Combat Training With Pistols & Revolvers (1988) - FM 23-25

8/14/2019 Combat Training With Pistols & Revolvers (1988) - FM 23-25

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FIELD MANUAL

NO. 23-35

*FM 23-35HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYWashington, DC, 3 October 1988

COMBAT TRAINING WITH PISTOLS AND REVOLVERS

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized toUS Government agencies and their contractors toprotect technical or operational information from

automatic dissemination under the InternationalExchange Program or by other means. This protectionapplies to publications required solely for officialuse and for those containing valuable technical oroperational information. This determination was madeon 15 October 1987. Other requests for this documentwill be referred to Commandant, US Army InfantrySchool, ATTN: ATSH-IN-S3, Fort Benning, GA31905-5593.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE--Destroy by any method that willprevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of

the document.

*This publication supersedes FM 23-35, 24 September 1971.


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FM 23-35

3 OCTOBER 1988

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

CARL E. VUONO

General, United States Army

Chief of Staff

Official:

WILLIAM J. MEEHAN IIBrigadier General, United States Army

The Adjutant General

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11A,Requirements for Pistols and Revolvers (Qty rqr block no. 200).

U.S. Government Printing Office: 1994 342-421/81755


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FM 23-35

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PREFACE

This manual provides guidance on the operation andmarksmanship of the pistol, M9, 9-mm; pistol,M1911A1, caliber .45; and the revolver, caliber .38.It reflects current Army standards in weaponsq u a l i f i c a t i on s . It is a guide for the instructor to

develop training programs, plans, and lessons thatmeet the objectives of the United States ArmyMarksmanship Program for developing combat effectivemarksmen. The soldier develops confidence, knowledge,and skills by following the guidelines in thismanual.

The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC.Submit changes for improving this publication on DAForm 2028 (Recommended Changes to publications andBlank Forms) and forward it to Commandant, US ArmyInfantry School, ATTN: ATSH-IN-S3, Fort Benning, GA31905-5593.

Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculinegender is used, both men and women are included.

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CHAPTER 1

US ARMY HANDGUNS

1- 1 . PISTOL, SEMIAUTOMATIC, 9-MM, M9

The M9 pistol is a 9-mm semiautomatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated, double-action weapon chamberedfor the 9-mm cartridge. The magazine has a 15-roundcapacity.

a . Equipment Data.

Caliber ------------------------------------------------------9-mm NATOSystem of Operation--- ---Short recoil , semiautomaticLocking System----------------------------------------Oscillating blockL en g t h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 217 m m ( 8 . 54 i n c h es )W i d t h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 mm (1.5 inches)H ei g h t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140 m m ( 5 . 51 i n c h es )Weight with Empty Magazine- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 6 0 g r a m s ( 2 . 1 p o u n d s )Weight with 15-Round Magazine- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 , 145 g ram s ( 2 . 6 p o un d s)Barrel Length-------- ------------l25 mm (4.92 inches)R i f l i n g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - R.H., six-groove (pitch

250 mm [about 10 inches])Muzzle Velocity-----------------375 meters per second

(1,230.3 feet per second)Muzzle Energy -----------------569.5 newton meters (430

foot pounds)Maximum Range ------------ 1,800 meters (1,962.2 yards)Maximum Effective Range--------50 meters (54.7 yards)Front Sight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B l ad e , i n t eg ra l w i t h s l i d eRear Sight -----------Notched bar, dovetailed to slideSighting Radius------------------158 mm (6.22 inches)Safety Features- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Decocking/safety lever,

firing pin block.

Hammer (half-cocked notch) -- -- -- -- Pr ev en ts ac ci de nt aldischarge.Basic Load-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -45 roundsTrigger Pull------------------------------Single-Action: 5.50 pounds

Double-Action: 12.33 pounds

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NOTE : For additional information on technical aspectsof the M9 pistol see TM 9-1005-317-310.

WARNING

THE HALF-COCKED POSITION CATCHES THE HAMMER AND

PREVENTS IT FROM FIRING IF THE HAMMER ISRELEASED WHILE MANUALLY COCKING THE WEAPON. IT

IS NOT TO BE USED AS A SAFETY POSITION. THEPISTOL WILL FIRE FROM THE HALF-COCKED POSITIONIF THE TRIGGER IS PULLED.

b. Operation.

The M9 pistol has a short recoil system using afalling locking block. The pressure developed by theexpanding gases of a fired round recoils the slide and

barrel assembly. After a short run, the locking blockis disengaged from the slide, the barrel stops againstthe frame, and the slide continues its rearwardmovement. The slide then extracts and ejects the

fired cartridge case, cocks the hammer, and compressesthe recoil spring. The slide moves forward feedingthe cartridge from the magazine into the chamber. Theslide and barrel assembly remain open after the lastcartridge has been fired and ejected.

1 - 2 . PISTOL, AUTOMATIC, .45 CALIBER, M1911 ANDM1911A1

The M1911 and M1911A1 pistols are semiautomatic,. 4 5 - c a l i b e r , recoil-operated, magazine-fed, single-act ion pistols . The magazine has a seven-roundcapacity.

a . Equipment Data.

C a l i b e r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 . 4 5 i n c h e sSys te m of Op e r a t i on - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sh or t r e c o i l ,

semiautomaticL e n g t h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 5 / 8 i n c h e sWeight With Empty Magazine-----------------2.4 poundsWeight With Full Magazine--------------------3 poundsL e n g t h o f B a r r e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 . 0 3 i n c h e sR i f l i n g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - L . H . , s i x g r o o v e

(Pitch 1 in 16 inches)Muzzle Veloci ty-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -830 feet per secondMuzzle Energy--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -17 ,000 pounds per

square inchMaximum Range--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 ,500 metersMaximum Effective Range-------------------- 50 metersFront Sight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B l a d e , i n te gr a l w i th s l i d e

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Rear Sight - - - - - - - - - - - Notched bar, dovetailed to slideS i g h t R a d i u s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 . 4 8 1 i n c h e sSafe ty Features - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Manual sa fe ty lever ,

gr i p s a fe ty , h al f- cock p os it ionBasic Load---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 r o u n d sTrigger Pul l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5 to 6 1/2 pounds

b .

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Operation.Each time a cartridge is fired, the parts insidethe weapon function in a given order. This isknown as the fu nct io nin g cy c le or cyc le of operation.

The cycle of operation of the weapon is dividedinto eight steps: feeding, cambering, locking,firing, unlocking, extracting, e jecting, andcocking. The steps are listed in the order inwhich functioning occurs; however, more than onestep may occur at the same time.

A magazine containing ammunition is placed in therece iver . The slide is pulled fully to the rearand released. As the slide moves forward, itstrips the top round from the magazine and pushesit into the chamber. The hammer remains in thecocked position, and the weapon is ready tof i r e .

The weapon fires one round each time the triggeris pulled. Each time a cartridge is fired, theslide and barrel recoil or move a short distancelocked together. This permits the bullet andexpanding powder gases to escape from the muzzle

before the unlocking is completed.

The barrel then unlocks from the slide andcontinues to the rear, extracting the cartridgecase from the chamber and ejecting it from theweapon. During this rearward movement themagazine feeds another cartridge, the recoilspring is compressed, and the hammer is cocked.

At the end of the rearward movement, the recoilspring expands, forcing the slide forward,locking the barrel and slide together. Theweapon is ready to fire again. The same cycle ofoperation continues until the ammunition isexpended.

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(7) As the last round is fired, the magazine springexerts upward pressure on the magazine follower.The stop on the follower strikes the slide stop,forcing it into the recess on the bottom of theslide and locking the slide to the rear. Thisaction indicates that the magazine is empty andaids in faster reloading.

NOTE :

For additional information on the technicalaspects of the caliber .45 pistol seeTM 9-1005-211-12.

1-3 . REVOLVER, CALIBER .38

There are six basic caliber .38 service revolversin use by the Army. One is a 2-inch barreled, .38-caliber revolver made by Smith and Wesson; five are 4-inch barreled, .38-cal iber revolvers-- three made byRuger, and two by Smith and Wesson. The 2-inch

barreled revolver is used mainly by Army CID and

counterintelligence personnel. The 4-inch barreledrevolvers are used by aviators and military police.

a . Equipment Data.

