 6.521 5.325 3.150 3.167 5 4 1 1

90 130 6.534 5.326 3.122 3.230 5 4 1 1


18/35

Fig.13: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLIShade : 0.5%

Fig.14: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLI

Shade : 0.5%


19/35


Shade : 1%

K/S

Dye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime(min)

Temp(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.060 0000 0.021 1 1 3-4 3

10 90 0.379 0.250 0.099 0.120 2 1-2 3-4 3

15 100 1.290 0.998 0.432 0.896 3 2 3-4 3

20 110 5.458 4.677 2.086 2.350 4 3 3 3

25 120 6.865 5.462 3.170 3.557 4 3-4 3 2-3

30 130 7.823 7.258 3.650 4.671 4-5 4 3 2-3

50 130 8.942 7.505 4.445 4.733 5-6 4 2-3 2

60 130 8.865 7.507 4.68 4.739 5-6 4-3 2-3 2

90 130 8.871 7.590 4.689 4.735 5-6 4-5 2-3 2


Shade : 1%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.079 0000 0.024 1 1 3-4 3

10 90 0.322 0.268 0.084 0.135 2 1-2 3-4 3

15 100 1.215 1.059 0.420 0.951 3 2 3-4 3

20 110 5.322 4.895 1.818 2.457 4 3 3 3

25 120 6.720 5.577 3.130 3.634 4 3-4 3 2-3

30 130 7.621 7.582 3.496 4.784 4-5 3-4 3 2-3

50 130 8.545 7.871 4.394 4.795 5-6 4 2-3 2

60 130 8.560 7.891 4.432 4.798 5-6 3-4 2-3 2

90 130 8.571 7.905 4.444 4.806 5-6 4-5 2-3 1


20/35

Fig.15: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLIShade : 1%

Fig.16; Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLIShade : 1%


21/35


Shade : 1.5%

K/S

Dye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime(min)

Temp(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.083 0000 0.038 2 1-2 3 2

10 90 0.612 0.382 0.168 0.352 2-3 1-2 3 2

15 100 2.028 1.434 0.995 1.271 2-3 2 3 2

20 110 7.707 6.607 2.912 3.234 4 3 2-3 1

25 120 10.938 7.757 4.570 4.790 5 4 2 1

30 130 11.972 9.623 5.339 5.466 5-6 5 2 1

50 130 12.049 9.619 5.370 5.490 5-6 4-5 1-2 1

60 130 12.194 9.722 5.449 5.560 6 5 1-2 1

90 130 12.200 9.759 5.510 5.560 6 5 1-2 1


Shade : 1.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0000 0.086 0000 0.041 2 1-2 3 2

10 90 0.532 0.405 0.148 0.381 2-3 1-2 3 2

15 100 2.022 1.511 0.942 1.327 2-3 2 3 2

20 110 7.548 6.630 2.791 3.550 4 3 2-3 1

25 120 10.239 8.019 4.465 4.968 5 4 2 1

30 130 11.451 9.751 5.144 5.471 5-6 5 2 1

50 130 11.519 10.282 5.172 5.558 5-6 4-5 1-2 1

60 130 11.680 10.287 5.203 5.561 6 5 1-2 1

90 130 11.789 10.289 5.220 5.567 6 5 1-2 1


22/35

Fig.17: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLIShade : 1.5%

Fig.18: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLI

Shade : 1.5%


23/35

Table19: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 0.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0

C) NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

Mic00roPET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0.062 0.203 0.024 0.112 1-2 1 4-5 4

10 90 0.311 0.506 0.245 0.278 2 1 4-5 4

15 100 0.880 1.571 0.423 0.464 2-3 2 4 4

20 110 2.766 2.524 0.961 1.554 3-4 2-3 4 3-4

25 120 4.450 3.587 1.727 1.974 4-5 4 4 3-4

30 130 5.553 4.149 2.132 2.183 5 4 4 3

50 130 5.820 4.407 2.268 2.325 5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3

60 130 5.823 4.269 2.268 2.349 5-6 5 3-4 2-3

90 130 5.825 4.271 2.269 2.350 5-6 5 3-4 2-3

Table20: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI

Shade : 0.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0.054 0.213 0.022 0.117 1-2 1 4-5 4

10 90 0.295 0.512 0.241 0.282 2 1 4-5 4

15 100 0.805 1.597 0.352 0.879 2-3 2 4 4

20 110 2.682 2.587 0.958 1.597 3-4 2-3 4 3-4

25 120 4.440 3.689 1.733 2.032 4-5 4 4 3-4

30 130 5.474 4.205 2.112 2.204 5 4 4 3

50 130 5.808 4.390 2.259 2.471 5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3

60 130 5.810 4.405 2.260 2.479 4-6 5 3-4 2-3

90 130 5.810 4.414 2.260 2.484 5-6 5 3-4 2-3


24/35

Fig.19: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 0.5%

Fig.20: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI

Shade : 0.5%


25/35

Table21: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 1%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0

C) NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

MicroPET

NormalPET

Mic00roPET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0.105 0.338 0.041 0.186 2-3 2 4-5 4

10 90 0.516 0.843 0.201 0.464 3 2 4-5 4

15 100 1.768 2.618 1.172 1.314 3-4 3 4-5 4

20 110 4.910 4.589 1.601 2.580 4 3-4 4-5 3-4

25 120 7.417 5.979 2.889 3.290 5 4 4 4

30 130 9.125 6.523 3.554 3.639 5-6 4-5 4 3-4

50 130 9.700 7.037 3.781 3.911 6 5 3-4 2-3

60 130 9.700 7.039 3.781 3.791 6 5 3-4 2-3

90 130 9.720 7.039 3.782 3.793 6 5 3-4 2-3


Shade : 1%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0.090 0.353 0.035 0.195 2-3 2 4-5 4

10 90 .493 0.857 0.192 0.466 3 2 4-5 4

15 100 1.622 2.646 1.655 1.456 3-4 3 4-5 4

20 110 4.703 4.645 1.596 2.644 4 3-4 4-5 3-4

25 120 7.384 6.116 2.872 3.365 5 4 4 4

30 130 9.074 6.613 3.343 3.659 5-6 4-5 4 3-4

50 130 9.680 7.100 3.765 4.092 6 5 3-4 2-3

60 130 9.685 7.160 3.767 4.105 6 5 3-4 2-3

90 130 9.690 7.206 3.769 4.113 6 5 3-4 2-3


26/35

Fig.21: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 1%


Shade : 1%


27/35

Table23: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI

Shade : 1.5%

K/S

Dye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime(min)

Temp(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET

0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0.156 0.505 0.161 0.278 2-3 2 4 3-4

10 90 0.781 1.260 0.034 0.693 2-3 2 4 3-4

15 100 2.772 3.910 1.946 2.152 3 2 3-4 3-4

20 110 6.682 5.802 2.426 3.853 4-5 3-4 4 3

25 120 11.587 8.931 4.507 4.914 5 4 4 3

30 130 14.511 9.881 5.644 5.431 6-7 4-5 3-4 3

50 130 14.816 10.626 5.763 5.747 6-7 5 3 2-3

60 130 14.850 10.660 5.776 5.84 6-7 5 3 2-3

90 130 14.893 10.690 5.797 5.880 6-7 6 3 2-3


Shade : 1.5%

K/SDye uptake


Sublimation

fastnessTime

(min)

Temp

(0C) Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Micro

PET

Normal

PET

Mic00ro

PET0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -

5 80 0.136 0.528 0.053 0.291 2-3 2 4 3-4

10 90 0.781 1.270 0.284 0.699 2-3 2 4 3-4

15 100 2.759 3.969 0.840 2.184 3 2 3-4 3-4

20 110 6.437 6.108 2.369 3.966 4-5 3-4 4 3

25 120 10.965 9.296 4.275 5.115 5 4 4 3

30 130 13.500 9.979 5.260 5.546 6-7 4-5 3-4 3

50 130 14.274 10.645 5.596 6.187 6-7 5 3 2-3

60 130 14.360 10.991 5.595 6.327 6-7 5 3 2-3

90 130 14.369 11.010 5.597 6.332 6-7 6 3 2-3


28/35

Fig.23: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 1.5%


Shade : 1.5%


29/35

Polyester micro fibre fabric (0.8) dpf and normal polyester fabric (2.47dpf) were subjected for dyeing

with Foron Blue SE-2RI in HTHP m/c and their dyeing kinetics were studied using 0.5 % shade. The

results in terms of K/S values and dye uptake are given in TABLE 1-6 AND FIGURES. 1-6. These

results indicate that about 100C temperature, the dye uptake was very negligible. This temperature

was achieved in 15 mins., however, between 100-130C temperature range the rate of dyeing in case

of micro polyester fabric was distinctly higher than that in the case of normal polyester fabric. The

equilibrium dye uptake values in case of micro polyester fabric seemed to have been achieved after 30

mins. of dyeing, whereas in case of normal polyester fabric it was achieved at around 60 mins. It is to

be noted that out of this time, the first fifteen was spent to raise the temperature to 1000C and the dye

uptake values during this period were quite negligible. The increase in the dye uptake observed from

1000

to 130 C temperature range per unit time was found to be 0.0597/C for normal polyester and

0.0614/C for micro-fibre denier polyester fabric. This clearly indicates that the micro polyester is dyed

at a much higher rate and equilibrium dyeing is achieved faster compared to normal polyester fabric[9-

14]. This behavior could be attributed to the increased surface area of the fibre in the fabric which is of

microfilament nature. As far as equilibrium dye uptake values are concerned, the microfilament fabric

gave slightly more values than observed in the case of normal fabric. It could be possible that in the

case of micro filament fabric the filament being finer the penetration is up to the core and thus when

the dye uptake is measured in terms of gms/kg of the fibre, higher values are likely to result.

