COL Project Manual Final 5598

Muhammad Idrees 0300 6719422 | [email protected] om

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MANUAL FOR

PROJECT PROPOSAL AND

PROJECT REPORT

OF

COMMONWEALTH MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

COMMONWEALTH MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD


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MANUAL FOR

PROJECT PROPOSAL

AND PROJECT REPORT

OF

COMMONWEALTH MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

COMMONWEALTH MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Development & Review Team Majed Rashid

Salman Qureshi Malik Tariq Mehmood

Nazim Hussain

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD


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FOREWORD

The Project Handbook has been prepared with a view to providing our

Commonwealth MBA and MPA students with some basic and necessary

information on writing a research proposal and final project report. This will

assist the students in thinking through many aspects of crafting implementing

and defending the research project. It is our attempt to share some of many ideas

that have surfaced in the past that definitely make the task of completion of

research so much easier. We have tried to give some suggestions on the

following: selection of a topic, developing a project statement, writing Literature

Review, Research Design, Data Analysis, Conclusion and Findings, Bibliography

and such other necessary components.

Guidelines of a research report have been provided on the format and style of the

project and specimens have been annexed for guidance. We hope that all given

information will help you in choosing the project title, and conducting research

work.

With this in mind enjoy the manual. We hope it will help you to finish your

research in good shape.

Majed Rashid

NOTE:

The completion time for this research work is 1 year. The total time of completion of

degree (course work and research work) is 5 years after this period the registration of

the student will be expired.


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INTRODUCTION

This master level Research Project Manual is designed for all Commonwealth

Master of Business Administration / Public Administration students. The

students will be required to conduct a research study in the academic field of the

chosen area after completion of the course work for (COL EMBA/MPA).

The research project carries a weight of (06) credits and is an integral part of

Commonwealth MBA/MPA Programme. After successful completion of

required courses and research project (code 5598) each student will receive COL

MBA / MPA degree. This manual has been developed to provide broad

guidelines to the students and help them in preparing their project synopsis and

final report.

The university hopes that after following these guidelines the students of this

prestigious programme will be in a position to write an excellent research report

and create a value addition for them.

Wish you good luck

Salman Ali Qureshi

Malik Tariq Mahmood

Nazim Hussain


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Research Proposal and Final Report

The Allama Iqbal Open University‟s mission is to deliver the collaborative

Master of Commonwealth MBA / MPA degree in such a way that can equipped

the students with latest managerial skill so that they may be able to contribute

effectively at their work places.

All research reports normally use the same format. It does not matter whether

you are doing a customer satisfaction research, employee‟s opinion survey,

research on impact of globalization research or a marketing research. All have

the same basic structure and format. Their contents may be different.

The distinguishing feature of research is an original contribution to knowledge.

Thus the final research report for the project course (code 5598) is a document

whose purpose is to prove that the student has made an original contribution to

knowledge.

The research report must highlight the following important aspects:

Student has identified a worthwhile question or problem, relating to the

generic discipline of Management Sciences (Business or Public

Administration as per his or her enrolment)

S/he has solved the problem or answered the question(s) raised during

research

Their contribution to knowledge lies in their findings.

It has been observed that the students enrolled in the project course do not get

the approval of topic and proposal / synopsis from the programme management

office, Allama Iqbal Open University campus Islamabad before starting their

research. Therefore, at the outset, students of final semester of COL MBA/MPA

are required to (i) To select the research topic in consultation with the Supervisor

provided by their approved study centre (ii) To develop and submit a research

proposal / synopsis to the department for approval / acceptance prior to starting

their research report/study.


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Stages of the Research Process

and so on

Problem

Discovery and

Definition

Research

Design

Sampling

Data

Gathering

Data

Processing and

Analysis

Conclusion

and Report

Discovery and

Definition


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The research process

1. Observation

2. Preliminary Data gathering (Preliminary Data gathering about situation

i.e. broad problem area)

3. Problem definition

4. Literature Review & Theoretical framework (variables identified)

5. Hypotheses

6. Research design

7. Data collection ,analysis and interpretation

8. Deduction

9. Report writing

10. Report presentation

11. Decision making


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WHAT IS RESEARCH

Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to

QUESTIONS or solutions of problems.

1) Systematic: because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which

the students/researchers will follow. There are certain things in the

research process which are always done in order to get the most accurate

results.

2) Organized: in that there is a structure or method in going about doing

research. It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused

and limited to a specific scope.

3) Questions: are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer

is of no use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important

questions. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or purpose.

