Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Abstract—May be taken for granted you know human that
Egyptian pharaohs were the first they invented physical sports and
games recreational and competitive. Including the fencing as
explained in drawings and carvings in temples of the ancient
Egyptians in ages BC In ancient Paranoiac families. Historical
knowledge of the sport fencing historically identified from the tenth
century until the seventeenth century was necessary researcher
studying this history. Aim find out how fencing evolved from
instrument for the wars and martial arts to sports instrument be
reason in happiness its practitioners and audiences. Included in this
study to identify evolving swords until they arrive at sporting
weapons and arranging entry those weapons to Olympics and World
Championships, which was credited with such development. The
countries have maintained their results in Olympic championships
from the period 1896 -2000. The first to be held in Athens and last
session was held in Athens a period in question. Results showed that
the European continent is due credited with the development
weapons even taken final forms that could be used sporting as
instruments and this may violates another study the development of
weapons assigned to Arabs in ignorance and the emergence of Islam.
Study also showed that most countries have achieved results at the
Olympics throughout the period under consideration in the three
weapons of Fencing are: France - Germany - Italy - Hungary -
England - Cuba - Poland - Russia and this result shows attention span
those countries that sports development in the three weapons fencing
men and women.
Keywords— Paranoiac, Olympic championships, fencing.
I. INTRODUCTION
UEL of the oldest of nine Olympic sports participated in
the modern Olympic Games program since its inception
in "1896" Athens "Athens, and even the latest cycle of
Olympic Games held in" Sydney "2000," "In doing so, had a
head start in the subscription cycle Olympic Games for five ten
other Olympic sport of the total twenty-four sport Olympic in
the twenty-first century, and practiced fencing at the level of
the five continents, a. Aruba, Asia, Africa, Australia, and
America. She points to the Olympic spirit Olympic Spirit
Prof. Dr. Gamal zaher ibrahim abdellatif, Department of theory and
applications Combats and individual sports, Faculty of Physical Education in
Port Said University, Egypt.( E-mail: [email protected]).
which is the Olympic flag Olympic Flag was first put this flag
is Baron "de Coubertin" Baron "De Coubertin" in the Olympic
Council in "1914" and the first of said section Olympic Oath
swordsman Bulgarian Victor Baron year "1920" and wrote by
Baron "de Coubertin," said the host country, which read "the
name of all competitors, I promise that we will take this
competition in the Olympic Games, a permanent organization
to respect the laws and sportsmanship to sport and the honor of
the team.
Egypt is the oldest and one of the first Arab countries that
have a known history in the sport of fencing, from old and on
the walls of the temple, "Habu" which was built by Ramses III
in "1190 s. M" near Luxor in Upper Egypt excavations and
fees appear as evidence of practicing the ancient Egyptians for
the sport of fencing where it appears on the walls of those
players, referees and spectators as well as clothing, tools and
stages of practicing fencing, also found the Queen "Cleopatra"
dagger inscribed with Pharaonic candleholder and a statue of
the ancient Egyptian queen. "In the name of all Competitors, I
promise that we shall take part in these Olympic games,
respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, in the
true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the
honor of our teams"
The documents in the history of the Olympic Games in the
field of fencing from the common weapons in the competition,
the first Olympic competition was Pferdy epee men Men's Foil
Individual, and professional Blinds Men Foil for Fencing
Masters .., and individual sword Individual Men's Sabre at the
Athens Games in "1896" the Greece got four medals and
France on three medals and Denmark on a single medal in the
outcome of the duel, and in "1900," there was a duel on behalf
of the duel sword duel for amateurs and professionals Epee for
Amateurs and Fencing Masters Olympics "Paris" Paris, and
was the first competition involved the saber men in "1908"
cycle London Olympic teams as well as the first sword men
"1912" teams subscription cycle Stockholm and has been an
Olympic Games or cycle involving the women's fencing
individual epee weapon in "1924", "Paris"
Aim of the research: Analytical view of the duel during the
Middle Ages from the tenth century (1000) until the
seventeenth century (1700) on the European continent.
Analysis of the results of fencing in the Olympics during the
Comparative study fencing during the Middle
Ages from the tenth century Until the
seventeenth century in the European continent
and the results fencing in the Olympics suffered
from " 1896 - 2000"
Gamal Zaher Ibrahim Abdellatif
D
International Journal of Humanities and Management Sciences (IJHMS) Volume 3, Issue 2 (2015) ISSN 2320–4044 (Online)
118
period from the beginning of the Olympic courses "Athens and
during from " 1952 "to the Olympic Games in Sydney," 2000".