Smith and Wesson

C a l i b e r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 . 3 8 i n c h e sSystem of Operation-------------------Rotated chamberLength: 2 - I n c h B a r r e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 7 1/4 inches

4 - I n c h B a r r e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 1/4 inchesWeight: 2 - In c h B a r r e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 6 . 5 ou n c e s

4 - i n c h B a r r e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 0 . 5 ou n c e s

Length of Barrel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 inches/4 inchesMuzzle Veloci ty-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -950 feet per secondMuzzle Energy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16,000 per square inchMaximum Range: 2-Inch Barrel---------------868 meters

4 - In c h B a r r e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 9 2 m e te r sMaximum Effective Range ----- 45 meters (2-inch barrel)

60 meters (4-inch barrel)Fr on t S i gh t - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Fixed 1/8-inch serrated rampR e a r S i g h t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - S q u a r e n o t c hSafety Features - - - - - - - - - - - No manually operated safetyB a s i c L o a d - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 8 r o u n d s

RugerC a l i b e r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 . 3 8 i n c h e sSystem of Operation-------------------Rotated chamberL e n g t h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 1 / 4 i n c h e sW e i g h t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 3 o u n c e s

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L e n g t h o f B a r r e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 i n c h e sMuzzle Veloci ty- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -950 feet per secondMuzzle Energy------ - - - - - - - - - - - -16,000 per square inchMaximum Range-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -992 metersMaximum Effective Range------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -60 metersFront Sight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F i x e d b l a d eRear Sight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F i x e d g r o o v eSafety Features - - - - - - - - - - -No manually operated safetyBasic Load - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 8 r o u n d s

b.

(1)

(a)

(b)

(2)

(a)

(b)

(3)

Operation.

When firing single-action, the hammer is pulledback , and the sear engaged the full-cock notch inthe hammer.

Smith and Wesson: Pulling the trigger lowers thehammer block, allowing the hammer to fall.

Ruger: Pull ing the trigger raises the transfer

bar into the firing posit ion between the hammerand firing pin, allowing the hammer to strike thef ir ing pin.

When firing double-action, the trigger issqueezed. This engages the sear, raising thehammer to nearly full-cock position. Continuedpressure on the trigger allows the sear to escapefrom the trigger and the hammer to fall.

Smith and Wesson: When the trigger is squeezed,the rebound slide pivots the hammer blockdownward, striking the cartridge primer.

Ruger: When the trigger is squeezed and held tothe rear , the transfer bar passes force from thetransfer bar to the firing pin, striking thecartridge primer. If the trigger is not held tothe rear, the hammer rests directly on the frameand the transfer bar remains below the firingpin.

The cylinder stop (Smith and Wesson) or latch(Ruger) prevents the cylinder from making morethan one-sixth of a revolution each time the

weapon is cocked. The cylinder stop/latchwithdraws from the cylinder as the trigger moves.The trigger hand (Smith and Wesson) or pawlRuger) pivots and engages the ratchet on theextractor/ejector portion of the cylinder. T h e

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trigger slips off of the cylinder stop/latch asit continues rearward. The cylinder stop/latchthen engages the next notch.

NOTES: 1. In firing the Ruger, the trigger mustremain all the way back till the hammer falls.If the trigger is released before the hammerf a l l s , the weapon will not fire. In firing theSmith and Wesson, the weapon fires only whenthe trigger is pulled all the way back.

2 . For additional information on the technicalaspects of the caliber .38 see TM 9-1005-226-14and TM 9-1005-205-14&P-1.

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CHAPTER 2MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING

Section I . BASIC MARKSMANSHIP

2-1 . PHASES OF TRAINING

Marksmanship training is divided into two phases:preparatory marksmanship training and range firing.Each phase may be divided into separate instructional

steps . All marksmanship training must be progressive.Combat marksmanship techniques should be practicedafter the basics have been mastered.

2-2 . FUNDAMENTALS

The main use of the pistol or revolver is toengage an enemy at close range with quick, accuratef i r e . Accurate shooting results from knowing andcorrectly applying the elements of marksmanship. T h eelements of combat pistol or revolver marksmanship

are:o Grip.o Aiming .o Breath control.o Trigger squeeze.o Target engagement.o Posit ions .

2-3 . GRIP

The weapon must become an extension of the handand arm. It should replace the finger in pointing atan object. A firm, uniform grip must be applied tothe weapon. A proper grip is one of the mostimportant fundamentals of quick fire.

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a . One-Hand Grip. Hold the weapon in the nonfiringhand; form a V with the thumb and forefinger ofthe strong hand (firing hand) (see Figure 2-1).Place the weapon in the V with the front and rearsights in line with the firing arm. Wrap thelower three fingers around the pistol grip,putting equal pressure with all three fingers tothe rear. Allow the thumb of the firing hand torest alongside the weapon without pressure. Gripthe weapon tightly until the hand begins totremble; relax until the trembling stops. At thispoint, the necessary pressure for a proper griphas been applied. Place the trigger finger on thetrigger between the tip and second joint so thatit can be squeezed to the rear. The triggerfinger must work independently of the remainingf i n ge r s .

NOTE: If any of the three fingers on the grip isrelaxed the grip must be reapplied.

b. Two-Hand Grip. The two-hand grip allows the firerto steady the firing hand and provide maximum

support during firing. The nonfiring hand becomesa support mechanism for the firing hand bywrapping the fingers of the nonfiring hand aroundthe firing hand. Two-hand grips are recommendedfor all pistol and revolver firing.

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WARNING

IF THE NONFIRING THUMB IS PLACED IN THE REAROF THE WEAPON THE RECOIL FROM THE WEAPONCOULD RESULT IN PERSONAL INJURY.

(1 ) F is t gr ip . Grip the weapon as described inparagraph a above. Firmly close the fingers of

the nonfiring hand over the fingers of the firinghand, ensuring that the index finger from thenonfiring hand is between the middle finger of thefiring hand and the trigger guard. Place thenonfiring thumb alongside the firing thumb. (SeeFigure 2-2.)

NOTE: Depending upon the individual firer, he maychoose to place his index finger of thenonfiring hand on the front of the triggerguard of the M9 pistol since this weapon has arecurved trigger guard designed for thispurpose.

(2) Palm-supported grip. This grip is commonly calledthe cup and saucer grip. Grip the firing hand asdescribed in paragraph a above. Place thenonfiring hand under the firing hand, wrapping the

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nonfiring fingers around the back of the firinghand. Place the nonfiring thumb over the middlefinger of the firing hand. (See Figure 2-3.)

(3) Weaver grip. Apply this grip the same as thef i s t gr i p . The only exception is that thenonfiring thumb is wrapped over the firing thumb.(See Figure 2-4.)

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c . Isometric Tension. The firer raises his arms to afiring position and applies isometric tension.This is commonly known as the push-pull method formaintaining weapon stability Isometric tensionis when the firer applies forward pressure withthe firing hand and pulls rearward with thenonfiring hand with equal pressure. This createsan isometric force but never so much to cause thefirer to tremble. This steadies the weapon and

reduces barrel rise from recoil . The supportingarm is bent with the elbow pulled downward. Thefiring arm is fully extended with the elbow andwrist locked. The firer must experiment to findthe right amount of isometric tension to apply.

NOTE: The firing hand should exert the same pressureas the nonfiring hand. If i t does not, amissed target could result.

d. Natural Point of Aim. The firer should check hisgrip for use of his natural point of aim. He

grips the weapon and sights properly on a distantt a r g e t . While maintaining his grip and stance, hecloses his eyes for three to f ive seconds. Hethen opens his eyes and checks for proper sightpicture. If the point of aim is disturbed, thefirer adjusts his stance to compensate. If thesight alignment is disturbed, the f irer adjustshis grip to compensate by removing the weapon fromhis hand and reapplying the grip. The firerrepeats this process until the sight alignment andsight placement remain almost the same when heopens his eyes. This enables the firer todetermine and use his natural point of aim once hehas suff ic iently pract iced. This is the mostrelaxed position for holding and firing theweapon.

2-4. AIMING

a. Aiming is sight alignment and sight placement (seeFigure 2-5) . S ight al ignment i s the center ing of the front blade in the rear sight notch. The topof the front sight is level with the top of the

rear sight and is in correct alignment with theeye. For correct sight alignment, the firer mustcenter the front sight in the rear sight. Heraises or lowers the top of the front sight so itis level with the top of the rear sight.

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b. Sight placement is the positioning of the weaponssights in relation to the target as seen by thefirer when he aims the weapon (see Figure 2-5). Acorrect sight picture consists of correct sightalignment with the front sight placed center massof the target. The eye can focus on only oneobject at a time at different distances. There-fore the last focus of the eye is always on thefront s ight . When the front sight is seenclearly, the rear sight and target will appearhazy. Correct sight alignment can only bemaintained through focusing on the front sight.The firers bullet will hit the target even if thesight picture is partly off center but sti l lremains on the target. Therefore, sight alignmentis more important than sight placement. Since i tis impossible to hold the weapon completely still,the firer must apply trigger squeeze and maintaincorrect sight alignment while the weapon is movingin and around the center of the target. Thisnatural movement of the weapon is referred to as

wobble area. The firer must strive to control thelimits of the wobble area through proper breathcontrol , tr igger squeeze, positioning, and grip.

c . Sight alignment is essential for accuracy becauseof the short sight radius of the pistols andrevolvers. For example, if a 1/10-inch error ismade in aligning the front sight in the rearsight, the f irer 's bullet will miss the point of aim by about 15 inches at a range of 25 meters.The 1/10-inch error in sight alignment magnifiesas the range increases--at 25 meters it ismagnified 150 times.