4) Finding Answers: is the end of all research. Whether it is the result after a

testing hypothesis or answer to a simple question, research is successful

when we find solutions answers. Sometimes the answer is no, but it is still

an answer.


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IMPROTANT STEPS

Identifying a Project/Research Topic

Research begins with defining a topic in which a student may be interested and

willing to put effort. Research topic should relate to the subject whom the

students have studied in their programme (Management Sciences, Business or

Public Administration). The three significant characteristics of a research

topic/problem are that is should be significant, researchable and new or add a

new angle to established facts. Some important elements of selecting a topic are

as under:

First you select a problem/topic in a general area that is related to the area

of your expertise and interest. Second step is to narrow down the general

problem area to make it specific, and researchable.

Formulate a research topic in order to achieve your objective.

Access to the data must be ensured about the topic prior to its finalization.

The topic should be open to methods of research.

The selected topic should be in a field in which there is real need for the

research.

Must keep in mind why the research is important and to whom.

Students need to describe the research context clearly.

While thinking about research topic:

Discuss ideas with colleagues

Browse the literature, especially journals

Discuss ideas with your supervisor – he/she is an expert within the

discipline and can help you decide on an appropriate topic

Setting the topic in context

When placing your topic in context it is often useful to think about the following:

What is the scope of the topic?


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What is the purpose of the research?

Who are the intended audience?

What is the time period?

What is the geographical coverage?

What are the relevant/related disciplines?

Some More Tips for Problem Formulation

"Well begun is half done" --Aristotle, quoting an old proverb

RESEARCH PAPER TOPIC IDEAS

Try to pick a topic that you are interested in. You are going to have a lot of

research and experimentation ahead of you so it helps to produce good science if

you have enthusiasm in what you are doing. Find a broad topic and do a little

preliminary work, perhaps making a shortlist of possible areas of interest.

1. Be realistic. If you have difficulty with transport then there is no point

picking a project in some far-flung, inaccessible area. You may have to go

back to resample or clarify your data. For a field study that requires lots of

walking or climbing you need to be reasonably fit. If you are not very

good at approaching strangers then avoid a subject that requires you to

ask people to fill in questionnaires. Play to your strengths and avoid your

weaknesses.

2. With the above in mind, check out the facilities your department offers.

For example, some departments offer help with statistics or using

computer programs.

3. Take into account the amount of time and resources you have. It is better

to pick a focused topic and be thorough than to try and perform some

complex research that you struggle to finish. Your topic must be broad

enough to ensure that you have enough data but narrow enough to

maximize your time and resources.


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4. Try and be a little different; if a large number of students research the

same topics then there could be a lot of people fighting over one copy of a

book or journal.

5. Will you need help? For some areas of research you may need to ask the

help of friends to take samples. An example is psychology where you

need to tempt people to answer your questions or perform your tests.

What measures will you need to entice people? Asking favors, bribery or

threats? Try to ensure that you have thought about this before you start.

6. Remember that people are there to help you. If you not sure of where to

start, often the most difficult part, do not be afraid to ask questions from

those more knowledgeable in the subject. It is common to feel a little

nervous and overwhelmed before starting on a long project but that will

pass. Remember that the reputation of your supervisor and department is

judged by how well you perform in your research paper so they will try

their best to guide you.


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Types of Business research

Applied research

This research is conducted to solve a current problem faced by the organization

in the work setting, demanding a timely solution.

Basic research (fundamental, pure)

Following are the characteristics of basic research:

a. It is to generate a body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how

certain problems that occur in organizations can be solved.

b. The findings of such research contribute to the building of knowledge in

the various functional areas of business.

Selection of Study

The students are advised to choose some current issue faced by the organization

in which they are going to conduct their research. Here are some examples of

Applied and basic research issues, the preference should be given to the applied

research.

Applied Research topics

1. Causes of low productivity of employees of Fazal Steel mills Islamabad

2. The possible measures to make the budgetary control system of NHA effective

3. Human Resource practices to ensure Job Satisfaction in Askari Bank limited with Special emphasis on performance appraisal.

4. The Impact of Compensation, Training & Development on the organisational Commitment of Employees of PTCL


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Basic Research Topics

1. Effective measures to stop bankruptcy.

2. Implications of the theories of Scientific School of Management in 21st century.

3. TQM / Is It Effective In Reaching Quality Goals?

4. Management of the Interview and Hiring Function

5. Employee Stock Ownership Plans

How to Develop Project Proposal / Synopsis

The aim of the project proposal must be to ensure that:

There is a need for the research and it‟s significant and important.