When similar studies were carried out with the normal polyester fabric and the micro polyester fabric

in the same bath with same percent shade and then the dye uptake on the individual fabric was

determined the results indicate (TABLE 2 AND FIGURES 1&2) that there was a slight increase in


30/35

the rate of dyeing of the micro-polyester fabric. This could be attributed to the fact that individual

component fabric having higher amount of dye in the bath, since that was taken on the total weight of

both the fabric keeping the percent shade same. However, the equilibrium dye uptake values of micro

filament fabric were distinctly higher in the case of simultaneous dyeing bath than that in the

individual bath. In the case of normal polyester filament however, since the total dye present in the dye

bath was the same as the percent shade, the equilibrium dye uptake was found to be slightly lower. In

other words the faster dyeing microfilament fabric not only picked up the dye at a faster rate in the

simultaneous dyeing bath but also showed an increase in the relatively, slower dyeing normal

polyester fabric ended up with slight decrease in dye uptake which could be due to the lesser amount

of dye available for the same in the simultaneous dyeing bath. When the same dyeing was studied in

terms of K/S values, it is clear that the normal polyester fabric showed slightly higher K/S values as

compared to micro denier polyester. Its rate of dyeing studied in terms of increase in the K/S value in

the temperature range of 100-130C are more or less the same and the curves cross each other. The

lower equilibrium K/S value in the case of micro filament fabric may be thus due to higher surface

area of the individual filament fibres present in the fabric, resulting in lower depth of shade. A better

penetration of the dye to the core could also be another reason. However, since we know that the dye

uptake in terms of gms/kg of the fibre was found to be more in the case off micro-filament fabric than

the normal filament fabric, it can be inferred that in the case of micro-filament fabric it is the role of

the increased surface area making the fabric look lighter giving a lower value of K/S. Similar, were the

results obtained in the case of simultaneous dyeing, when both the fabric was dyed together in a single

bath. However, it has to be noted that the K/S values of the dyeing from the simultaneous bath were

found to be lower in the case of normal polyester fabric, where they were slightly higher in the case of

micro polyester fabric as compared to that obtained in the case of dyeing in individual bath and this


31/35

phenomenon can be attributed to the distribution of the dye among fibres in the two process, and

micro-filament fabric having higher rate of dyeing will show a comparatively higher K/s value than

that compared to that of Normal Polyester.

The following set of experiments with 1.0% and 1.5% shade also gave a similar trend i.e.:

Micro-filament fabric have higher rate of dyeing. The micro-filament fabric took shorter time to reach equilibrium dye uptake as

compared to normal polyester fabric.

Micro-filament fabric gave higher equilibrium dye uptake as compared to normalfilament fabric.

In simultaneous dyeing in both the fabric at the same percent shade increase in theequilibrium dye uptake of micro-filament fabric was observed whereas in the case

of normal polyester fabric the equilibrium dye uptake showed slight decrease in its

value. It is also to be noted that in simultaneous dyeing, in the span of 100-130C

temperature range the dyeing rate appear to be slightly increased for the micro-

denier fabric and slightly decreased in case of normal polyester fabric.

Dye uptake values in the case of 1.5% shade was found to be maximum, so also theK/S values when compared with the corresponding values of 1.0% and 0.5 % shade.

Similar experiments as stated above was also carried out with medium energy dye namely Foron

Brown S3RELI for 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% shade. Results with respect to the above are given in

TABLES7- 12 & FIGURES 7-12. It is clear from this data that the micro-filament fabric in this

case too gave a higher rate of dyeing as compared to the normal polyester fabric keeping a

similar trend as that of the earlier cases.


32/35

The K/S values at 0.5% shade also gave a similar trend, where the normal polyester fibre

depicted a distinctly higher K/S values as compared to that of micro filament fabric. In other

words even with the high energy dyes, although the actual K/S values and dye uptake values

were much lower than the Foron Blue SE-2RI(the medium energy dye), the general trend

remained the same. The variation in the K/S values was quite apparent in this dye with respect to

the variation in substrate. It is well known that the high energy dyes have very low diffusion

coefficient and are more sensitive to the variation in substrate and thus the above trend is

understandable. The very low value of increase of dye uptake per unit time i.e, 0.0226gms/kg of

the fibre/C for normal polyester and .0337gms/kg of fibre/C as compared for micro denier

polyester fabric is indicative of their lower diffusion coefficient and also thus the overall values

of dye uptake were quite low. As far as the time required to reach the equilibrium dye uptake

was concerned, they were found to be almost the same for both the fabrics.