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d. Focusing on the front sight while applying propertrigger squeeze will help the f irer resist theurge to jerk the trigger and anticipate the actualmoment the weapon will fire. Mastery of triggersqueeze and sight alignment requires practice.Trainers should use concurrent training stationsor have fire ranges to enhance proficiency ofmarksmanship skills.

2-5 . BREATH CONTROL

The firer must learn to hold his breath properlyat any time during the breathing cycle if he wishes toattain accuracy that will serve him in combat. Thismust be done while aiming and squeezing the trigger.While the procedure is simple, it requires explana-tion, demonstration, and supervised practice. To holdthe breath properly the f i rer takes a breath , le ts i tout, then inhales normally, lets a l i tt le out untilcomfortable, holds, and then fires. I t i s d i f f i -cult to maintain a steady position keeping the front

sight at a precise aiming point while breathing.Therefore, the firer should be taught to inhale, thenexhale normally, and hold his breath at the moment ofthe natural respiratory pause (see Figure 2-6). T h eshot must then be fired before he feels any discomfortfrom not breathing. When multiple targets arepresented, the firer must learn to hold his breath at

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any part of the breathing cycle (see Figure 2-7).Breath control must be practiced during dry-fireexercises until it becomes a natural part of thef ir ing process .

2-6 . TRIGGER SQUEEZE

a . Improper trigger squeeze causes more misses thanany other step of preparatory marksmanship. Poorshooting is caused by the aim being disturbed

before the bullet leaves the barrel of the weapon.This is usually the result of the firer jerkingthe trigger or flinching. A slight off-centerpressure of the trigger finger on the trigger cancause the weapon to move and disturb the firerssight alignment. Flinching is an automatic humanreflex caused by anticipating the recoil of the

weapon. Jerking is an effort to fire the weaponat the precise time the sights align with theta r ge t .

NOTE: See problems in target engagement, paragraph2-7.

b. Trigger squeeze is the independent movement of thetrigger finger in applying increasing pressure onthe trigger straight to the rear, withoutdisturbing the sight alignment until the weaponf i r e s . The trigger slack, or free play, is taken

up first, and the squeeze is continued steadilyuntil the hammer falls. If the trigger is squeezedproperly, the firer will not know exactly when thehammer will fall; thus, he does not tend to flinchor heel, resulting in a bad shot. Novice firers

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must be trained to overcome the urge to anticipater e c o i l . Proper application of the fundamentalswill lower this tendency.

c . To apply correct trigger squeeze, the triggerfinger should contact the trigger between the tipof the finger to the second joint (withouttouching the weapon anywhere else). Where contactis made depends on the length of the firerstr igger f inger . If pressure from the triggerfinger is applied to the right side of the triggeror weapon, the strike of the bullet will be to thel e f t . This is due to the normal hinge action ofthe f ingers. When the fingers on the right handare closed, as in gripping, they hinge or pivot toth e le ft , thereby applying pressure to the left .(With left-handed firers, this action is to theright.) The firer must not apply pressure left orright but increase finger pressure straight to therear Only the trigger finger must perform thisact ion. Dry-fire training improves a f irersability to move the trigger finger straight to the

rear without cramping or increasing pressure onthe hand grip.

(1) The firer who is a good shot holds the sights ofthe weapon as nearly on the target center aspossible and continues to squeeze the trigger withincreasing pressure until the weapon fires.

(2) The soldier who is a bad shot tries to catch histarget as his sight alignment moves past thetarget and fires the weapon at that instant. Thisis called ambushing, which causes trigger jerk.

d. Fol low-through is the continued effort of thefirer to maintain sight alignment before, during,and after the round has fired. The firer mustcontinue the rearward movement of the finger evenafter the round has been fired. Releasing thetrigger too soon after the round has been firedresults in an uncontrolled shot, causing a missedta r ge t .

NOTE: The trigger squeeze of the M9 pistol, whenfired in the single-action mode, is 5.50pounds; when fired in double-action mode, it is

12.33 pounds. The firer must be aware of themode he is firing in. He must also practicesqueezing the trigger in each mode to developexpertise in single-action and double-actiontarget engagements.

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2-7 . TARGET ENGAGEMENT

To engage a single target, the firer applies themethod discussed in paragraph 2-6 when multipletargets are engaged. The closest and most dangerousmultiple target in combat is engaged first and shouldbe fired at with two rounds. This is commonlyreferred to as a double tap. The firer then traversesand acquires the next target, aligns the sights in the

center of mass, focuses on the front sight, appliestrigger squeeze, and fires. The firer ensures hisfiring arm elbow and wrist are locked during allengagements. If the firer has missed the first targetand has fired upon the second target, he shifts backto the first - and engages i t . Some problems in targetengagement are as follows:

a .

b.

c .

Recoil Anticipation. When a soldier first learnsto shoot, he may begin to anticipate recoil. Thisreaction may cause him to tighten his musclesduring or just before the hammer falls. He mayfight the recoil by pushing the weapon downward inantic ipating or react ing to i ts f i r ing. In eithercase, the rounds will not hit the point of aim. Agood method to show the firer that he is antici-pating the recoil is the ball-and-dummy method(see paragraph 2-16).

Trigger Jerk. Trigger jerk occurs when thesoldier sees that he has acquired a good sightpicture at center mass and snaps off a roundbefore the good sight picture is lost. This maybecome a problem, especial ly when the soldier islearning to use a flash sight picture (see

paragraph 2-9).Heeling. Heeling is caused by a firer tighteningthe large muscle in the heel of the hand to keepfrom jerking the trigger. A firer who has hadproblems with jerking the trigger tries to correctthe fault by tightening the bottom of the hand,which results in a heeled shot. Heeling causesthe strike of the bullet to hit high on the firinghand side of the target. The firer can correctshooting errors by knowing and applying correcttrigger squeeze.

2-8. POSITIONS

The qualification course is fired from astanding kneeling, or crouch position. All of the

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firing positions described below must be practiced sothey become natural movements, during qualificationand combat firing. Though these positions seemnatural, practice sessions must be conducted to ensurethe habitual attainment of correct f iring positions.Assuming correct firing positions ensures thatsoldiers can quickly assume these positions without aconscious effort . Pistol marksmanship requires asoldier to rapidly apply all the fundamentals at

dangerously close targets while under stress.Assuming a proper position to allow for a steady aimis c r i t i ca l to survival .

a . Pistol-Ready Position. In the pistol-readyposition, hold the weapon in the one-hand grip.Hold the upper arm close to the body, and theforearm at about a 45 angle . point the weapontoward target center as you move forward (seeFigure 2-8) .

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Use the two-handed grip for firing. Extend thefiring arm, and lock the firing arm elbow andwrist to ensure solid arm control.

d. Crouch Position. Use the crouch position whensurprise targets are engaged at close range (seeFigure 2-11). Place the body in a forward crouch(boxers stance) with the knees bent slightly and

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trunk bent forward from the hips to give fasterrecovery from recoil. Place the feet naturally ina position that allows another step toward theta r ge t . Extend the weapon straight toward thetarget, and lock the wrist and elbow of the firingarm. It is important to consistently train withthis posi t ion, since the body will automaticallycrouch under conditions of stress such as combat.It is also a faster position from which to changedirect ion of f i re .

e . Prone Posit ion. Lie f lat on the ground, fac ingthe target (see Figure 2-12). Extend arms infront with the firing arm locked. The arms mayhave to be slightly unlocked for firing at highta r ge ts . Rest the butt of the weapon on the groundfor single, well-aimed shots. Wrap the nonfiringhand (fingers) around the fingers of the firinghand. Face forward. Keep the head down betweenarms as much as possible and behind the weapon.

f . Standing Position With Support. Use availablecover for support-- for example, a tree or wall tostand behind (see Figure 2-13). Stand behind a

barricade with the firing side on line with theedge of the barricade. Place the knuckles of the

the nonfiring fist at eye level against the edgeof the barricade. Lock the elbow and wrist of thefiring arm. Move the foot on the nonfiring sideforward until the toe of the boot touches the

bottom of the barricade.

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the ground, pointing toward the target. Extendarms alongside and brace them against availablecover. Lock the wrist and elbow of the firingarm. Place the nonfiring hand around the fist tosupport the firing arm. Rest the nonfiring armjust above the elbow on the nonfiring-side knee.

Sect ion II . COMBAT MARKSMANSHIP

After a soldier becomes proficient in the funda-mentals of marksmanship, he progresses to advancedtechniques of combat marksmanship. The main use ofthe pistol or revolver is to engage the enemy at closerange with quick, accurate fire. In shootingencounters, it is not the first round fired that winsthe engagement, but the first accurately fired round.The soldier should use his sights when engaging theenemy, the only exception being if this would placethe weapon within arms reach of the enemy.

2-9 . TECHNIQUES OF FIRING

a . Hand-and-Eye Coordination.