Student is contributing something original in the research report.

The topic is feasible in terms of the availability of data.

The topic must match with the academic field i.e. MBA / MPA.

Research can be completed within the expected time period.

The project proposal helps you focus your research aim, clarify its importance

and the need, describe the methods, identify problems and plan alternatives.

Preparing a project proposal is an important part of your research. Following

key elements must be included in the project proposal:


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Chapter 1 Introduction

1. Introduction of study along with its origin, history, Background,

and rationale of the study

2. Broad problem area:

- Area in which researcher has find some specific problem to

carry out his research

3. Statement of the Problem

4. Objectives of the Study

5. Significance of the Study

6. Delimitation

7. Research Hypothesis or Research Question

Chapter 2 Literature review

Distribute this chapter according to heading and sub-heading

Chapter 3 Research Methodology

1. Research Design

2. Population of the Study

3. Sampling Techniques

4. Sample Size

5. Research Tools

6. Data Collection

Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Interpretation (Tools and Techniques)

Chapter 5 Conclusion

1. Findings

2. Conclusion

3. Recommendations

Bibliography / References


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OUTLINE / STRUCTURE/ CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS

CHAPTER 1

1) Introduction

This section begins with a few short introductory paragraphs (couple of pages).

In introduction the context of the research is made clear and choice of the topic is

defended. The relationship between the research problem and the research

objectives must be explained. Introduction section sets the stage for the project

report and puts the topic in perspective. It contains general statements about the

need for this study. It is a brief description of what the project report is all about.

It briefly summarizes the topic and some of the reasons why it is worthwhile to

do research on this specific topic. Introduction is a bird eye view of the answers

to the main questions that will be answered in your research report. The basic

goal of the introduction is to catch the attention of the reader. Key point is that

when you are writing the introduction; put yourself in your readers‟ position.

2) Background Information of the Topic

Brief background information of your topic is necessary. It could be possible that

the reader may not have any experience with some of the material you have

provided in your research report. So you need to give it to him or her.

3) Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem is the focal point of the research. A problem does

not necessarily mean that something is seriously wrong with current situation

that needs to be rectified immediately. A “problem” could simply indicate an

interest in an issue where finding the right answers might help to improve an

existing situation. Thus, it is fruitful to define a problem in a situation where a

gap exists between the actual and the desired ideal states. The statement of

problem should be brief, concise, and very specific statement not more than 5 –6

sentences in a paragraph.


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4) Objectives of the Study

Objectives are statements of specific actions needed to accomplish the purpose.

Enough objectives should be included to achieve the purpose, but objectives not

required to achieve the purpose should be omitted. This purpose statement or

paragraph explains what the study intends to find. The purpose of the study

might be to:

Overcome the difficulty

Understand the causes or effects

Provide a new interpretation

Understand what makes – successful or unsuccessful

5) Significance of the Study

This section creates a perspective for looking at the problem. It points out how

study relates to the larger issue and uses a persuasive rationale to justify the

reason for the study. It makes the purpose worthwhile. The significance of the

study may be:

Why is your study important?

To whom is it important?

What benefits will occur if your study is done?

6) Limitations (Delimit your research scope)

The investigator states the restrictions and limitations which he imposes on his

study. It is a statement of the limit or scope of investigation. The statement will

provide information concerning who, what, where and how many. It will

determine the boundaries of the research in hand.

This delimitation will mention the geographical limits of the study i.e. whether

the study will be covering a single town, a district, a region, a state or a country.

It will specify the time limits of the study i.e. whether the study will be spread

over a few days, a few months, a year or a number of years. It will have to

specify the type of institution to be covered. Recognition of the limitation of the

study helps to focus attention on pertinent objectives and helps to minimize the

danger of oversimplification.

The scope, limitations of the research must clearly be mentioned in the proposal

as well as in the Research report so that the other researcher might design their


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research in the same work setting might prevent their research from duplication

of results. The depth of understanding regarding the groups must be clear;

additionally the limitations of your data gathering tool which you have used

must also be discussed in this section of your report. Describe the boundaries of

the study that you determine. Delimitations define the parameters of the

investigation. In academic research the delimitations will frequently deal with

such items as population/sample, treatment(s), setting, and instrumentation.

