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Defence Research andDevelopment Canada
Recherche et développementpour la défense Canada Canada
Command and Control Simulation for Domestic Operations
by
Kendall Wheaton, Walter Dyck, Major Daniel McNamara, Larry Cochran,Anet Greenley, Patrick Lachance, and Douglas Hales
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Outline
• Introduction• Methodology
• Applying an Architecture Framework to C2 Processes
• Business Process Modeling• Executable Architectures• Simulation of C2 Processes
• Simulation of Joint C2 in Domestic Operations• Operational Level Military HQ• Tactical Level Interagency C2
• Scenario Development• Status of the Modeling• Conclusion
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Who We Are:
• Representing– Defence R&D Canada
– Canadian Forces Experimentation Centre
– Lansdowne Technologies
– CAE Professional Services
• Based in Ottawa, Canada
• Part of the Joint Command Decision Support 21st
Century (JCDS 21) Technology Demonstration Project
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
CDS Statement
• Vision for an ‘Objective Force’
• Commitment in Principle to
– EBO
– Whole of Government Approach
– Command Centricity
• Data management, knowledge creation and information sharing
– key enablers to transformation of the Canadian Forces
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
JCDS 21 TDP
• JCDS 21 Aim is to demonstrate a joint net-enabled collaborative environment to achieve decision superiority.
• JCDS 21 was established to support the CF in developing operational and system requirements for a net-enabled collaborative environment to support strategic decision-making, within a joint, interagency, multi-national and public (JIMP) framework.
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Objective
This paper will present an approach for the simulation of the C2 processes in two different contexts based on requirements analysis and architecture modeling.
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Methodology: Applying an Architecture Framework to C2 Processes
• Architectures are a perspective of a systems-of-systems construct
• Operations Views (OVs), Systems Views (SVs) and Technical Views (TVs) are suitable for describing C2 processes
• US DoDAF is one of several options and was selected for this project
• Linking architecture products to a business process model will be described in this presentation
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Business Process Modeling
• Business process modeling (BPM) can be used to represent the C2 processes in a headquarters.
• C2 processes were captured in an architecture data model in the form of Use Cases– identifying the actors, goals and activities involved in key C2
business processes within a military headquarters
• A flexible simulation framework was developed using a BPM application to represent the business processes identified in the initial phase of architecture development.
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Executable Architectures
• Executable architectures are a symbiotic combination of an architecture framework and a simulation environment.
• The sequence of activities depicting organizational process and rule sets (know-how) is developed as a simulation model which can be executed to monitor and analyze behaviour over time, e.g. delays, resource usage, etc.
• Continuous co-evolvement of architecture and simulation requires use tools that move information easily between architecture views and simulation models– there are integrated tools such as CORE
– or architecture information may be transferred to a standalone BPM tool using a standard such as UML
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Process Development Schematic
XML Environment
UML Phase
UML Phase
Simulation Phase
UML 2.1 ModelAltova s/w
G2 Server Environment
SVG Display
XML
XML
XML
XML (BPEL Std)
XML
XML
HTML Display
HTML/XML
State MachinesTauG2 Simulation
BPEL Bridge
XML Bridge
G2 Core
ActiveX Bridge (Web)
JSTAFF ModelHLA Bridge
Web Client G2 Client
HTML/XML
JSAF (CGF)
HLA
HLA Network
HLA
TCP/IP
JMACE GUITCP/IP
Other Models
TauG2 s/w
Logistics ModelXML File
G2/JMACE
C2 Customization
Use Cases ModelUseCase Complete s /w
BPEL Model
XML
Future Development
G2/ReThink
Users
Sequence Diagrams
UseCase Diagrams Activity Diagrams
OV-1 EditorAltova StyleVision & XMLSpy s/w
DoDAF/XMLSystem Architect s/w
Architecture Data Model(DODAF/XML File)
DoDAF/XML
XML
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Simulation of C2 Processes• Simulations of C2 processes were developed to assist with the design
of experiments for newly established operational headquarters and to assist scientists assess potential C2 gaps and deficiencies as well as validate Metrics.
• G2/ReThink software was the BPM application used to simulate theC2 processes.
• The C2 processes were documented through observation and/or interviews with operational level headquarters staff (military and other government departments) and the simulation was based upon the DoDAF architecture information.
• The next step was to create Use Cases based upon the observations and interviews which were then modeled using UML (which provided a common language to communicate the architecture information).
• The UML Use Cases were translated manually into the ReThinksimulation - in future XML will be employed to automate the translation.
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Notional Command Use Case Diagram
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Simulation of Joint C2 in Domestic OperationsOperational Level Military HQ
JCDS 21 documented joint operational C2 processes through observation and interviews with CF headquarters staffs. One of the key decisions was agreement on the critical business processes:– Mission Planning - The main focus of the model involves the
Operational Planning Process (OPP).
– Requests for Information (RFI) - Inputs such as government policy, intelligence products and task force situation reports were modeled.
– Common Information Environment (CIE) - A portal was conceived as the primary tool of the CIE. Related activities focused on two elements: (1) posting information, and (2) accessing (pulling) information.
– Battle Rhythm - Captured by modeling battle staff meetings to execute planning (OPP) and the daily Situation Report process which drives the daily briefings.
