Combined Geological Modelling and Flow SimulationJ. Florian Wellmann, Lynn Reid, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb and the Western Australian Geothermal Centre of Excellence

TIG-10 Workshop, Adelaide 11/2010

Outline

• Addressing the problem that geological modelling and geothermal simulation are usually separated (and geological uncertainty not considered – even if significant)

• Workflow to integrate both steps into one framework

• Two example models:

1. Hypothesis testing for different geological scenarios2. Combination with geological uncertainty simulation

Geological Modelling

• Construction of a structural representation of the subsurface

• Interpolation based on discretized geological observations (e.g. from drillholes, seismics, field work)

• Applied modelling tool: GeoModeller (Intrepid Geophysics, BRGM)

(Calcgano et al., 2008)

Geothermal Flow Simulation

• Coupled simulation of fluid and heat transport equations in the subsurface

• Based on property distribution (e.g. permeability, porosity, thermal conductivity, heat capacity) in subsurface and boundary conditions (e.g. basal heat flux)

• Applied simulators: TOUGH2, SHEMAT

Permeability Porosity

Boundary conditions

Geological Model

Mesh

Property assignment

Simulation

Discretized geological model

Geological Data

Manual steps

Critical steps

• Mainly related to

– model construction, – mesh generation and – processing to flow simulation

Once constructed, the geological model is rarely changed or extended, even if significant source of uncertainty!

Steps before flow simulation

Automation steps

Geological modeling

Discretization

Model simulation setup

Simulation and analysis

Implicit potential-field method (GeoModellerTM); enables direct model update

Automated rectilinear mesh discretization (python scripts)

Direct update of input files for simulation with SHEMAT and TOUGH2 (python scripts)

Simulation with available codes, post-processing and analysis (python scripts)

Change one data point

Evaluate effect on flow field

Geological Hypothesis Testing

near-surface heat flux (z-dir)

Combination with Uncertainty Simulation

• Consider uncertainties in structural geological models (one of main sources of uncertainty)

• Approach: random change of input data (discretized surface position, orientation data)

Wells don’t penetrate basement!

Assume: structure more or less well defined (seismics) but exact position at depth unknown

Example model North Perth Basin

Change bottom of formations randomly

Formation Name Standard deviation

Cadda 20m

Woodada-Kockatea 100m

Permian 200m

Standard deviation for data points defined at bottom of formation

Position of formation bottoms changed about random value

Create 20 different input data sets and 20 different models

Results of simulation

• For 20 geological models, we obtain 20 simulated flow and heat flow fields (drawing from the uncertainty distributions)

Example of one temperature model

Local mean and standard deviation of Temperature

mean

stdev

Conclusion

• Uncertainties in structural model influence simulated geothermal flow field but they are usually not considered

• Developed integrated workflow

– enables hypothesis testing and consideration of geological uncertainty

– compliments and extends other approaches (e.g. stochastic simulation, as presented by Tony Meixner), e.g.:

• physics (multi-phase, thermo-hydro)• mesh (rectilinear)• consideration of uncertainties in geological data (not the

model)

• Specifically suited for early exploration stages and resource evaluation where uncertainties in the structural model are dominant.

Outlook

• Complete implementation on supercomputer

• Optimal mesh construction for geological models (e.g. automatic rectilinear refinement, extruded triangular for TOUGH2)

• Coupling to advanced resource estimation methods (talk at AGEC)

• Combination with GIS methods

Thank you for your attention!

Appendix

Uncertainty in Geology models: different types

Incomplete knowledge

Are all relevant structures known?

How to analyse uncertainties in structural models?

Uncertainty in Geology models: different types

Uncertainty of interpolation

How good is the interpolation between data points?

How to analyse uncertainties in structural models?

Uncertainty in Geology models: different types

How exact is the data?

Uncertainty in raw data

How to analyse uncertainties in structural models?

• Applies specifically to interpreted data and assumptions• We consider this to be a significant part of model uncertainties(Wellmann et al, 2010)

“Complex” and “simple” geological settings

Mesh geometries

• Regular mesh

• Rectilinear mesh

• Extruded triangular mesh (only TOUGH2)

(work in progress: optimal mesh generation from geological models)

(Include example extruded triangular?)

Processing simulated models to simulation

Coupled fluid and heat flow simulation in a 2-D subset of the model

Discretization in a regular grid

Two highly permeable formations

Convective vs. conductive heat transfer

• Local Peclet number

Pe = l v /

In our case:- l: characteristic length- v: fluid velocity (model

result)- : thermal diffusivity

(10-6 m2/s)Conduction dominated: low Pe-Number

Convection dominated: high Pe-Number

As characteristic length scale, we use engineering lifetime of 30 years and get l approx 60 m

Example of local Pe-Numbers for one model

Pex

Pez

left right

down up

Local mean and standard deviation: Pe z-direction