A sample of this section is given below for you guidance:


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Limitations

1. Delimitations define the parameters of the investigation. In business research the

delimitations will frequently deal with such items as population/sample,

treatment(s), setting, and instrumentation. For example, the study may focus on

employee in only one category or measure aptitude using only a group intelligence

test. External validity deals with the extent to which the results of a study can be

generalized to different subjects, settings, experimenters, and so on; the study has

external validity. However, there are many threats to external validity which cause

the results of a study to be specific to some limited group of people and/or set of

conditions. These threats are

(a) Those dealing with generalizations to populations (What population of subjects

can be expected to behave in the same way as did the sample subjects?), and

(b) Those dealing with the "environment" of the work (Under what conditions, i.e.,

settings, treatments, experimenters, dependent variables, and so on, can the same

results be expected?).

2. The limitations set forth reservations, qualifications, or weaknesses inherent in the

design. Generally, these will reflect anticipated inadequacies in regard to internal

validity of results. A study has internal validity if the confounding variables have

been converted to either controlled or randomized variables and if the research is

designed in such a way that it is possible to estimate the size of the random variation

so that the "experimental" variation may be compared to it for significance. The goal

is to recognize inherent threats to internal validity in the work setting.

3. No data collection tool can give perfect and quality data for research because of its

inherent limitations and due to the poor response of some respondents therefore this

is also a threat for external validity of results.

4. Because the limitations of a study cannot be fully specified until the research is

completed, therefore the apparent delimitations and/or limitations are given

regarding the population/sample, treatments, setting, and instrumentation.


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7) Research Hypothesis

According to Leedey and Ormond (2001) “A hypothesis is a logical supposition,

a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture. It provides a tentative explanation

for a phenomenon under investigation. However, hypotheses are not unique to

research. Hypotheses are constantly generated in the human mind as we work to

understand day-to-day phenomena. By formulating a series of reasonable

guesses of cause and effect we are able to understand and explore the events in

our surrounding environment.”

The hypothesis is formulated after observation and the review of preliminary

data prior to the execution of the study. The hypothesis logically follows the

review and it is based on the implications of previous research as it precedes the

study procedure because the entire study is determined by the hypothesis

(including: subject, instruments, design, procedure, analysis and conclusions).

The hypothesis should be logical and testable. Hypotheses are essential for

experimental studies, for co-relational studies and for studies

determining/measuring the impact of one or more variables on other variables.

HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS

One of the crucial parts of designing and writing up any research paper is how to

write a hypothesis.

In fact, it is not as difficult as it looks, and if you have followed the steps of the

scientific process and found an area of research and potential research problem,

then you may already have a few ideas. It is just about making sure that you are

asking the right questions and generating your hypothesis statements correctly.

A research hypothesis is a testable statement of opinion. It is created from the

research question by replacing the words "Is there" with the words "There is",

and also replacing the question mark with a period. The hypotheses for the three

sample research questions would be as follows:

http://www.experiment-resources.com/defining-a-research-problem.html


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A sample of Research Questions, Hypothesis and Null Hypothesis is as follow:

Questions

1. Is there a significant relationship between the corporate level of managers and their attitudes towards the revised advertising budget?

2. Is there a significant relationship between perceived need for the new product and the price that customers would be willing to pay for it?

3. Is there a significant difference between Hindus and minority Muslims residents with respect to what they feel are the most important problems facing the community?

Hypothesis

1. There is a significant relationship between the corporate level of managers and their attitudes towards the revised advertising budget.

2. There is a significant relationship between perceived need for the new product and the price that customers would be willing to pay for it.

3. There is a significant difference between Hindus and minority Muslims residents with respect to what they feel are the most important problems facing the community.

It is not possible to test a hypothesis directly. Instead, you must turn the hypothesis into a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is created from the hypothesis by adding the words "no" or "not" to the statement. For example, the null hypotheses for the three examples would be:

Null Hypotheses

1. There is no significant relationship between the corporate level of managers and their attitudes towards the revised advertising budget.

2. There is no significant relationship between perceived need for the new product and the price that customers would be willing to pay for it.

3. There is no significant difference between Hindus and minority Muslims residents with respect to what they feel are the most important problems facing the community.


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8) Research Question

The research question must be stated in such a way that these are testable and

answerable. Usually a descriptive research may try to find answers to questions

rather than test hypothesis.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature

related to your selected area of study. The review should describe, summarise,

evaluate and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical base for the

research and help you (the researcher) determine the nature of your research.

The purpose of a literature review is for you to take a critical look at the literature

(facts and views) that already exists in the area you are researching. A literature

review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited

scholars and researchers. The purpose of literature review is to convey to the

readers what knowledge and ideas have already been established on the topic,

and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature

review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the

problem or issue you are discussing or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a

descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.