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Mission Planning: the Operational Planning Process (Top Level)
Receive
PlanningTask
Develop
COA
Obtain
Commander
Decision
Conduct
Mission
Analysis
Initiation OrientationCOA
Development DecisionPlan
Development
Plan
Review
Develop
Plan
Conduct
Plan
Review
OPP
Steps
Orient Orient Orient Decide Act Orient
Interact
Receive Develop
COA
Obtain
Commander’s
Decision
Conduct
Mission
Analysis
Initiation OrientationCOA
DecisionPlan
Development
Plan
Review
Develop
Plan
Conduct
Plan
Review
OPP
Steps
Orient Orient Orient Decide Act Orient
Interact
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
RFI Process Example in ReThink
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Provide Collaborative Information Exchange – Top Level
Interact with CIE
Provide CIE Services
Manage CIE Resources
Perform User/ Entity Services
Manage CIE Environment
CIE
Provide CIE Capability
Interact with CIE
Provide CIE Services
Manage CIE Resources
Perform User/ Entity Services
Manage CIEEnvironment
CIE
Provide CIE Capability
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Battle Rhythm Process – Battle Staff Meetings
J3 assembles J1-J9, Canada COM advisors and LOswith OGDs, & SJS/RJTF reps for mission specific OPP execution
Battle Staff members seek clarification
Battle Staff members provide input to SA and OPP deliverable in their area of expertise
J3 presents conclusions – to be used to develop OPP deliverable
Distribute meeting notes/ draft of OPP deliverable
Collaborative activity
Single cell activity
Multiple cell activity – each acting independently
J3 calls Battle Staff meeting to facilitate development of OPP deliverable
J3 chairs meeting -presents current mission status and meeting purpose
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 – may post on CV and send out email
J3 assembles J1-J9, Canada COM advisors and LOswith OGDs, & SJS/RJTF reps for mission specific OPP execution
Battle Staff members seek clarification
Battle Staff members provide input to SA and OPP deliverable in their area of expertise
J3 presents conclusions – to be used to develop OPP deliverable
Distribute meeting notes/ draft of OPP deliverable
Collaborative activity
Single cell activity
Multiple cell activity – each acting independently
J3 calls Battle Staff meeting to facilitate development of OPP deliverable
J3 chairs meeting -presents current mission status and meeting purpose
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 & Battle Staff
J3 – may post on CV and send out email
J3 assembles J1-J9, Command's advisors and LOs with OGDs, & superior/subordiante Command reps for mission specific OPP execution
J3 - may post on Portal and send out e-mail
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Simulation of Joint C2 in Domestic OperationsTactical Level Interagency C2
• The work conducted by the Canadian Forces Experimentation Centre(CFEC) has focused on identifying Interagency business processes, creating models and simulating them.
• Several federal agencies provided input and participated in the development work of these processes, the initial business processes used in the study were:
- SITREP- Maintain Situational Awareness- Request For Information- Incident Report- Incident Action Plan
- Request for Assistance- Transfer of Authority- Handover- Incident Public Affairs
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Process Diagram for Interagency Maintain Situation Awareness
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Process Diagram for Interagency Request for Information
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Process Diagram for Interagency Request for Assistance
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Scenario Development
• The development of a scenario for a Joint C2 DOMOPS model must provide adequate detail to make the events realistic in description and timing and describe sufficient severity to stimulate appropriate actor response.
• The scenario under development was based upon ARDENT SENTRY 06: an exercise which was to provide a forum in which selected senior officials, federal departments and agencies and provincial emergency management organizations could rehearse their roles and responsibilities in dealing with significant emergency events affecting the national interest.
• AS06 consisted of a number of events varying in severity and scope in multiple locations in both Canada and the US that revolved around several main threads:– Terrorist Threat to Critical Infrastructure– Maritime Proliferation Security Initiative– Explosion of Radiological Dispersion Devices– Pandemic Influenza
• An Exercise Management Tool has been developed to store and manage the MSEL automatically creating email or other injects from the MSEL and tracking and correlating the responses.
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Status of Modeling Effort
• The simulation supports two distinct models:
– a business process model of the joint, operational level headquarters and the Operational Planning Process
– a business process model of national Major Event Security Operations and Integrated Security Unit (ISU)
• Both models will be tested, analyzed and refined in workshops and experiments using a scenario such as the one described earlier as a backdrop.
• The simulation will be used to validate the organizational tasks, workflow, associated resource pools and rule sets.
• Once the model is proven to be credible the next step is to conduct explorations, make modifications to the model and investigate options to resolve process issues.
Defence R&D Canada – CORA • R & D pour la défense Canada – CARO
Conclusion
• The paper describes a successful transition from architecture views to simulation models that can expand opportunities for concept development and experimentation.
• Two C2 simulations have been developed; one for a joint operational level military headquarters responsible for domesticoperations (DOMOPS) and another for Interagency C2 of tactical level joint DOMOPS and emergency management.
• The simulations being created will support the process designer in developing an optimized process or a new process and will be used to plan experiments to support projects such as JCDS 21 demonstrate a joint net-enabled collaborative environment to achieve decision superiority in the future Canadian Forces.
• Plans for experiments are under development where realistic simulation of the key C2 processes will allow researchers to test hypotheses beforehand to optimize their designs. The modelling approach used for the JCDS 21 TD is being adapted to other C2 projects including a model of the National Air Planning Process and Joint Fire Support.
Defence Research andDevelopment Canada
Recherche et développementpour la défense Canada Canada