(1) Hand-and-eye coordination is not a natural,ins t inc t ive abi l i ty for a l l so ld iers . I t i susually a learned skill obtained by practicing theuse of a flash sight picture (see paragraph b

below). The more a soldier practices raising theweapon to eye level and obtaining a flash sightpicture, the more natural the relationship betweensoldier, sights, and target becomes. Eventually,

proficiency elevates to a point so that thesoldier can accurately engage targets in the dark.Each soldier must be aware of this trait and learnhow to best use it. Poorly coordinated soldierscan achieve proficiency by being closely super-vised. Everyone has the ability to point at ano b j e c t . Since pointing the forefinger at anobject and extending the weapon toward a targetare much the same, the combination of the two arenatural . Making the soldier aware of this abilityand teaching him how to apply it when firingresults in success when engaging enemy targets incombat.

(2) The eyes focus instinctively on the center of anyobject observed. After the object is sighted, thefirer aligns his sights on the center of mass,focuses on the front sight, and applies proper

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trigger squeeze. Most crippling or kil ling hitsresult from maintaining the focus on the center ofmass . The eyes must remain fixed on some part ofthe target throughout firing.

(3) When a soldier points, he instinctively points atthe feature on the object on which his eyes arefocused. An impulse from the brain causes the armand hand to stop when the finger reaches theproper position. When the eyes are shifted to anew object or feature, the finger, hand, and armalso shif t to this point . I t is this inherenttrait that can be used by the soldier to rapidlyand accurately engage targets. This inst inct iscalled hand-and-eye coordination.

b. Flash Sight Picture. Usually when engaging anenemy at pistol/revolver ranges, the firer haslittle t ime to ensure a correct sight picutre.The quick-kill (or natural point of aim) methoddoes not always ensure a first-round hit. A

compromise between a correct sight picture and thequick-kill method is known as a flash sightpicture. As the soldier raises the weapon to eyel e v e l , his point of focus switches from the enemyto the front sight, ensuring that the front andrear sights are in proper alignment left andright, but not necessarily up and down. Pressureis applied to the trigger as the front sight is

being acquired, and the hammer falls as the flashsight picture is confirmed. I n i t i a l l y , t h i smethod should be practiced slowly, gaining speedas proficiency increases.

c . Quick-Fire Point Shooting. This is for engagingan enemy at less than 5 yards. It is also usefulfor night f ir ing. The weapon should be held in atwo-hand grip. It is brought up close to the bodyuntil it reaches chin level and is then thrustforward until both arms are straight. The-arms and

body form a triangle, which can be aimed as au n i t . In thrusting the weapon forward, the firercan imagine that there is a box between him andthe enemy, and he is thrusting the weapon into the

box. The trigger is smoothly squeezed to the rearas the elbows straighten out.

d. Quick-Fire S ighting. This is used when engagingan enemy at 5 to 10 yards away. It is used onlywhen there is no time available to get a full

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picture. The firing position is the same as forquick-fire point shooting. The sights are alignedleft and right to save time, but not up and down.The firer must determine in practice what thesight picture will look like and where the frontsight must be aimed to hit the enemy in thechest .

2-10. TARGET ENGAGEMENTIn close combat, there is seldom time to precisely

apply all of the fundamentals of marksmanship. When asoldier fires a round at the enemy, many times he willnot know if he hit his target. Therefore, two roundsshould be fired at the target. This is called adouble tap. If the enemy continues to attack, twomore shots should be placed in the pelvic area tobreak the bodys support structure, causing the enemyt o f a l l .

2-11. TRAVERSINGa . Traversing 360. In close combat, the enemy may

be attacking from all sides. The soldier may nothave time to constantly change his position toadapt to new situations. The purpose of thecrouching or kneeling traverse 360 is to fire inany direction without moving the feet. The firerremains in the crouch position with feet almostparallel to each other. The following instruc-tions are for a right-handed firer. The two-handgrip is used at all times except for over theright shoulder. Turning will be natural on the

bal ls of the feet .

(1) Over the left shoulder (see Figure 2-15): Theupper body is turned to the left, the weaponpoints to the left rear with the elbows of botharms bent. The left elbow will naturally be bentmore than the right elbow.

(2) Traversing to the left (see Figure 2-16): Theupper body turns to the right, and the rightfiring arm straightens out. The left arm will beslightly bent.

(3) Traversing to the front (see Figure 2-17): Theupper body turns to the front as the left armstraightens out. Both arms will be straightforward.

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(4) Traversing to the right (see Figure 2-18): Theupper body will turn to the right as both elbows

bend. The right elbow will naturally bend morethan the left .

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(5) Traversing to the right rear (see Figure 2-19):The upper body continues to turn to the rightuntil it reaches a point that it cannot go furthercomfortably. Eventually the left hand will have torelease i tself from the f ist grip and the f irerwill be shooting to the right rear with the righthand.

b. Kneeling 360 Traverse. The followinginstructions are for right-handed f irers. Th ehands are in a two-hand grip at all times. T h eunsupported kneeling position is used. The rearfoot must be positioned to the left of the front

f o o t .(1) Traversing to the left side (see Figure 2-20):

The upper body turns to a comfortable positiontoward the left. The weapon is aimed to the left.Both elbows are bent with the left elbow naturallybent more than the right elbow.

(2) Traversing to the front (see Figure 2-21): Theupper body is turned to the front, and a standardunsupported kneeling position is assumed. Theright firing arm is straight, and the left elbowis s l ight ly bent .

(3) Traversing to the right side (see Figure 2-22):The upper body turns to the right as both armsstraighten out.

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(4) Traversing to the rear (see Figure 2-23): Theupper body continues to turn to the right as theleft knee is turned to the right and placed on theground. The right knee is lifted off the groundand becomes the forward knee. The right arm isstraight, while the left arm is bent. Thedirection of the kneeling position has beenreversed.

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(5) Traversing to the new right side (see Figure2-24) : The upper body continues to the right.Both elbows are straight until it reaches a pointthat it cannot comfortably to further. Event-ually, the left hand must be released from thefist grip, and the f irer will be f iring to theright with the one-hand grip.

c . Training Method. This method can be taught

anywhere without a weapon by the firer simulatinga two-hand grip. The firer should be familiarwith firing in all f ive directions.

2-12. COMBAT RELOADING TECHNIQUES

Reloading was an overlooked problem for many yearsuntil it was discovered that soldiers were beingkilled due to dropping of magazines, shaking hands,placing magazines in backward, and placing empty

magazines back into the weapon. The stress stateinduced by a life-threatening situation causessoldiers to do things they would not otherwise do.Consistent, repeated training is needed to avoid suchmistakes.

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NOTE: These procedures should only be used in comb at ,not on firing ranges.

STEP 1: Develop a consistent method for carryingmagazines in the ammunition pouches. Allmagazines should face down with the bulletsfacing forward and to the center of the body.

STEP 2: Know when to reload. When possible,count the number of rounds fired. However, it ispossible to lose count in close combat. I f th i shappens, there is a distinct difference in recoilof the pistol when the last round has been fired.Change magazines when two rounds may be left--onein the magazine and one in the chamber. Thisprevents being caught with an empty weapon at acrucial t ime. Reloading is faster with a roundin the chamber since time is not needed torelease the sl ide.

STEP 3: Obtain a firm grip on the magazine.

This precludes the magazine being dropped ordifficulty in getting the magazine into theweapon. Ensure the knuckles of the hand aretoward the body while gripping as much of themagazine as possible. Place the index finger highon the front-of the magazine when withdrawingfrom the pouch. Use the index finger to guidethe magazine into the magazine well.

STEP 4: Know which reloading procedure to usefor the tac t ica l s i tuat ion . There are threesystems of reloading: rapid, t ac ti ca l, a nd

one-handed. Rapid reloading is used when thesoldiers life is in immediate danger, and thereload must be accomplished quickly. Tactical.reloading is used when there is more time, and itis desirable to keep the replaced magazine

because there are rounds sti ll in it or it willbe needed again. One-handed reloading is usedwhen there is an arm injury.

a . Rapid Reloading.

Place your hand on the next magazine in theammunition pouch to ensure there is another

magazine.Withdraw the magazine from the pouch whilereleasing the other magazine from the weapon.Let the replaced magazine drop to the ground.

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b .

c .

(1)

Insert the replacement magazine, guiding it intothe magazine well with the index finger.

Release the slide, if necessary.

Pick up the dropped magazine if time allows.Place it in your pocket, not back into theammunition pouch where it may become mixed withfull magazines.

Tactical Reloading.

Place your hand on the next magazine in theammunition pouch to ensure there is a remainingmagazine.

Withdraw the magazine from the pouch.

Drop the used magazine into the palm of thenonfiring hand, which is the same hand holdingthe replacement magazine.

Insert the replacement magazine, guiding it intothe magazine well with the index finger.

Release the sl ide, i f necessary.

Place the used magazine into a pocket. Do notmix it with full magazines.