A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually

has an organized pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A

summary is a recap of important information of the area, but a synthesis is a re-

organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new

interpretation to old material or combine new and old interpretations, or it might

trace the intellectual progression in the field, including major debates.

Depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and

advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant, aspects.


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A literature review is a summary of previous research on a topic. Literature

reviews can be either a part of a large report of a research project, a thesis or a

bibliographic essay that is published separately in a scholarly journal. Some

questions to think about as you develop your literature review:

What is known about the subject?

Are there any gaps in the knowledge of the subject?

Have areas of further study been identified by other researchers that you

may want to consider?

What methods or problems were identified by others studying in the field

and how might they impact your research?

What is the most productive methodology for your research based on the

literature you have reviewed?

What is the current status of research in this area?

What sources of information or data were identified that might be useful

to you?

Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review

lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas:

1. Information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using

manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and

books

2. Critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify

unbiased and valid studies.

A crucial element of all research degrees is the review of relevant literature.

There are good reasons for spending time and effort on a review of the literature

before embarking on a research project. These reasons include:

To identify gaps in the literature

To avoid reinventing the wheel (this will save time and will stop you

from making the same mistakes as others)

To carry on from where others have already reached (reviewing the

field allows you to build on the platform of existing knowledge and

ideas)


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To increase breadth of knowledge of your subject area

To provide the intellectual context for your own work, enabling you to

position your project relative to other work

To demonstrate that you can access previous work in an area

To identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project

A good Literature Review

A literature review must do the following:

a. It should organized around and related directly to the

project/thesis or research question you are developing

b. Synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known

c. Identify areas of controversy in the literature

d. Formulate questions that need further research/project

The literature review develops a relationship between academics and your

research. Your task must be to show how the academic literature sheds light on

your topic. The purpose of the literature review is to refine the statement of the

research problem or question, not to offer a tutorial on the topic. Do not repeat

large passages from a text.

Final Note

A literature review is a piece of discursive prose, not a list describing or

summarizing one piece of literature after another. It‟s usually a bad sign to see

every paragraph beginning with the name of a researcher. Instead, organize the

literature review into sections that present themes or identify trends, including

relevant theory. You are not trying to list all the material published, but to

synthesize and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of your

project/thesis or research question.

A sample of a portion of literature Review is given in the box below:


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Research Problem

“Impact of Advertisement on Fashion Industry”

Relevant Literature

A consumer preference for brands with a global image, even when quality and

value are not objectively superior, has been proposed as a reason for companies to

consider global brands (Taylor and Raymond, 2000). Therefore, Fashion Company

needs to identify the response of consumers worldwide to its global advertising

for such specific consumer segment. For instance, the fashion industry for women

is particularly relevant in terms of examining the feasibility of cross-national

segmentation. Research indicates that females tend to be more fashion conscious,

be more knowledgeable about fashion brands (Blyth, 2006), and read more fashion

magazines than male consumers (Putrevu, 2004). This implies that marketers need

to pay special attention to women when expanding and advertising fashion

brands to international markets. The fashion industry is characterized by a

considerable amount of standardized advertising. In fact, global advertising in

fashion magazines that help to create the image of a designer brand name for

fashion goods, such as apparel, accessories, and perfume, and has been used by

many leading firms (Blyth, 2006). Increasingly, some fashion marketers have

discovered that their advertising is directly linked to retail sales and strong retail

performance (Callan, 2006).


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Theoretical Framework

Theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is

based. It is logically developed, described and elaborated network of associations

among the variables relevant to the problem situation.

The purpose of the theoretical framework is to demonstrate the researcher‟s

knowledge and expertise in the chosen field of research, concentrating on the

research problem. Although the study may be based on other researcher‟s work

and publications, the relevant „message‟ has to be the author‟s own

interpretation.

The theoretical framework should contain the relevant information on the chosen

field of research, based on a study of the theoretical basis of the topic. The more

you are able to introduce new and novel viewpoints and critically evaluate their

relevance, the greater the merit of the work. New ideas and interpretations

ensure that the author‟s own voice can be heard.

