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Communication
MEANING OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION IS THE BASIC ELEMENT OF HUMAN INTERACTION THAT ALLOWS PEOPLE TO ESTABLISH,MAINTAIN AND IMPROVE CONTACTS WITH OTHERS
DEFINITION
THE WORD “COMMUNICATION” IS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD “COMMUNICARE”
OR “COMMUNICO” BOTH OF WHICH MEANS “TO SHARE” . COMMUNICATION IS DEFINED AS AN EXCHANGE OF
FACTS,IDEAS,OPINIONS OR EMOTION BY TWO OR MORE PERSONS
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
ELEMENTS
1.Referent
2.Sender
3.Message
4.Channel
5.Receiver
6.Feedback
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. INTRAPERSONAL
2. INTERPERSONAL
3. TRNSPERSONAL
4. PUBLIC
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION
ON THE BASIS OF RELATIONSHIP formal informal ON THE BASIS OF FLOW downward upward horizontal
contd
ON THE BASIS OF EXPRESSION
VERBAL oral written
NONVERBAL
IT INVOLVES FACIAL EXPRESSION BODY POSTURE TOUCH EYE CONTACT PERSONAL APPEARANCE GESTURES
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION INVOLVES Interchange of facts and thoughts a two- way process continuous or never-ending process pervasive function to create mutual understanding
OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION
TO INFORM TO EDUCATE TO MOTIVATE TO RELATE TO PROMOTE
TO ENTERTAIN
Factors Influencing communication
Developmental level Gender Sociocultural differences Roles and responsibilities Space and territoriality Physical mental and emotional state Values Environment
Using therapeutic communication in the helping relationship
It doesn’t occur spontaniously Presence of unequal sharing of information The ralationship is built on patient’s needs Clear sense of professionalism in the dealings. It is a dynamic process Purposeful and time limited Insists on professional accountability
Phases of helping relationship
Orientation phase Working phase Termination phase
Orientation phase
Patient will call the nurse by name Patient will accurately describe the roles of
the participants in the relationship Pt and nrs will establish an agreement about
-goals of relationship
-location, frequency, and length of contacts
-duration of relationship
Working phase
Patient will actively participate in the relationship
Patient will coopereate in activities that work toward mutually acceptable goals
The patient will express feelings and concerns to the nurse
Termination phase
Patient will participate in identifying the goals accomplished or the progress made toward goals
The patient will verbalize feelings about the termination of the relationship
Factors promoting effective communication within the helping relationship
Warmth and friendliness Openness and respect Empathy Honesty authenticity and trust Caring Competence Comfortable environment Privacy Confidentiality
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Identify clearly what is to be communicated Set the climate according to the goal Consider the individuals possible reaction Be aware of the nonverbal communication
being transmitted Time of the message should be according to
the convenience of others
contd
Wait for feedback from other individuals
(This will aid in determining whether or not
the message has been correctly understood) Listen and observe, give full attention during
receiving and interpreting the message. do not interrupt the response
Look for implied meaning of other individual
contd
Evaluate the effectiveness of communication
process in achieving the goals intended
INTRODUCTIONCommunication is an essential component of
survival for all creature. Even plants communicates. Research says,
“Trees communicate with chemical message
Animals and birds with sound and movement
Master communicator Human being with use of language”
MEANING OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION IS THE BASIC ELEMENT OF HUMAN INTERACTION THAT ALLOWS PEOPLE TO ESTABLISH,MAINTAIN AND IMPROVE CONTACTS WITH OTHERS
DEFINITION
The word “communication” is derived from the Latin word “communicare”
Or “communico” Both of which means “to share” . Communication is defined
As an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotion by two or more persons
Definition
It is the art of transferring or exchanging information ideas or thoughts easily and correctly through verbal or non-verbal language .
It is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols , signs, or verbal behavior
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
ELEMENTS
1.Sender
2.Message
3.Channel
4.Receiver
5.Feedback
Communication is a Series of Experiences ofHearing
Smell
Taste Touch
Seeing
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?Communication the exchange of information Is dynamic [changing] Never-ending Usually purposeful Influenced by feelings and value.
HOW TO RECEIVE COMMUNICATION
60%
30%
10%
Nature of communication
C. involves interchange of facts and thoughts from one person to another
C . Is a two way process involving sending of a message and receiving the reaction to the message
C . Is a continuous or never ending process
Objectives of communication
To inform To educate To motivate To integrate To relate To promote To entertain
COMMUNICATION PURPOSES.
1. Social
2. Therapeutic
3. Relationship development
4. Giving information
5. Clarifying
6. Conveying feeling.
Levels of communication
Intrapersonal C. : it is a powerful form of communication that occurs within the individual
e.g. self talk
Interpersonal C. it is the interaction between two people or in a small group and that is face to face
e.g. problem solving, sharing ideas, decision making
Transpersonal C. it is the interaction which occurs with in a personal spiritual domain.
e.g. prayer, meditation ,religious rituals
Public C. it is an interaction with audience or a large group of people
e.g. giving lecture to the students, health education
Classification of communication
On the basis of relationship
On the basis of flow
On the basis of expression
formal Informal verbal Non verbal
Oral
written
downward
upwardHorizon
tal
Communication process
Sender
Feed back
Message
Receiver
InterpersonalVariables
SENDER RECEIVER MESSAGEVERBAL/ NON-VERBAL
FEEDBACK
ENVIRONMENT
Channel:
Communication process
Referent Referent
Referent : referent motivates one person to communicate with another
E.g. sound, color, objects, emotions, ideas etc. initiate communication
Sender
Sender is the person who encodes and delivers the message . C. begins with the sender
Message
Message is the body or subject matter of C. it contains words, symbols, pictures or some other form, which will make the receiver to understand the message
Channel
Channel is the medium through which the message passes from the sender to the receiver
Receiver
Receiver is the person who receives and decodes the message
Feedback
The reaction, reply, or response , which the receiver of the message send back to the sender
Interpersonal variables
These are the factors within both the sender and the receiver that influence C.