One-Hand Reloading.

With the right hand.

Push the magazine release button with thethumb.

Place the safety ON with the thumb if the slideis forward.

Place the weapon backwards into the holster.

NOTE: If placing the weapon in the holster backwardsis a problem, place the weapon between the calfand thigh to hold the weapon.

Insert the replacement magazine.Withdraw the weapon from the holster.Remove the safety with the thumb if the slide isforward, or push the slide release if the slideis back.

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(2) With the left hand.

Push the magazine release button with the middlef inger .

Place the safety ON with the thumb if the slideis forward. With the .45-cal iber pistol , thethumb must be switched to the left side of the

weapon.Place the weapon backwards into the holster.

NOTE: If placing the weapon in the holster backwardsis a problem, place the weapon between the calfand thigh to hold the weapon.

Insert the replacement magazine.Remove the weapon from the holster.Remove the safety with the thumb if the slide isforward, or push the slide release lever with themiddle finger if the slide is back.

a .

b .

c .

2-13. POOR VISIBILITY FIRING

Poor visibility firing with any weapon is diffi-cult since shadows can be misleading to the soldier.This is mainly true during EENT and EMNT (a half hour

before dark and a half hour before dawn). Even thoughthe weapon is a short-range weapon, the hours of dark-ness and poor visibility further decrease its effect.To compensate, the soldier must use the three princi-ples of night vision.

Dark Adaptation. This process conditions the eyesto see during poor visibility conditions. Theeyes usually need about 30 minutes to become 98-percent dark adapted in a totally darkened area.

Off-Center Vision. When looking at an object indaylight, a person looks directly at it. However,at night he would see the object only for a fewseconds. To see an object in darkness, he mustconcentrate on it while looking 6 to 10 awayfrom it.

Scanning. This i s the short , abrupt, i r regularmovement of the firers eyes around an object orarea every 4 to 10 seconds. When artificialillumination is used, the firer uses night firetechniques to engage targets, since targets seemto shift without moving.

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NOTE: For more detailed information on the threeprinciples of night vision, see FM 21-75.

2-14. NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL FIRING

When firing under NBC conditions with a pistol orrevolver, the f irer should use optical inserts , i f

applicable. Firing in MOPP1 through MOPP3 levelsshould not be a problem for the firer. Unlike wearinga protective mask while f iring a rif le, the f irerssight picture will be acquired the same as with orwithout a protective mask. MOPP4 is the only levelthat may present a problem for a firer since glovesare worn. Gloves may require the firer to adjust hisgrip to attain a proper grip and proper triggersqueeze. Firers should practice firing in MOPP4 to

become prof icient in NBC firing.

Section III. COACHING AND TRAINING AIDS2-15. COACHING

a . Throughout preparatory marksmanship training, thecoach-and-pupil method of training should be used.The proficiency of a pupil depends on how well hiscoach performs his duties. The coach assists thefirer by correcting errors, ensuring he takesproper firing positions, and ensuring he observesall safety precautions. The cr i ter ia for select-ing coaches are a command responsibility; coachesmust have experience in pistol marksmanship above

that of the student f irer.b . Duties of the coach during instruction practice

and record firing include:

(1) Checking that the--

(a) Weapon is cleared.

(b) Ammunition is clean.

(c) Magazines are clean and operational.

(2) Observing the firer to see that he--

(a) Takes the correct firing position.

(b) Loads the weapon properly and only on command.

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2-18. PENCIL TRIANGULATION EXERCISE

The pencil triangulation exercise (see Figure2-25) is conducted only with an unloaded and properlycleared M1911A1 caliber .45 pistol. It will not workwith an M9 pistol; however, coaches may have studentsdry fire the M9 while he observes the firers to see ifthe front sight dips or jumps when the hammer falls.The pencil triangulation exercise consists of firing a

pencil or pointed dowel point-blank at a miniatureta r ge t . It combines position, grip, sight alignmentbreathing, and trigger squeeze into a single practicalwork exercise. At the same time, it measures thefirers performance without the effects of recoil.This practical work is designed to teach and developcorrect shooting habits. It can be conducted indoorsor out, which makes an ideal exercise where rangefacilities are limited or when weather is poor.

a . Equipment.

(1) One dowel or lead pencil for every two students.This pencil should be at least 6 inches long andwrapped with masking or cellophane tape. Thetape wrappings form two bushings that fit theinside diameter of the weapons barrel.

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(2)

b.

(1)

(2)

(3)

a .

One miniature bulls-eye sheet for every twostudents. The bulls-eye sheet can be copied,drawn, or stamped by using the eraser of a penciland ink pad. The bulls-eyes should not be largerthan 1/8 inch and at least 1 inch apart.

Conduct of the Exercise. The instructor explainsand demonstrates the details of the exercise

before practical work by the students. The f irer

should begin by using a two-hand grip, progressingto the one-hand grip as his skills increase.

The firer faces the target and takes up a goodshooting position. This position is close enoughto the miniature bulls-eye so when the pencil isinserted into the barrel , with the f irers armextended and the sights aimed at the miniatureb u l l s - e y e , the point of the pencil is within 1inch of the target. The bulls-eye sheet should

be aff ixed to a target , or any type support, andshould be shoulder-high to the firer.

The firer inserts the pencil into the muzzle ofthe barre l , eraser end first, and cocks thehammer. He grips the weapon properly, extends theshooting arm, aims the weapon at the miniature

b u l l s - ey e , squeezes the trigger, and the hammerf a l l s . The hammer strikes the firing pin, whichin turn strikes the rubber eraser of the pencil,driving it out of the barrel and causing it tomake a pencil dot 1/2 inch below the bulls-eye(if the firer had the correct sight alignment andtrigger squeeze) .

The firer continues this exercise until he hasfired a group of five pencil marks below eacht a r g e t . The object of the exercise is to keep thefive pencil marks in a group as small as the1/8-inch bulls-eye, 1/2 inch directly below the

b u l l s - e y e . With practice, many firers can hitthe same mark with the pencil. This indicatesthat the firer is properly performing the funda-mentals of marksmanship each time.

2-19. SLOW-FIRE EXERCISE

This is a dry-f ire exercise. The slow-fireexercise is one of the most important exercisesfor both amateur and competitive marksmen. Coachesshould ensure soldiers practice this exercise as

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much as possible. To perform the slow-fire exer-c i s e , the firer assumes the standing position withthe weapon pointed at the target. The firershould begin by using a two-hand grip, progressingto the one-hand grip as his skill increases. Hetakes in a normal breath and lets part of it out,locking the remainder in his lungs by closing histhroat . He then relaxes, aims at the target,takes the correct sight alignment and sight

picture, takes up the trigger slack, and squeezesthe trigger straight to the rear with steady,increasing pressure until the hammer falls,simulating firing.

b. If the firer does not cause the hammer to fall in5 or 6 seconds, he should come to the pistol readyposition, and rest his arm and hand. He thenstarts the procedure again. The action sequencethat makes up this process can be summed up by thekey word BRASS. It is a word the firer shouldthink of each time he fires his weapon:

Breathe-- Take a normal breath, let part of itout, and lock the remainder in the lungsby closing the throat.

Re la x- - Relax the body muscles.

Aim--Take correct sight alignment and sightpicture, and focus the eye at the top ofthe front sight.

Slack--Take up the trigger slack.

Squeeze --Squeeze the trigger straight to the rearwith steadily increasing pressure withoutdisturbing sight alignment until thehammer falls.

c . Coaches should observe the front sight for erraticmovements during the application of triggersqueeze. Proper application of trigger squeezeallows the hammer to fall without the front sightmoving . A small bouncing movement of the frontsight is acceptable. Firers should call the shot

by the direction of movement of the front sight(high, low, l e f t , o r r i g h t ) .

2-20. AIR-OPERATED PISTOL, .177 MM

The air-operated pistol is used as a trainingdevice to teach the soldier the method of quick fire,

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to increase confidence in his ability, and to affordhim more practice firing. A range can be set upalmost anywhere with a minimum of effort and coordi-nation, which is ideal for USAR and NG. If conductedon a standard range, l ive f iring of pistols andrevolvers can be conducted along with the firing ofthe .177-mm air-operated pistol. Due to the light recoiland litt le noise of the pistol , the soldier canconcentrate on fundamentals. This helps buildconfidence, because the soldier can hit a targetfaster and accurately. The air-operated pistol shouldreceive the same respect as any firearm. A thoroughexplanation of the weapon and a safety briefing aregiven to each soldier.

2-21. QUICK-FIRE TARGET TRAINING DEVICE

The QTTD (see Figures 2-26 and 2-27) is used withthe .177-mm air-operated pistol.

PHASE I. From 10 feet, five shots at a 20-footminiature E-type silhouette. After f iring eachshot, the firer and coach discuss the results and

make corrections.

PHASE II. From 15 feet, f ive shots at a 20-footminiature E-type silhouette. The same instruc-tions apply to this exercise as for PHASE I.