In the case of 1.0% shade the trend was similar as observed in 0.5% shade; the difference was

only with respect to the dye uptake and the K/S values which were more than that of the earlier

cases. It was also found that as the shade % increased from 0.5% to 1.5% the difference between

the equilibrium dye uptake of micro-filament fabric and normal filament fabric became distinctly

apparent and much higher although, the general trend remained the same.

In the next set of experiments the low energy disperse dyes i.e. Foron Brill Orange E-RLI was

similarly studied. Results of these experiments are depicted in TABLES 13-18 & FIGURES 13-

18. The general trend with respect to dyeing rate equilibrium dye uptake and the equilibrium

dyeing time remained the same except for the fact that the actual values of K/S and also for the

dye uptake varied as they are a function of the chemical structure of the dye. Rate of dyeing in


33/35

this case, in the temperature range of 100-130Cwere found to be 0.088grams/kg of fibre/C and

0.0901grams /kg of fibre/C for normal and micro-denier polyester fabric respectively at 0.5%

shade.

Finally, the last dye studied was Foron Rubine RD-GFLI rapid dye and the results with respect to

this dye are given in TABLES 19-24 AND FIGURES 19-24respectively. It is clear fro the data

this data that at 0.5% shade although micro-denier fabric gave a higher rate of dyeing as

compared to normal filament fabrics, the equilibrium dyeing values almost matched each other.

However, as shade increased to1.0% and 1.5% shade, the equilibrium dye uptake values showed

distinct difference and the general trend of microfilament giving higher equilibrium dye uptake

was re established. For the K/S values it was the normal polyester which gave a higher K/S

values as compared to micro-filament fabric as expected. When both the fabric were dyed

simultaneously in a single bath, with the rapid dye once again, the dye uptake was found to be

almost unaltered in 0.5% and 1.0% shade, although at 1.5% shade it did exhibit the general trend.

The actual rate of dyeing in the temperature range of 100-130C was found to be 0.0569 gms/kg

of fibre/C and 0.0573 gms/kg of fibre/C for normal and micro denier polyester at 0.5% shade

respectively.

The light fastness and sublimation fastness for the dyes obtained within the whole cycle of

dyeing for normal and micro-fabric, it is quite clear that as far as light fastness properties of the

fibres were concerned it was found that the values were slightly lower for micro denier polyester

as compared to normal polyester. The sublimation fastness however, almost remained the same

for both the fibres. It was also seen that before the equilibrium dye uptake was established, the

light fastness was of very low order and they improved only when the dye uptake curves leveled

off. The reverse trend was observed in the case of sublimation fastness, where in the initial


34/35

period of 5-25 minutes, the sublimation fastness properties were much higher as compared to

that obtained for 30-90 minutes of the dyeing time. This may be due to the fact that during the

initial phase when the amount of dye on the fabric is very less, the penetration of the dye is

uniform and much better and thus, sublimation at 210 degree C will not stain the adjacent fabric.

However in the case of equilibrium dyeing there is always sufficient dye molecules all around

the fibre right from the periphery to the core and in such a situation irrespective of type of dye, it

is likely to stain the adjacent fabric at 210 degree C giving lower sublimation fastness rating.

Conclusion

The rate of dyeing in the temperature range of100-130C, which is an important step in dyeing

was found to be more for micro filament fabric than for normal polyester filament when it was

studied in terms of gms/kg. Of fibre/rise in temperature. Similarly when it was calculated in

terms of K/S values however, reverse was the case. This was found to be true in cases of all the

dyes and all the different shades studied. In case of dyeing of both the fabric simultaneously in

the single bath the general trend of the dyeing rate remain the same. However the actual value

corresponding to the individual dyeing seems to have slightly decreased for the normal filament

fabric and the micro denier fabric they were found to be slightly increased. This variation also

depended upon the type of the dye too. The light fastness was slightly better incase of normal

Polyester fabrics as compared to the micro filament fabric and the sublimation fastness were

more or less the same in both the cases.

References:

1. Partin Richard A., Amer.Dyest.Reptr.,80(11) 1991(45).2. Ajgaonkar DB ., Man made Textiles in India, 35(9) 1992 (327).


35/35

3. Gupta S.,Textile Asia, 24(1) 1993 (53).4. Magarero S., International Fibre Journal, 7(2) 1992(26).5. Anon, Colour Chronicle, Sandoz, Oct/Dec., 1992(1).6. Teli M D., and Rao R., Synthetic Fibres, 22(1) 1993(10).7. Jacques M L., Textile Asia, 23(11) 1992(50).8. Becker W R., International Fibre journal, 7(2) 1992(10)9. Anon., Japan Textile News, 450, 1992(81).10.Anon., Japan Textile News, 457, 1992(58).11.Wada,O., Journal of Textile Institute, 83, 1992(322)

Documents

Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010