Environment
It is the setting for sender and receiver interaction
Types of communication1. VERBAL1. VERBAL Uses of spoken Uses of spoken
or written words or written words including vocal including vocal qualities like qualities like loudness, tone, loudness, tone, pitch of voice.pitch of voice.
2. NON-VERBAL2. NON-VERBAL Eye contactEye contact Body languageBody language Facial expressionsFacial expressions SilenceSilence Vocal cuesVocal cues TouchTouch AppearanceAppearance Postures and gaitPostures and gait Gestures etc.Gestures etc.
Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the COMMUNICATOR)
Unwillingness to say things differentlyUnwillingness to say things differently Unwillingness to relate to others differentlyUnwillingness to relate to others differently Unwillingness to learn new approachesUnwillingness to learn new approaches Lack of Self-ConfidenceLack of Self-Confidence Lack of EnthusiasmLack of Enthusiasm Voice qualityVoice quality PrejudicePrejudice
Disagreement between verbal and non-verbal messages
Negative Self Image Lack of Feedback Lack of Motivation and Training Language and Vocabulary
External Barriers in Communication
Environment – The venue– The effect of noise– Temperature in the room
Other People – Status, Education Time
Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the RECEIVER)
Selective Perception Unwillingness to Change Lack of Interest in the Topic/Subject Prejudice & Belief System Personal Value System internal & external factors
Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the COMMUNICATOR)
Unwillingness to say things differently Unwillingness to relate to others differently Unwillingness to learn new approaches Lack of Self-Confidence Lack of Enthusiasm Voice quality Prejudice
Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the COMMUNICATOR)
Disagreement between verbal and non-verbal messages
Negative Self Image Lack of Feedback Lack of Motivation and Training Language and Vocabulary Level Lack of Self Awareness
Barriers in Communication(that have to do with the RECEIVER)
Selective Perception Unwillingness to Change Lack of Interest in the Topic/Subject Prejudice & Belief System Rebuttal Instincts Personal Value System Here-and-Now internal & external factors
External Barriers in Communication
Environment – The venue– The effect of noise– Temperature in the room
Other People – Status, Education Time
5 Basic reasons we Do Not Listen
Listening is Hard Work Competition The Rush for Action Speed differences (120 wpm v/s 360 wpm) Lack of Training
4 Levels of Listening
The Non-Listener The Marginal Listener The Evaluative Listener The Active Listener
Improving Listening Skills
By not being Preoccupied Being Open Minded & Non Defensive Minimizing Interruptions Effective Listening is: Hearing, interpreting
when necessary, understanding the message and relating to it.
By Asking Questions
TYPES OF BODY LANGUAGERemember that you are dealing with “PEOPLE”
(P)OSTURES & GESTURES– How do you use hand gestures? Stance?
(E)YE CONTACT– How’s your “Lighthouse”?
(O)RIENTATION– How do you position yourself?
(P)RESENTATION– How do you deliver your message?
(L)OOKS– Are your looks, appearance, dress important?
(E)PRESSIONS OF EMOTION– Are you using facial expressions to express emotion?
COMMUNICATION
7% WORDS– Words are only labels and the listeners put their own
interpretation on speakers words 38% PARALINGUISTIC
– The way in which something is said - the accent, tone and voice modulation is important to the listener.
55% BODY LANGUAGE– What a speaker looks like while delivering a message
affects the listener’s understanding most.
mullersworkshop_sivaku 61
Guidelines for effective communication
Clarify ideas before communicating Examine the true purpose of the
communication Consider the setting of the communication Consult with others when appropriate in
planning communication Be mindful of the non-verbal messages you
send
cotd
Communicate something helpful Follow up on communication, feedback of
some form is necessary Be sure your actions support your
communication Be a good listener.
FOLLOW LADDER
L - LOOK AT THE OTHER PRESON,MAINTAIN EYE CONTACT
A - ASK APPROPRIATE QUESTIONS. D - DON”T INTERRUPT D - DON”T CHANGE THE SUBJECT E - EXPRESS EMOTIONS WITH CONTROL R - RESPONSIVELY LISTEN
Communication barriers
Barriers arising from the linguistic capacity of the sender and the receiver
Barriers arising from the emotional or psychological status of the sender and receiver
Barriers arising within the organizational structure
contd
Barriers arising from the individuals
Barriers arising from the environmental factors Mechanical Geographical distance Noise
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN HOSPITALS
Periodical talk between employer and employees
Sign posts for the patients and the general public
Staff conference to get suggestions and for decision-making
Social gathering to improve interpersonal relationships.
contd
Employ counseling in problem-solving Standing orders and protocols Hand book for general information Manuals(poicy,procedure) Bulletin boards.
CONCLUSION
WITHOUT COMMUNICATION THERE CAN BE NO ORGANISATION, FOR THERE IS NO POSSIBILITY THEN OF THE GROUP INFLUENCING THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE INDIVIUAL
HERBERT SIMON
THANKS
IN AN ATMOSPHERE
OF OPEN COMMUNICATION THE EMPLYEES WILL BE MORE COMMITTEDTO THE ORGANISATION