Cold advectionRadiational cooling of clouds

Solar heating of Earth’s surfaceWarm air advection at surfaceAir moving over a warm surface

LIFTINGOF ENTIREAIRMASS

Rainshadow

Q. Why are cloud droplets larger over the ocean?

Most collide on forward edge

Some collide on backside

Terminal velocity:Almost 10 m/s

Q. Why can a cumuliform cloud produce heavier precipitation than a stratiform cloud?

Supercooled water droplets

Ice forms directly on ice nuclei

Promote freezing of supercooled droplets(contact nuclei)

Higher saturation vapour pressure

Ice crystals grow atthe expense of waterdroplets

Riming causes snow pellets (graupel)-supercooled dropletsfreeze on contact

Snowflakes form through aggregation

Source: Desert ResearchInstitute, Nevada, USA

Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA

Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA

Munchique National ParkForest Ranger Station, Sector 20 de Julio2150 masl

Rain Gauge

Remember the paper cup experiment