One way to construct the theoretical section is to work your way up from

existing studies to your own research problem. Then, at the end of the chapter,

you should put forward more comprehensive reasoning for your own choices,

thus gaining more credibility and strength for your interpretation from the

theoretical discourse of others. If the thesis introduces new research methods, or

uses less-known existing methods, these are introduced separately, either

directly after the theoretical framework or under a new sub-heading. A sample

theoretical frame work for reference is given below:


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Research problem: Employees Job Satisfaction

Independent Variables

Intervening Variable Dependent Variable Moderating Variable

Management

Policies

Reward System

Training &

Development

Management

Style

Working

Environment

Job Security

Employees

Union

Job Satisfaction

Performance

Appraisal


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CHAPTER 3

1) Research Methodology

This chapter describes the basic research plan. It indicates the practical way in

which the whole research study/project has been organized. You have to

describe clearly what method will be used during your study for example

documentary research, face to face interviews, and questionnaire. The nature of

the study whether it is exploratory, descriptive and types of the research i.e.

survey, comparative or a case study must be stated.

The research methodology must be appropriate to the research question. You

need to explain why your chosen method is suitable for your research. At the

proposal stage well selected and clearly justified methodology should be

provided.

2) Research Design

Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A

design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the

research project - the samples or groups, measures, treatments or programs, and

methods of assignment - work together to address the central research questions.

The term “Research Design” is often used to refer to the pragmatic aspects of the

way the research was conducted. The researcher needs to explain these matters

to the readers. How you plan to carry out the study should be thoroughly

described. Who will be involved, especially the sample and population and

sampling techniques should be clearly stated.

3) Population

It is incumbent on the research to clearly define the target population. Population

refers to the entire group of people, events, or things of interest that the

researcher wishes to investigate. Most research in education and social sciences

involves the collection of data from human beings. The total numbers of

individuals to whom the results of the research are intended to apply constitute


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the research population. It is important to describe clearly and to explain the

nature of the population.

4) Sampling Technique

Sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the

population. There are two major types of sampling design: Probability and Non-

Probability. Probability sampling includes random sampling, stratified

sampling, multi-stage sampling while non-probability sampling includes

convenient and judgemental sampling. The researcher must give the exact

technique which is used for selection of sample.

5) Sampling Size

A sample is a sub-set of population; it comprises some numbers selected from it.

There are no strict rules to follow, and the researcher must rely on logic and

judgement. A small, but carefully chosen sample can be used to represent the

population. The sample reflects the characteristics of the population from which

it is drawn. It is not possible to collect the data from all individuals of

population for the researcher that is why he/she selects a sample size from the

population which might consist of 100, 150 or 200 etc numbers/elements from

the population.

5) CONCERNS IN STATISTICAL SAMPLING

Representativeness

This is the primary concern in statistical sampling. The sample obtained from the

population must be representative of the same population. This can be

accomplished by using randomized statistical sampling techniques or probability

sampling like cluster sampling and stratified sampling. The reason behind

representativeness being the primary concern in statistical sampling is that it

allows the researcher to draw conclusions for the entire population. If the sample

is not representative of the population, conclusions cannot be drawn since the

results that the researcher obtained from the sample will be different from the

results if the entire population is to be tested.

http://www.experiment-resources.com/drawing-conclusions.html


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Practicability

Practicability of statistical sampling techniques allows the researchers to estimate

the possible number of subjects that can be included in the sample, the type of

sampling technique, the duration of the study, the number of materials, ethical

concerns, availability of the subjects/samples, the need for the study and the

amount of workforce that the study demands. All these factors contribute to the

decisions of the researcher regarding to the study design.

Sampling Risks

There are two types of sampling risks, first is the risk of incorrect acceptance of

the research hypothesis and the second is the risk for incorrect rejection. These

risks pertain to the possibility that when a test is conducted to a sample, the

results and conclusions may be different from the results and conclusions when

the test is conducted to the entire population.

The risk of incorrect acceptance pertains to the risk that the sample can yield a

conclusion that supports a theory about the population when it is actually not

existent in the population. On the other hand, the risk of incorrect rejection

pertains to the risk that the sample can yield a conclusion that rejects a theory

about the population when in fact, the theory holds true in the population.

Comparing the two types of risks, researchers fear the risk of incorrect rejection

more than the risk of incorrect acceptance. Consider this example; an

experimental drug was tested for its debilitating side effects. With the risk of

incorrect acceptance, the researcher will conclude that the drug indeed has

negative side effects but the truth is that it doesn‟t. The entire population will

then abstain from taking the drug. But with the risk of incorrect rejection, the

researcher will conclude that the drug has no negative side effects. The entire

population will then take the drug knowing that it has no side effects but all of

them will then suffer the consequences of the mistake of the researcher.