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PHASE III. From 20 feet, five shots at a 20-footminiature E-type silhouette. The sameinstructions apply to this exercise as for PHASESI and II.

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PHASE IV. From 15 feet, six shots, at two 20-footminiature E-type silhouettes.

(1) This exercise is conducted the same as theprevious one, except that the firer is introducedto f i re d is tr ibut i on . The targets on the QTTD areheld in the up position so they cannot be knockeddown when hit.

(2) The firer first engages the 20-foot miniatureE-type silhouette on the extreme right of theQTTD (see Figure 2-28). He then traverses betweentargets and engages the same type target on theextreme left of the QTTD. The firer again shifts

back to reengage the first target. The procedureis used to teach the f irer to instinctively returnto the f irst target if he misses it with his f irstshot.

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(3) The firer performs this exercise twice, firingthree shots each time. Before f iring the second time,the coach and firer should discuss the errors madeduring the f irst exercise.

PHASE V. Seven shots fired from 20, 15, and 10feet at miniature E-type si lhouettes.

(1) The firer starts this exercise 30 feet from theQTTD . The command, MOVE OUT, is given, and thefirer steps out at a normal pace with the weaponheld in the ready position. Upon the command,FIRE (given at the 20-foot l ine), the f irerassumes the crouch position and engages the20-foot miniature E-type silhouette on the extreme

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right of the QTTD. He then traverses betweentargets, engages the same type target on theextreme left of the QTTD, and shifts back to thef i r s t t a r g e t . I f the target is s t i l l up, heengages it. The firer then assumes the standingposition and returns the weapon to the readyposit ion. Upon completion of each exercise, thecoach makes corrections as the firer returns tothe standing position.

(2) On the command, MOVE OUT, the firer again stepsoff at a normal pace. Upon the command, FIRE(given at the 15-foot line), he engages the15-foot targets on the QTTD. The same sequence offire distribution is followed as with the previousexercise .

(3) During this exercise, the firer moves forward oncommand, until he reaches the 10-foot line. Atthe command, FIRE, the firer engages the 10-footminiature E-type silhouette in the center of theQTTD.

2-22. RANGE FIRING COURSES

Range firing is conducted after the firers havesatisfactorily completed preparatory marksmanshiptraining. The range firing courses are:

a . Instructional firing is practice firing on arange, using the assistance of a coach.

(1) All personnel authorized or required to fire the

pistol or revolver receive 12 hours of preliminaryinstruction that includes the following:

Disassembly and assembly (does not apply torevolver) .Loading, firing, unloading, and immediate action.Preparatory marksmanship.Care and cleaning.

(2) The tables fired for instructional practice areprescribed in the combat pistol qualificationcourse in Appendix A and in the revolver qualifi-cation course in Appendix C. During the instruc-

t i on a l f i r i n g , the CPQC or RQC is fired with acoach or instructor.

NOTE: The RQC is fired on the same range as the CPQC;for a picture of the CPQC see FM 25-7.

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b. The CPQC stresses the fundamentals of quick fire.I t i s the f inal test of a soldiers prof ic iencyand the basis for his marksmanship classification.After the soldier has completed the instructionalpractice firing he will shoot the CPQC for record.A detailed description of the CPQC tables,standards, and conduct of fire is in Appendix A.

NOTE: The alternate pistol qualification course

(APQC) or alternate revolver qualificationcourse (ARQC) can be used for sustainment/qualification if the CPQC is not available(see Appendix B and Appendix D).

c . The military police firearms qualificationcourse is a practical course of instruction forpolice firearms training (see FM 19-10).

Section IV. SAFETY

Safety must be observed during all marksmanship

training. Listed below are the precautions for eachphase of training. It is not intended to replace AR385-63 or local range regulations. Range safetyrequirements vary according to the requirements of thec o u r s e o f f i r e . It is mandatory that the latest rangesafety directives, and local range regulations beconsulted to determine current safety requirements.

2-23. REQUIREMENTS

a . A red flag is displayed prominently on the rangeduring al l f i r ing.

b. Weapons must be handled carefully and are neverpointed at anyone except the enemy in actualcombat.

c . A weapon is always assumed loaded until it hasbeen thoroughly examined and found to contain noammunition.

d. Firing limits are indicated by red-and-white-str iped poles visible to al l f i rers .

e . Obstructions should never be placed in the muzzle

of any weapon about to be fired.

f . Weapons aresafeguards.

kept in a prescribed area with proper

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g. Smoking is not allowed on the range nearammunition, explosives or flammables.

2-24. BEFORE FIRING

a .

b.

c .

d.

e .

f .

g .

h.

i .

All prescribed roadblocks and barriers are closed,and guards are posted.

All weapons are checked to ensure they are clearof ammunition and obstructions, and slides arelocked to the rear.

All f irers are briefed on the f iring l imits of therange and firing lanes. They must keep theirfires within prescribed l imits.

All firers are instructed on how to load andunload the weapon, and on safety features.

All personnel are briefed on all safety aspects offire and range pertaining to the conduct of the

courses.No one moves forward of the firing line withoutpermission of the tower operator, safety officer,or OIC.

Weapons are loaded and unlocked only on commandfrom the tower operator except during the conductof the courses requiring automatic magazinechanges.

Weapons are not handled except on command from thetower operator.

Firers must keep their weapons pointed downrangewhen loading, preparing to fire, or firing.

2-25. DURING FIRING

a . A firer does not move from his position until hisweapon has been cleared by safety personnel, andit has been placed in its proper safety position.An exception is the assault phase.

b. During Table 5 of the CPQC, firers remain on line

with other f irers on their right or left .

c . F ir er s a re ca re fu l to f ir e i n the ir ow n f ir in glane and not to point the weapon into an adjacentlane , mainly during the assault phase.

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d. The air-operated pistol is treated as a loadedweapon. Firers observe the same safetyprecautions as with other weapons.

e . All personnel wear helmets during live-fireexerc i ses .

f . The weapon is held in the raised position except

when preparing to fire. It is then held in theready position, pointed downrange.

2-26. AFTER FIRING

a . Safety personnel inspect all weapons to ensurethey are clear. A check is conducted to determineif any brass or live ammunition is in possessionof soldiers .

b . Once cleared, pistols are secured with the slides

locked to the rear, and revolvers with cylindersopen.

2-27. INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICE AND RECORD QUALIFICATIONFIRING

During these phases of firing, safety personnelensure that the--

a. Firer understands the conduct of the exercise.

b . Firer has the required ammunition, and understandsthe commands for loading and unloading.

c . Firer complies with all commands from the toweroperator.

d. Proper alignment is maintained with other firerswhile moving downrange.

e . Weapon is always pointed downrange.

f . Firer f ires within the prescribed range l imits.

g . Weapon is cleared after each phase of firing, andthe tower-operator is aware of the clearance.

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h. Malfunction or failure to fire, due to no fault ofthe f ir er , is reported immediately. On command ofthe tower operator, the weapon is cleared andaction is taken to allow the firer to continuewith the exercise.

NOTE: For training and qualification standards seeAppendixes A through E.

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APPENDIX A

COMBAT PISTOL QUALIFICATION COURSE

A-1. COURSE INFORMATION

a . The CPQC may be used for both the pistol andrevolver (for use with revolvers see Appendix C).It requires the soldier to engage single andmultiple targets at various ranges using thefundamentals of quick fire. If the CPQC is notavailable, training may still be sustained andqualification achieved by using the APQC or ARQC.

NOTE: For a picture of the CPQC, see FM 25-7.

b. For each table of the CPQC, the firer is af fordedextra rounds to reengage targets that are missed.During the course, 30 targets are exposed to thef i r e r . However, 40 rounds of ammunition areissued with which to engage the exposed targets.A soldier who can reengage a target with an extraround during the exposure time is just aseffective as one who hits the target with oneround. The firer is not penalized for using ornot using the extra ammunition. All excess

ammunition is turned in after the completion ofeach table and may not be used during subsequentt a b l e s .

c . Two magazine changes are required when firing theCPQC. For safety purposes, one magazine containsone round of ammunition and is loaded first. Atarget appears in front of the firer, and heengages it. Eight seconds later, another targetappears. During the eight-second delay, the firermust reload the weapon and be prepared to engagethe next exposed target. There are no commandsfrom range personnel or coaches for the. magazine

change. If the f irer fa i ls to reload his pistolin time to engage the next target, it is scored asa miss. This exercise teaches the soldier toquickly and safely change his magazine by instinctunder pressure.

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NOTE: When using the M9 pistol, the firer fires thefirst round in the double-action mode for allt a b l e s .

d. The range to exposed targets does not exceed 31meters from the firer. Target exposure times areas follows:

(1) Tables I , I I , and III :

(a) Single targets - - - - - three seconds.

(b) Multiple targets - - - - five seconds.

(2) Tables IV and V:

(a) Single targets - - - - - two seconds.