Sub-objectives of the research: Identify the percentage
contribution of the results of the duel in older "men" and three
weapons "ladies.
In the overall standings, as well as the percentage of the total
fencing medals during the period under discussion.
Identification of Olympic history, which every weapon it up
separately for each of the adult "men and women.
Identify the date on which the Olympic fencing teams formed
the three types, senior men and women.
Identify the arrangement of the countries in the Olympic
fencing results over the Olympic courses in the period Of
(1952-2000).
Research questions:
1- What is the percentage contribution of the results of the
duel in the overall standings as well as the percentage
contribution.
2- What Total fencing medals in older "men" three weapons
and "ladies" during the period under discussion.
3- What is the first history of the Olympic co-senior men's
and women's teams in the three Weapon.
4- What is the world ranking the top five countries of the
results may have received medals in fencing.
II. METHODS
It is the opening proceedings of the session and recognized
over more than a century and a four-year Olympic flag, Flame,
logo Olympic Motto, and Section Olympic Oath and Olympic
Creed. (Operational definition)
Names of fencing in the Olympic Games all competitors
Fencing.
It all names fencing, which has disease during the first
Olympic Games in Athens in 1896 until the last Olympic
Games held Sydney's "2000", namely:
Professional duel Foil for Fencing Masters .
Professional sword duel Epee for Fencing Masters.
Saber amateur and professional Epee for Amateurs and
Fencing Masters ..
Professional Fencing Saber for fencing Masters ... Fencing
Single Sticks
Men's Foil Individual .
Men's Team Foil l.
Women's Foil Individual .
Women's Team Foil .
Men's Individual Epee .
Men team's Epee
Women's Epee Individual.
Women's teams Epee team .
Men's Sabre Individual.
Men's Team Sabre
III. RESULTS
TABLE I THE RANKING OF COUNTRIES IN THE RESULTS OF THE JOINT FENCING COMPETITIONS IN OLYMPIC GAMES IN 1952 TO 2000,
ACCORDING TO THE PROPORTION OF THEIR CONTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE IN FENCING
COUNTRY ITA RUS FRA HUN GBR POL SUI ROM CHN CUB COM BGR USA
Ranking First second Third Fourth fifth Sixth Seventh eighth Ninth Eleven Twelv X11 X111
Year
Th
e p
erce
nta
ge c
on
trib
uti
on
in
the
tota
l m
edal
s F
enci
ng
1952 38% - 14% 29% - - 10% 5% - - - - -
1956 23% 10% 19% 19% - 10% - 5% - - - 5% -
1960 29% 29% - 13% 8% 4% - - - - - 8% 4%
1964 13% 25% 21% 17% 8% 13% - - - - - 4% -
1968 8% 29% 13% 25% - 13% - 4% - - - - -
1972 8% 29% 13% 29% - 13% 4% 4% - - - - -
1976 13% 29% 17% 8% 13% - 13% 4% - - - - -
1980 7% 29% 25% 25% - 13% 8% - - - - - -
1984 29% - 29% - 17% - 4% 13% - - - - 4%
1988 17% 21% 13% 13% 25% 4% - - - - - - 4%
1992 13% - 21% 17% 8% 8% - 4% 4% 4% 17% - -
1996 21% 28% 25% 10% 11% - - 9% 12% 9% - - -
2000 20% 32% 18% 3% 15% 6% 163% - 6% 6% - - -
Percentage of
Total 18.6% 17.5% 17.5% 16 % 8.1% 6.5% 4 % 3.7% 1.7% 1.5% 1.3% 1.3% 0.9%
rounding to the nearest decimal number*
International Journal of Humanities and Management Sciences (IJHMS) Volume 3, Issue 2 (2015) ISSN 2320–4044 (Online)
119
TABLE II FENCING RESULTS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES FROM 1952 TO 2000 LEVELS OF THE SUMMIT IN THE THREE ARMS "TOP", "MEN"
AND "WOMEN" AND THE NUMBER OF "MEDALS" (GOLD - SILVER - BRONZE), WHICH EARNED HIM EVERY WEAPON
UNTRY ITA RUS FRA HUN GBR BOL
Combined Arms G S B G S B G S B G S B G S B G S B
Armed individual FOIL 9 3 8 3 3 4 5 2 7 1 6 4 - 5 2 1 1 1
TEAM FOIL 6 2 - 8 5 - 5 2 5 1 4 3 1 1 2 1 3 5
TOTAL 15 5 8 11 8 4 10 4 12 2 10 7 1 6 4 2 4 6
Armed individual Epee 4 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 3 4 1 2 1 1 - - 1 -
Armed Team Epee 4 2 2 1 2 2 - 5 4 3 3 2 - 2 - - - 1