31

6) Research Tools/Instruments

Once you have selected a topic, you must clearly define the research tools. It

helps if you actually state your topic idea. Research tools are basically

instruments used for collecting the required information from the sampled

population. These instruments include questionnaire, interview, observation,

check list and sometimes documents. Students are required to clearly mention

the scales used for the development of questionnaire in research report proposal.

7) Data Collection

Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting

business. A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that data

gathered is both defined and accurate and that subsequent decisions based on

arguments embodied in the findings are valid.

DATA COLLECTION TOOLS & TECHNIQUES

Administering written questionnaires

A written questionnaire (also referred to as self-administered questionnaire) is a data

collection tool in which written questions are presented that are to be answered by the

respondents in written form.

A written questionnaire can be administered in different ways, such as by:

Sending questionnaires by mail with clear instructions on how to answer

the questions and asking for mailed responses;

Gathering all or part of the respondents in one place at one time, giving

oral or written instructions, and letting the respondents fill out the

questionnaires; or

Hand-delivering questionnaires to respondents and collecting them later.

The questions can be either open-ended or closed (with pre-categorised

answers).


32

Types of questionnaire:

There are several types of questionnaire and each is designed to explore different

aspects or elicit different responses. Some of the more common include:

1. Dichotomous Multiple choice

2. Importance

3. Bipolar

4. Likert

5. Rating scale 1 - 5

6. Buying propensity

These can be used in any combination as long as the questionnaire is not too long

and it is focussed. In the fictitious examples below the data is merely illustrative.

Dichotomous

This is a fairly typical basic type of question, not too intrusive and merely asks

you to answer yes or no. As such it cannot assess the degree of feelings in

between the poles:

Multiple choices

This is a question offering three or more answers - and allows a greater breadth

of response.

How did you first hear about Bank’s web site services?

1. Television

2. Radio

3. Newspaper

4. Magazine

5. Internet

6. Other: Please Specify _______________

1

4

Do you have a salary bank Account with National Bank?

Yes No Yes

6


33

Importance

In this type of question the respondent is asked to rate the importance of an issue

to them on a scale of 1 to 5

Bipolar

The question asks for a response to be marked between two opposite ends of the

scale:

Likert

This question examines how strongly the respondent agrees with a statement

and can help assess the feelings of customers towards issues.

Rating scale

This question type rates the replies in terms of a scale from e.g. poor to first class.

As with all these types of questions it is sometimes necessary to have an even

How would you describe the local branch of National Bank:

Conveniently _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Inconveniently

Friendly Unfriendly Service Oriented Unhelpful

Efficient Inefficient

Having another branch of National Bank in my Town

1 2 3 4 5

Extremely Very Somewhat Not very Not at all

Important Important Important Important Important

3

Development Financial Institutions generally give better services than banks?

Strongly Agree Neither agree Disagree Strongly

Agreed nor disagree Disagree

1 2 3 4 5

Disagree

4


34

number of boxes. To avoid the middle of the road response, commonly taken by

those trying to avoid making a stand.

Buying propensity

This type of question is trying to elicit a customer's future intentions by asking

whether they might buy a product and can help assess the needs and likely take

up of a new product if developed.

Care needs to be taken with these questions as they may reflect wants rather than

needs!

All of the above are quantitative type questions. What they ask is for a response

within pre-defined parameters that allows input into spreadsheets and hard

analysis. Although this facilitates the input into data analysis sheets and

subsequent number crunching - the respondent is not allowed to say what they

think. They can only answer the question by marking the pre-designated boxes.

Qualitative questions can allow more freedom for answers but are much harder

to analyze as each respondent will use his/her own words. Often the question

will be couched along the lines of:

How would you rate the services of your local branch of national bank?

First Class Good Fair Poor Very Poor

1 2 3 4 5

Good

2

If National Bank of Pakistan offers credit card facility, would you be more likely to avail it?

Definitely Probably Be unsure Probably Not Definitely Not

1 2 3 4 5

Probably

2


35

This has the advantage that the respondent can say what s/he likes, which can

yield very interesting information that might not have been thought of at design

phase; but on the other side, that s/he can also respond in an unlimited and often

unconstructive manner, making analysis much harder. Whichever question types

are used they must always be designed with the express intention of:

1. inconveniencing the customer/respondents as little as possible;

2. being aimed at an homogeneous segment; and

3. Having been designed to elicit specific information that supports

your marketing initiative.

