Colonizing the Colonizing the ChesapeakeChesapeakeand New England and New England ColoniesColonies

APUSHAPUSH

Unit OneUnit One

English ColonizationEnglish Colonization

1497- 1497- John CabotJohn Cabot commissioned to find a commissioned to find a Northern route to reach the Northern route to reach the IndiesIndies (America). (America).

Cabot claims land in Cabot claims land in New EnglandNew England, Nova , Nova Scotia andScotia and Newfoundland Newfoundland for the for the English.English.

For about 100 years the English chose to For about 100 years the English chose to pirate pirate Spanish and PortugueseSpanish and Portuguese ships on the ships on the seas.seas.

Most famous “pirate” was Most famous “pirate” was Sir Francis DrakeSir Francis Drake.. 1607-1607-JamestownJamestown established in Virginia. established in Virginia. 1621-colony of 1621-colony of MassachusettsMassachusetts established! established! English colonization had begun!English colonization had begun!

Joint Stock Companies Joint Stock Companies formedformed English decided to make English decided to make

the “process” of the “process” of colonization less colonization less dangerous for them.dangerous for them.

Two companies are Two companies are formed to colonize the formed to colonize the Americas.Americas.– Plymouth Company.Plymouth Company.– London Co. Of Virginia.London Co. Of Virginia.

They are going to set up They are going to set up a colony in territory a colony in territory claimed by Raleigh. claimed by Raleigh.

Territory was named Territory was named Virginia.Virginia.

Takes three years to Takes three years to raise money, supplies raise money, supplies for trip.for trip.

Joint Stock CompaniesJoint Stock Companies

Designed to make investors money!Designed to make investors money! Controlled by a Board of Directors.Controlled by a Board of Directors. Pay Employees to work for them!Pay Employees to work for them! Shareholders make money when Shareholders make money when

products are brought back from products are brought back from Colony and sold for a profit.Colony and sold for a profit.

Main Goal is to Make Money!Main Goal is to Make Money!

London Company of VirginiaLondon Company of Virginia Organized by Organized by

Business investors.Business investors. June of 1606June of 1606, King , King

James grants them a James grants them a Charter to form Charter to form colony of colony of JamestownJamestown!!

December of 1606- December of 1606- money secured in money secured in England for 3 ships England for 3 ships and 144 men.and 144 men.

Hired No Farmers!Hired No Farmers! All City Folk!All City Folk!

April 1607• Rough Atlantic Crossing during

Hurricane season!• Many have never been on board of a

ship before!• 39 men die during the Voyage!• Reach the Chesapeake in July of

1607! Weather is warm and Muggy!• Orders opened upon arrival dictate

John Smith as one of the leaders.

July / August 1607• Settlers build a trading post in the

Middle of a River Delta / swamp.• People start to die off immediately!• No Sanitation!• Pit dug near the river to be used as a

toilet/waste disposal…below the water line!

• Colonists contract “Bloody Flux”

January of 1608• Things are at their

worst!• A Supply ship

arrives with 120 new men!

• They found a large Graveyard with only 38 survivors!

• 5 Days after arrival, supplies and shelter burn to the ground!

Spring of 1608• 158 people are able to survive through

the Winter!• Aided by the local Indian tribes. Chief

Opeshcancanough believes that is what he should do!

• English start digging up the surrounding countryside looking for Gold!

• Indian people are amazed!

Smith’s Mission• Survival is his Number One

priority!• Motto: “you don’t work…

you don’t eat!”• Daily life becomes like a

boot camp!• Up at Dawn, in bed before

dark!• Saved the citizens of

Jamestown!

Captain John Smith• By Spring of 1608 He has had enough!

• He has a military background!

• Seized control of settlement in January of 1608.

• He reorganizes the settlement in a military fashion!

• Moved settlement of Jamestown up River to higher ground!

Pocahontas• She was the daughter of

the chief of the Powhatan.• She married John Rolfe, a

tobacco farmer and went to England.

• She died there and is buried in a London graveyard.

• She never married John Smith!

Three types of colonies in New World

• Plantation Colonies: A society based on the cultivation of a cash crop. (tobacco, rice, indigo)

• Trading Colonies: A society based on trade with the native peoples of a region. (beaver fur, pelts, fish)

• Settlement Colonies: A society based on subsistence farming. (lumber, shipbuilding, trade with Europe)

Jamestown after Smith• Smith had moved the

settlement upstream & it was moved again after he left.

• Eventually became a trading port for English tobacco farmers.

• English never found any Gold of significance.

• Original settlement was excavated recently and artifacts are being catalogued.