(b) Multiple targets - - - - four seconds.

A-2. FIRING THE CPQC

NOTE: The target sequence is decided by the toweroperators but is the same for all lanes. Thisprevents firers from getting ahead of firers inadjoining lanes. Target sequence will vary indistance from the firer, starting with 31meters and allowing no more than two 7-meterta r ge ts .

a . Qualif ication tables are as follows:

NOTE: Tower controls all reloading for revolvers.

(1) Ta bl e I: One magazine with seven rounds, and fivetargets exposed. The standing position is assumedat the firing line with the weapon held at theready position. Only single targets are exposedto the f irer in this table . Target sequence isdecided by the tower operator.

(2) Table I I : One magazine with one round, onemagazine with seven rounds, and six targetsexposed. The firer assumes the same position onthe firing l ine as in Table I . There are foursingle targets and one set of multiple targetsexposed to the firer.

(a) The magazine with one round is loaded into theweapon-- one target is then exposed to the firer.

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(b) After firing the pistol, the firer must changemagazines at once. Three seconds after the targetappears, the target is lowered if not hit.

(c) Eight seconds later, another target appears.Again, the firer must engage this target in therequired time, or it is scored a miss.

(3) Ta bl e II I: One magazine with seven rounds is

loaded. Five targets are exposed--fired followingr otat ion to a noth er f ir in g po in t. Th e fi re rassumes the same position on the firing line as inTables I and II. Three single targets and one setof multiple targets are exposed to the firer.Target sequence is usually single, multiple,multiple, single, and multiple.

(4) Table IV: One magazine with five rounds isloaded. Four targets are exposed starting withthe same position used in the previous tables.Two single targets and one set of multiple targets

are exposed to the firer.(5) Table V: One magazine with one round, one

magazine with seven rounds, one magazine with fiverounds, and ten targets exposed. The firer begins10 meters behind the firing line in the middle ofth e t r a i l .

(a) The magazine containing one round is loaded intothe pistol . The firer places the magazinecontaining seven rounds in his magazine pouchwhere i t is closest to the f ir ing hand. Th emagazine containing five rounds is placed in themagazine pouch farthest from the firing hand.

(b) When the firer reaches the firing line, a singletarget is exposed for two seconds, then lowered ifnot h i t . There is an eight-second delay to allowthe firer to change magazines. The seven-roundmagazine should be loaded at this time.

(c) At the end of eight seconds, another single targetis exposed to the firer. Again, should the f irernot have loaded his second magazine in time toengage this target, it is scored a miss.

(d) When the tower operator is sure that the firingline has completed the magazine change, he givesthe command, MOVE OUT. He exposes two sets ofmultiple targets at various ranges from the firer.

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(e)

(f)

b.

c .

After exposure of two sets of multiple targets,the pistol is reloaded with the five-roundmagazine. The command, MOVE OUT, is given; and theremaining targets are presented to the firer insequence. After the last targets are hit orlowered, the weapon is cleared.

The firer, holding the weapon in the raised pistolposition with the slide to the rear, returns to

the starting point and places the weapon on thestand. Excess ammunition is turned in to theammunition point. The next order moves to thef i r i n g l i n e .

The same course is fired for night qualification.It is based on a GO/NO-GO scoring system: 5target hits equal a GO; 10 seconds are allowed foreach round.

The same course is fired for NBC qualification.It is based on a GO/NO-GO scoring-system: 7target hits equal a GO; 10 seconds are allowed foreach round.

NOTE: Night and NBC qualification is required IAW DAPam 350-38.

A-3. CONDUCT OF FIRE

When the weapon is being fired, firers are issuedthe rounds required to fire a specific table. T h efollowing list of commands outlines a step-by-stepsequence for conducting range firing on the CPQC.

a . Table I.(1) The tower operator orders firers to move to the

firing line in preparation for firing. The toweroperator orders firers to position themselves nextto the weapon stands and secure their weapons.Magazines containing seven rounds are issued tothe scorers and given to the firers.

(2) The tower operator commands:

TABLE ONE, SEVEN ROUNDS.

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LOAD AND LOCK.READY ON THE RIGHT.READY ON THE LEFT.READY ON THE FIRING LINE.UNLOCK YOUR WEAPONS.WATCH YOUR LANE.


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TABLE THREE, SEVEN ROUNDS.LOAD AND LOCKREADY ON THE RIGHT.READY ON THE LEFT.READY ON THE FIRING LINE.UNLOCK YOUR WEAPONS.WATCH YOUR LANE.

(3) The tower operator exposes the targets to thef i r e r s . When all targets have been exposed andengaged or lowered, the tower operator commands:

CEASE FIRE.CLEAR ALL WEAPONS.CLEAR ON THE RIGHT.CLEAR ON THE LEFT.THE FIRING LINE IS CLEAR.FIRERS, PLACE YOUR WEAPONS ON THE STAND.

d. Table IV.

(1) The tower operator orders the firers to securetheir weapons and move to the center of the trail.Firers are issued one magazine of five rounds.


TABLE FOUR, FIVE ROUNDS.LOAD AND LOCK.READY ON THE RIGHT.READY ON THE LEFT.READY ON THE FIRING LINE.UNLOCK YOUR WEAPONS.

WATCH YOUR LANE.

(3) The tower operator exposes the targets to thefirers. When all targets have been exposed andengaged or lowered, the tower operator commands:

CEASE FIRE.CLEAR ALL WEAPONS.CLEAR ON THE RIGHT.CLEAR ON THE LEFT.THE FIRING LINE IS CLEAR.FIRERS, PLACE YOUR WEAPONS ON THE STAND

TO THE REAR OF THE FIRING LINE.

e. Table V.

(1) The tower operator orders the firers to securetheir weapons. Firers are issued one magazine of

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one round, one magazine of seven rounds, and onemagazine of five rounds.


TABLE FIVE, THIRTEEN ROUNDS.LOAD AND LOCK.READY ON THE RIGHT.READY ON THE LEFT.READY ON THE FIRING LINE.PISTOLS AT THE READY POSITION.UNLOCK YOUR WEAPON.WATCH YOUR LANE.MOVE OUT.

(3) The tower operator exposes the targets to thef i r e r s . He gives the firers the commands, WEAPONSAT THE READY POSITION and MOVE OUT, after eachtarget or group of targets has been engaged.

(4) Upon completion of Table V, the tower operator

commands:

CEASECLEARCLEARCLEAR

FIRE.ALL WEAPONS.ON THE RIGHT.ON THE LEFT.

THE FIRING LINE IS CLEAR.FIRERS , KEEP YOUR WEAPONS UP AND DOWN-

RANGE.SCORERS AND FIRERS MOVE BACK TO THE

FIRING LINE AND PLACE YOUR WEAPONSON THE STAND.

(5) The tower operator has each scorer total thefirers scorecard and turn it in to the rangeof f ic e r or h i s r ep r es e nta t ive . The firing ordersare rotated and the above sequence continued untilall orders have fired.

NOTE: For night qualification and NBC qualification,the same course is used. Ten seconds isallowed for each round.

A-4. ALIBIS

a . Alibis are fired at the completion of eachtable from the position where the alibi occurred.Fire commands that apply to the table are used tof i r e a n a l i b i .

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f irers in adjoining lanes. Target sequence willvary in distance from the firer, starting with 31meters and allowing no more than two 7-meterta r ge ts .

A-6. SCORECARD

a . Use. The scorecard out l ines instruc t ional f ir ing

and qualification firing (CPQC) (see Figure A-1).Numbers in column labeled TGT (target) are not thesequence in which targets are exposed. They arethe numerical identification of targets to beengaged during each table of fire.

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APPENDIX B

ALTERNATE PISTOL QUALIFICATION COURSE

B-1. PROCEDURES

Once the soldier has completed instructionalfiring, he must then fire the CPQC for record. If theCPQC is not available, the soldier can fire the APQC.

a . Procedures for firing the APQC are as follows,given 40 rounds of ammunition, fire Tables 1through 4.

(1) Table 1: Engage the 25-meter APQC target from thestanding position with 7 rounds of ammunition;given one 7-round magazine on a 25-meter rangeduring daylight hours. Within 21 seconds engagethe APQC target from the standing position.

(2) Table 2: Engage the 25-meter APQC target from thekneeling position with 13 rounds; given twomagazines, one 6-round and one 7-round, on a25-meter range during hours of daylight. Within45 seconds, from a standing position, assume agood kneeling position, engage the target with 6

rounds, perform a rapid magazine change, andengage the target with a 7-round magazine.

(3) Tab le 3: Engage the 25-meter APQC target from thecrouch position with 10 rounds; given twomagazines with 5 rounds each on a 25-meter rangeduring daylight hours. Within 35 seconds, from astanding position, assume a good crouch position,engage the target with one 5-round magazine,perform a rapid magazine change, and engage thetarget with the second 5-round magazine.