total 8 5 5 4 3 4 3 6 7 7 4 4 1 2 - - 1 1
Armed individual Sabre - 1 - 4 3 6 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 - 1 1 2 1
Armed Team sabre 2 4 - 6 2 2 1 2 2 2 - 2 - 2 - - 2 -
Total 3 5 - 10 5 8 4 5 4 5 2 4 1 2 1 1 4 1
Total all 26 15 13 25 16 16 17 15 22 14 16 13 5 11 - 4 9 8
TABLE III
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE "ALKROSKAL - ALLIS" TO DENOTE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RESULTS OF STATE SUMMIT IN FENCING IN THE OLYMPIC
GAMES IN THE PERIOD FROM 1952 – 2000 Country ITA RUS FRA HUN GBR POL
N-GROUB 13 13 13 13 13 13
T- RANK 677.00 656.50 556.00 530.00 351.00 310.00
Statistical test of Kruskal - Allis H "
19.334
Odds ratio error occurs using the distribution of Ca 2 degrees of freedom = 0.002
IV. DISCUSSION
A table showing (1) ranking of countries in the results of the
fencing competitions and participating in the Olympic Games
of the year 1952 to 2000, according to the share of the total
medals made by each country in relation to the total medal
tally fencing, as can be seen that the arrangement Olympic
winner of the countries in the competitions fencing is: "Italy,
Russia, France, Hungary, Germany, Poland, Romania,
Sweden, China, Cuba, the Commonwealth, Britain and
America, and is noticeable win, "the Italian team" in the
thirteen to meet an Olympic-size is the sum of Olympic
Games, and the "Russian" team win in ten games Olympic as
"Italian" team won the medals (26 gold 0.15 silver 0.16
Bronze) percentage 18.6% more than the team, "Russian" and
the number of medals (25 gold 0.16 silver and 18 bronze)
percentage 17.5%, as "France" got third place and the number
of medals obtained by (17 gold 0.15 silver and 22 bronze)
percentage 17.5% and the total medals Hungary (14 gold 0.16
silver and 13 bronze) as a percentage of 16% contribution to
the outcome of the duel. then comes next in the order in
Germany total medals (5 gold 0.11 and silver) and Hungary
the number of medals (4 gold 0.9 silver and 8 bronze) as a
percentage contribution to the total medals Fencing 8.1% and
6.5%, respectively. Then comes in the standings after the
Sweden percentage of 4% and Romania increased by 3.7% and
Cuba 1.5% and Commonwealth increased by 1.3% and Britain
1.3% and America 0.90.
- With this and the above checks the first question, the
second, the first of what are the percentages contribute to the
outcome of the duel in the overall standings and as well as the
percentage contribution to the total fencing medals in older
"men" and women "during the search?
- The second question is what are the countries which
achieved a breakthrough in the results in the three fencing
weapons "singles and" older "men" and women's teams "in the
period from 1952 - 2000?
- The first observation that can be inferred that the countries
presented in the results of the fencing has been outstanding this
achievement from the beginning of the Olympic course in
question from 1952 and until the last Olympic cycle, "Sydney
2000" which indicates that the fencing in these countries is not
the result of chance, but rather indicates that the the fencing is
subject to clear objectives achieved availability of the factors
leading to victory in the competition, and among those factors
is the spread of fencing with a broad base of practitioners,
providing all the necessary tools and capabilities to exercise a
greater number of Fencers whether it's at the level of the
stadiums or trainers, and experts And standard sports
equipment, which shows them how they achieve the objectives
of the training plans.
- The second observation that can be inferred that over the
history of the modern Olympics did not find Arab or African
country occupies in fencing any advanced point in each
Olympic cycle, and especially Egypt, which is one of the
oldest countries involved in the And it.