New England Colonies

Middle Colonies

Chesapeake Colonies

Southern Colonies

Prison Colony

MercantilismEconomic Theory of most European Nations between 1500 and 1700.

Basically means “the more gold / money you have, then the more powerful you

are.”

Most European nations wanted to collect as much bullion (raw gold or

silver) as possible.

•Difficult winter (44 out of 102 survived)….•First year went through a “starving time”

•Developed friendly relations with Indian tribes•Squanto befriended settlement

•Plymouth settlement survived under the leadership of Gov. William Bradford

•First Thanksgiving

Contrast with Virginia: Different Contrast with Virginia: Different environment & key role of religion for environment & key role of religion for PuritansPuritans

Congregationalists & SeparatistsCongregationalists & Separatists Pilgrims (the latter) found Plymouth Pilgrims (the latter) found Plymouth

(1620)(1620)– Fled Religious and Political Persecution

•41 Male passengers on the Mayflower formed into a

““civil body politiccivil body politic””, signed a compact promising to write

and obey ""just and equal just and equal lawslaws ... for the general good

of the colony."

•The compact brought an element of democracy to

America and was an example of the practice of self-self-

governmentgovernment in the colonies.

•All the colonies practiced some form of self-self-

governmentgovernment…………

James I (1603 - 1625)James I (1603 - 1625)•James I was the son of Mary, Queen of

Scots. He had become James VI of Scotland after Mary lost her head, and he

became James I when he took over England.

•He was the first to call himself "King of King of Great BritainGreat Britain." James struggled with

Parliament - he thought he ruled by divine divine rightright.

•There was a new English translation of Bible - the "King James Bible.“

•He persecuted PilgrimsPilgrims because they would not recognize him as the religious

leader of the Church of England.

•So, they became a political risk as well.

Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay

Colony

•John Winthrop, founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

•Middle class settlers, educated and organized

•Successful as fur traders, fishermen and shipbuilders

•Ruled as “Bible Commonwealth” or theocracy

•New England Way = Puritan covenant with God

•To establish holy society----”city upon a hill”

Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay

ColonyCommunities well

organizedEstablished towns

Protestant Work EthicFamily values

New England

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Connecticut

Building the Bay Building the Bay ColonyColony

Franchise (right to vote) extended to Franchise (right to vote) extended to “freemen” – adult Puritan men of “freemen” – adult Puritan men of Congregational church (about 40% of men in Congregational church (about 40% of men in the colony ~ higher percentage than in the colony ~ higher percentage than in England)England)

However, in town government, all property-However, in town government, all property-owning males could vote in owning males could vote in town meetingstown meetings– Direct democracy----self governmentDirect democracy----self government

Since idea of government was to enforce Since idea of government was to enforce God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John Cotton) were very influentialCotton) were very influential

Building the Bay ColonyBuilding the Bay Colony

Clergy were barred from formal political Clergy were barred from formal political office – early “church/state separation”office – early “church/state separation”

Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Protestant work ethic, limited worldly Protestant work ethic, limited worldly pleasures, fear of hellpleasures, fear of hell

Trouble in Bible ColonyTrouble in Bible Colony(Puritan Rebels)(Puritan Rebels)

Social harmony when only Social harmony when only Puritans, but that didn’t lastPuritans, but that didn’t last

Quakers: fines, floggings, Quakers: fines, floggings, banishments, executionsbanishments, executions

Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t need to obey (“need to obey (“antinomianismantinomianism” ” the theological doctrine that by the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture) moral standards of the culture) – Banished from Mass. BayBanished from Mass. Bay– Travels to Rhode Island with her Travels to Rhode Island with her

children and helps organize this children and helps organize this settlementsettlement

Trouble in Bible ColonyTrouble in Bible Colony (Puritan Rebels)(Puritan Rebels)

Roger Williams: extreme Roger Williams: extreme Separatist, denied right of civil Separatist, denied right of civil government to govern religious government to govern religious behavior, challenged charter for behavior, challenged charter for illegally taking land from Indiansillegally taking land from Indians

Avoided exile to England by Avoided exile to England by fleeing to Rhode Island where in fleeing to Rhode Island where in 1636, aided by Indians, he 1636, aided by Indians, he started a colony in the Providence started a colony in the Providence areaarea

Started the first Baptist churchStarted the first Baptist church Allowed complete freedom of Allowed complete freedom of

religionreligion

Roger Williams

New England Spreads New England Spreads OutOut

1635: Hartford (Conn.) founded by 1635: Hartford (Conn.) founded by Dutch/English settlers. Some Puritans Dutch/English settlers. Some Puritans moved westward to Connecticut with Rev. moved westward to Connecticut with Rev. Thomas HookerThomas Hooker