(4) Table 4: Engage the 25-meter APQC target from the

prone position with 10 rounds; given two magazineswith 5 rounds each on a 25-meter range duringdaylight hours. Within 35 seconds from a standingposition, assume a good prone position, engage the

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target with one 5-round magazine, perform a rapidmagazine change, and engage the target with thesecond 5-round magazine.

b. Firing Pistol Under Night Conditions. Engage the25-meter target from the crouch position with 30rounds; given two 15-round magazines of M9 9-mmammunition or four 7-round magazines and one2-round magazine of M1911A1 ammunition on a

25-meter range under night conditions. Given 10seconds for each round, engage E-type silhouetteswith 10 rounds. Conduct magazine changes withoutcommand. Tower will allow 8 seconds for eachmagazine change.

c . Firing Pistol Under NBC Conditions. Engage a25-meter target from a crouch position with 20rounds; given one 15-round magazine and one5-round magazine of M9 9-mm ammunition or two7-round magazines and one 6-round magazine ofM1911A1 ammunition on a 25-meter range undersimulated NBC conditions. During daylight hours,

given 10 seconds for each round, engage E-typesilhouettes with 20 rounds of ammunition. Conductmagazine changes without command. Tower willallow 10 seconds for each magazine change.

NOTE: When using the 9-mm pistol, the first round isfired in the double-action mode for all fourt a b l e s . Night and NBC qualification isrequired IAW DA Pam 350-38.

B-2. CONDUCT OF FIRE

a . The following commands outline a step-by-stepsequence for conducting range firing on the APQC.

(1) Table 1: Standing pos it ion.

(a) The tower operator gives the order to move to thefiring l ine and to prepare to f ire. The magazinecontaining seven rounds is issued to the scorerand given to the firer on command. The toweroperator commands:

TABLE ONE, STANDING POSITION, SEVENROUNDS.

LOAD AND LOCK.IS THE LINE READY?

(The 9-mm firers place their weapons in thedouble-action mode at this time.)

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THE FIRING LINE IS READY.FIRERS, WATCH YOUR LANE!

(b) At the end of prescribed firing time, the toweroperator commands:

CEASE FIRE.ARE THERE ANY ALIBIS?

(Alibis are given eight seconds for each round notf i red . )

NOTE: For more information see paragraph B-3.

UNLOAD AND CLEAR ALL WEAPONS.IS THE FIRING LINE CLEAR?THE FIRING LINE IS NOW CLEAR.FIRERS AND SCORERS MOVE DOWNRANGE AND

CHECK YOUR TARGETS.

(Weapons are left on firing line with slides locked tothe rear.)

NOTE: Clear, lock open, and leave weapons on thet a b l e , or stand weapons at the firing line whenthe firer and scorer go downrange to scorethei r target .

(2) Table 2: Kneeling position.

The tower operator orders firers to move up to thef i r i n g l i n e . Two magazines containing six rounds andseven rounds each are issued to the scorer to be givento the firer on command. The tower operatorcommands.

TABLE TWO, KNEELING POSITION WITHMAGAZINE CHANGE, FORTY-FIVE SECONDS.

LOCK AND LOAD ONE SIX-ROUND MAGAZINELOAD YOUR SEVEN-ROUND MAGAZINE WITHOUT

COMMAND.

NOTE: The following commands are the same as forTable 1.

(3) Table 3: Crouch position.

The tower operator orders firers to move up to thef i r i n g l i n e . Scorers are issued two 5-round magazinesto be issued to the firer on command. The toweroperator commands:

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TABLE THREE, CROUCH POSITION WITHMAGAZINE CHANGE, THIRTY-FIVE SECONDS.

LOAD YOUR SECOND FIVE-ROUND MAGAZINE

WITHOUT COMMAND.

NOTE: The following commands are the same as forTables 1 and 2.

(4) T ab le 4 : Prone posi tion.

The tower operator orders firers to move to thef i r i n g l i n e . Firers are issued two 5-round magazines.The tower operator orders:

TABLE FOUR, PRONE POSITION WITH MAGAZINECHANGE, THIRTY-FIVE SECONDS.

LOAD YOUR SECOND FIVE-ROUND MAGAZINEWITHOUT COMMAND.

NOTE: The following commands are the same as forTables 1, 2, and 3.

(5) The scorer and firer repair or replace targets forthe next firing order.

b. The commands for the pistol night fire for recordare as follows:

(1) The tower operator orders to move to the firingline and to prepare to fire. Two magazines of 15rounds of M9 ammunition or four 7-round magazinesand one 2-round magazine of M1911A1 ammunition areissued to f i rers .


NIGHT FIRE, CROUCH POSITION WITHMAGAZINE CHANGES.

LOAD OTHER MAGAZINES WITHOUT COMMAND.

LOAD AND LOCK ONE MAGAZINE.

(M1911A1 firers must load their two-round magazinef i r s t . )

IS THE FIRING LINE READY?

(M9 firers must place their weapons in thedouble-action mode.)

THE FIRING LINE IS READY.FIRERS, WATCH YOUR LANE.

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(3) At the end of the prescribed firing time, thetower operator commands:


(Alibis are given 10 seconds for each round notf i red . )

UNLOAD AND CLEAR ALL WEAPONS.IS THE FIRING LINE CLEAR?THE FIRING LINE IS NOW CLEAR.FIRERS AND SCORERS MOVE DOWNRANGE AND

CHECK YOUR TARGETS.

(Weapons are left on the firing line with slideslocked to the rear.)

c. The commands for the pistol NBC fire for recordare as follows:

(1) The tower operator orders to move to the firing

line and to prepare to fire. Firer is given one15-round magazine and one 5-round magazine of M9ammunition or two 7-round magazines and one6-round magazine of M1911A1 ammunition.


NBC FIRE, CROUCH POSITION WITH MAGAZINECHANGE.

LOAD OTHER MAGAZINES WITHOUT COMMAND.

LOAD AND LOCK ONE MAGAZINE.

(M9 firers load 5-round magazine first; M1911A1 firersload 6-round magazine first.)

IS THE FIRING LINE READY?

(M9 firers must place their weapons in thedouble-action mode.)

THE FIRING LINE IS READY.FIRERS, WATCH YOUR LANE.

(3) At the end of the prescribed firing time, thetower operator commands:


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(Alibis are given 8 seconds for each round not fired.)

UNLOAD AND CLEAR ALL WEAPONS.

IS THE FIRING LINE CLEAR?THE FIRING LINE IS NOW CLEAR.FIRERS AND SCORERS MOVE DOWNRANGE AND

CHECK YOUR TARGETS.

(Weapons are left on the firing line with slideslocked to the rear.)

NOTE: Excess ammunition at the end of a firing tableis turned in to the scorer and not used by thef irer in subsequent tables. At the end of thecourse, all excess ammunition is turned in tothe ammunition point.

B-3. ALIBIS

If there is a malfunction of the weapon or targetduring firing, the scorer reports and records themalfunction. The firer is allowed one alibi (eightseconds for each round) at the completion of eacht a b l e . All alibis are fired from the position inwhich the alibis occur. Firing commands that applyare used to f ire alibis .

B-4 . SCORING

a . The firer is scored on the number of targethits during the t ime l imit . The f irer mustachieve at least 24 hits with a minimum score of80 points to qualify. The target hits aremultiplied by the number inside the scoring ringsto determine the score. No credit is given forrounds fired after the command CEASE FIRE. Shotsthat touch the next higher scoring ring are scoredthe next higher value. (See Figure B-1.)

b. The qualif ication scores are:

E x p e r t - 160 to 200.Sharpshooter - 120 to 159.Marksman - 80 to 119.NBC and night firing are done on a GO\

NO-GO scoring system and recorded inremarks column.

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NBC: 7 target hits = GO.Night: 5 target hits = GO.

NOTE: See format for scorecard in Figure B-2.

c . Coaching is allowed during instructional firingbut not during record fire. No one may assistwhile the f irer is taking position or after takingposition at the firing point except for safetyreasons.

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NOTE: See Appendix F for blank copy of this formf o r l o c a l r e p r o d u c t i o n .

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(b) Multiple targets-----f ive seconds.

(2) Tables IV and V:

(a) Single targets-----two seconds

(b) Multiple targets-----four seconds.

C-2. FIRING THE RQC

NOTE: Target sequence is decided by the toweroperator, but is the same for all lanes toprevent firers from getting in front of otherfirers in adjoining lanes Targets will varyin distance to the f irers, starting at 31meters and allowing no more than two 7-meterta r ge ts .

a . Qualif ication tables are as follows:

(1) Table I: The revolver is loaded with six rounds.The standing position is assumed at the firingline with the weapon in the ready position. Fourtargets are exposed. The tower operator controlsthe reloading of the last round, followed by theexposure of the last target. Firers are reminded

before the beginning of the table that they willhave only seven rounds for five targets.

(2) Table II : The revolver is loaded with six rounds.Two single and one set of multiple targets areexposed before reloa

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