- is also useful to choose her state greatest achievement in
competitions fencing in a specific weapon without other
weapons, or more than one weapon, it's Table (2) it is clear
that Italy more wins countries in the epee "singles and teams,"
where the total medals won it is (15 gold 0.5 silver and 8
bronze), where he excelled on Russia winning second place in
the standings with a total medals (11 gold 0.8 silver and 4
bronze), and in return, we find that Russia was characterized
by a large margin from the rest of the other countries in the
sword weapon "singles and teams" where won (10 gold 0.5
silver and 8 bronze) are also shown in Table superiority in
Hungary weapon saber "singles and teams," the number of
medals (7 gold 0.4 silver and 4 bronze). And can be seen from
the foregoing importance of linking training plans in epee state
of Italy, or a contract of cooperation with Russia in the State of
the sword Weapon agreements, and the State of Hungary in the
saber weapon and these three countries illustrated the
importance of using their expertise and training plans in the
three Weapon... Olympics, especially in the sport of fencing.
- With this third question is achieved what is the first state
in all of the weapons of the top "of the three individual
weapons and" men "and women's teams" at the Olympic
Games in the period from 1952 - 2000?
Table shows (3) that the statistical test value "to Kruskal -
International Journal of Humanities and Management Sciences (IJHMS) Volume 3, Issue 2 (2015) ISSN 2320–4044 (Online)
120
Wallis" Kruskal -Wallis equal to 19.334 and the percentage
likelihood of error by using the distribution of Ca 2 degrees of
freedom 5 equal to 0.002 and is statistically significant, and
this means that the differences between the results of the
summit countries in Fencing in the Olympic Games in the
period from 1952-2000 real differences, where the difference
between the "Italy", Russia, France, Hungary, Germany and
Poland was "in favor of" "Italy," and the difference between
"Russia", France, Hungary and Germany and Poland was "in
favor of" Hungary ", and so there is a real and significant
difference between Germany and Poland in favor of Germany
and Poland in favor of Germany. Thus, results indicate
variation in the table analysis (3) for the best six international
teams in the Duel in the Olympic Games of 1952 -2000 and
therefore the ranking according to their results in fencing was
"Italy, Russia, France, and Hungary, and Germany, and
Poland."
- With this fourth question achieved Are there significant
differences between the results of the top teams in the fencing
at the Olympic Games in the period 1952-2000?
- As evidenced by the analysis of the results of fencing in
the period from 1952 Helsinki to Sydney 2000 session that the
first involvement of women in the League, "the difference in
the epee," was in 1960 in the Olympic Games in Rome after 13
Games where the ladies involved in the weapon saber "Singles
and teams" was in "Atlanta 1996".
- All men fencing competitions in the three Weapon
constant has not changed since 1924, and even the Olympic
Games, "Sydney 2000".
REFERENCES
:إبراهيم نبيل عبد العزيز .1
السيف عند العرب فى الجاهلية
) دراسة تاريخية ( ، وصدر الإسـلام
بحث منشور مجلة "
.أ . هامـرتن :جــون .2
المجلد الرابع ، نشر ، تـاريخ العـــالم
بتكليف من وزارة التربية والتعليم ،
. بدون تاريخمكتبة النهضة المصرية
:عبــاس الـرمـــلى .3، دار الفكر العربى ، المبـــــارزة
م 9191القاهرة ،
:محمد شفيق غــربـال .4، دار الموسوعـة العـربية الميسـرة
القلم ، مؤسسة فرنكلين للطباعة
م 9191القاهرة والنشر،
:مـحـمـد صبـــحى .5تطــور رياضة المبارزة عبـر التاريخ
، إنتاج علمى ، دراسة .م.عفى ج
م . 9191غير منشورة ، ديسمبر
Trattato do scientia d'arme , con un dialogo di
filosofie "di camillo Agrippa , Milanese. 1553. 1. Agrippa, Camillo :
Patterns of fashion , MacMillan London Ltd
,1985. 2. Arnold, Janet :
The sixteenth - century italian duel, a study in
renaissance social history. univ of chicago press
, 1938
3. Bryson, Frederick:
Schools and masters of fence. george bull &
sons, 1892 . 4. Castle , egerton :
De la filosofia de las armas, de su destreza y de
la aggression y defension Christina. Lucifero
fano, 1569.
5. De Garanza ,J :
His true arte of defense. 1594. 6. DI Grassi :
The art of fighting with sword ,c . 1482 -1487. 7. Fillipo Vadis :
International Journal of Humanities and Management Sciences (IJHMS) Volume 3, Issue 2 (2015) ISSN 2320–4044 (Online)
121