1639: Fundamental Orders – modern 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern constitution established democratic constitution established democratic governmentgovernment

1641: New Hampshire taken over by 1641: New Hampshire taken over by overly aggressive Bay Colonyoverly aggressive Bay Colony

1679: Annoyed by greed of Bay Colony, 1679: Annoyed by greed of Bay Colony, king arbitrarily separates it, becomes king arbitrarily separates it, becomes royal colonyroyal colony

Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant 1st generation’s Puritan zeal diluted 1st generation’s Puritan zeal diluted

over timeover time Problem of declining church membershipProblem of declining church membership 1662: Half-Way Covenant – partial 1662: Half-Way Covenant – partial

membership to those not yet converted membership to those not yet converted (usually children/ grandchildren of (usually children/ grandchildren of members)members)

Eventually all welcomed to church, Eventually all welcomed to church, erased distinction of “elect”erased distinction of “elect”

Middle Colonies

New YorkPennsylvaniaNew JerseyDelaware

New Netherland New Netherland (New York)(New York)

1609: Henry Hudson sailing for Dutch East India 1609: Henry Hudson sailing for Dutch East India Company sails into Hudson river looking for Company sails into Hudson river looking for passage through continent ~ claims area for passage through continent ~ claims area for DutchDutch

1623-24: Dutch 1623-24: Dutch WestWest India Company establishes India Company establishes New NetherlandNew Netherland

Goal: quick-profit fur tradeGoal: quick-profit fur trade ““Bought” Manhattan from IndiansBought” Manhattan from Indians Company town: no religious tolerance or free Company town: no religious tolerance or free

speech, harsh governorsspeech, harsh governors

New York Harbor, New York Harbor, 16391639

New York Harbor, New York Harbor, 16391639

New AmsterdamNew AmsterdamNew AmsterdamNew Amsterdam

Dutch ConflictsDutch Conflicts

Dutch cruelties to Indians brought Dutch cruelties to Indians brought retaliatory massacres – Dutch built retaliatory massacres – Dutch built wall (Wall Street)wall (Wall Street)

Connecticut rejected Dutch settlersConnecticut rejected Dutch settlers

Dutch in New Dutch in New YorkYork

English immigration to New Netherland English immigration to New Netherland resulted in 1/2 total population - resulted in 1/2 total population - English regarded Dutch as intrudersEnglish regarded Dutch as intruders

Charles II brazenly granted area to his Charles II brazenly granted area to his brother (Duke of York)brother (Duke of York)

English squadron comes, New English squadron comes, New Netherland leader, Peter Stuyvesant, Netherland leader, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New York had no defense; governor of New York had no defense; surrendered, renamed New Yorksurrendered, renamed New York

An Angry Peter Stuyvesant

Duke of York

New JerseyNew Jersey

James gave 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley James gave 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, the section of and Sir George Carteret, the section of New York located between the Hudson New York located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1664River and Delaware Bay in 1664– He felt the territory of New York was too He felt the territory of New York was too

large to administerlarge to administer Both proprietors allowed religious Both proprietors allowed religious

freedom and an assembly in addition to freedom and an assembly in addition to giving generous land offers to attract giving generous land offers to attract settlers settlers

Lord John Berkeley

Mid-1600s: religious Mid-1600s: religious dissenters named dissenters named QuakersQuakers arose in Englandarose in England

Hated by authorities Hated by authorities because they refused to pay because they refused to pay taxes to Church of England, taxes to Church of England, refused to take oaths, refused to take oaths, refused military servicerefused military service

Penn governs the colony, unusual for a proprietorAdvertised in Europe, promising land & freedoms

Frame of Government (guaranteed elected assembly), Charter of Liberties (freedom of worship, open

immigration), fair treatment of Native Americans

Penn’s family owed a large debt from the British Crown. Given a

land grant in 1681. Pennsylvania

•This was known as the "Glorious Revolution.""Glorious Revolution."

(Revolution because they overthrew the last Catholic monarch, Glorious because

no one died.)

• Parliament put more restrictions on the

monarch.

•The king couldn't make or suspend laws, have an

army during peacetime, and the king couldn't

interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament.

•English Bill of Rights

•Charles II was the son of Charles I.

•Because his father had been killed, Charles II had the ravens

caged so they couldn't leave.

•He was a "Merry Monarch," a very popular king.

•Charles II encouraged religious toleration.

•The “Restoration Colonies”“Restoration Colonies” were settled during his reign.

Charles IICharles II (1660 - 1685)