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Data analysis can be descriptive, graphic and statistical. Often a combination of

all three forms is used. The analysis portion of the research report should be

described in detail. Each question requires its own analysis. Each question

should be answered using above mentioned methods of analysis. Different

techniques are used to analyze the data depending on the objectives of research

and research problem. The researcher must describe the technique or software

which he/she has used for data analysis.

Results of your research must be presented clearly and concisely. Tables and

figures should be correctly presented. Results must be discussed in terms of your

research topic and objectives. There should be a relationship between results,

problem statement, literature review and your research objective.

Describe in your own words your opinion of National Bank‟s local branch.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________


36

CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

At the beginning of this chapter the purpose, objectives, questions, or hypotheses

must be presented in this form of a summary of the research study limitations

that might have hindered or restricted the researcher. The conclusions are your

interpretations of the meanings of the findings based on the data and their

relationships to the literature, the problem, and the solution of the problem.

Avoid to present recommendations based on your own beliefs and biases that

are not supported by your data. Recommendations must be based on the data

analysis and must be compatible with the objectives of the study. There are two

types of recommendations; first are the recommendations related to the study,

second are the recommendations for other researchers.

References:

Students make a great mistake in referencing. The uniformity of referencing style

in a single draft of research report is always ignored by the students. It is

therefore strongly recommended all over the world to use APA referencing style

for all the references use in your text and in bibliography. A detailed guide has

been given in Appendix of this research manual for students‟ guidance.

PLAGIARISM

In case of project report is found to be a plagiarized (it happens if you copy

somebody else‟s work instead of doing your own) version of another project

report, research work/text, etc. Published or unpublished, student‟s candidature

shall be cancelled and s/he shall be debarred forever from admission to any of

the University. In case of the plagiarism is proved after the award of the degree,

the degree shall be cancel/withdrawn. HEC Plagiarism policy is given below;


37

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISION

PLAGIARISM POLICY Preamble

Higher Education Commission in its efforts to improve the quality, credibility

and recognition of research work in Pakistan has devised this policy of

plagiarism. The policy consists of two components. The first component deals

with the unethical and illegal replication of the efforts of other researchers. On

the other hand, it also proposes measures to guard against malicious and bogus

complaints to prevent victimization and prosecution of original researchers.

Definition and Explanation

Plagiarism is defined as “taking and using the thoughts, writings and inventions of another

person as one‟s own” (Concise Oxford Dictionary). Web based encyclopedia (Wikipedia)

explains that within academia, plagiarism by students, professors or researchers is

considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud and offenders are subject to

academic censure. For professors and researchers, who are supposed to be role models

for their students, plagiarism is a very serious offence and is punishable by sanctions

ranging from suspension to termination along with the loss of credibility and integrity.

Different Forms of Plagiarism

Verbatim or near verbatim copying or purposely paraphrasing portions of another

author‟s papers or unpublished report without citing the exact reference.

• Copying elements from other‟s papers such as equations and illustrations.

• Copying sentences without citing the source.

• Verbatim copying from reports by citing but not clearly differentiating what text has

been copied or not citing the source correctly.

• To unacknowledged use of computer programmes, mathematical models/algorithms,

computer software, macros, web pages, databases, mathematical derivations and

calculations, designs models and the like.

• Self plagiarism by verbatim or near verbatim re-use of significant portions of one‟s

own work without citing the original source.


38


39

Aim of the policy

To raise awareness about plagiarism amongst students, teachers and researchers

and suggest means to avoid it. It also aims to discourage it by regulating and

authorizing punitive actions against those found guilty of the act.

Applicability

The policy is applicable to students, teachers, researchers and staff of all

institutions and organizations in Pakistan who are involved in writing or

publishing their work. Any person listing his CV on the website or any current

publication or applying for any benefit on the basis of published or presented

work that is plagiarized will be liable to be punished as per prescribed rules.

Responsibility of Institutions and Organisations

All institutions and organizations are responsible to apprise their students,

researchers and staff of the definition, implications and resulting punishments if

they are found guilty of plagiarism. Any University or Degree Awarding

Institution which does not adopt and implement this policy will have its degree

derecognized by HEC.

Reporting

Alleged complaints about plagiarism can be made to HEC Quality Assurance

Division or respective University/Organizations by emailing, post, fax or other

means. Following information needs to be provided:

• Complete reference of the plagiarized and allegedly plagiarized paper.

• Name, designation, address, email address and telephone number of the

complainant.

Investigation and Implementation

The complaints received through HEC or directly by a University will be dealt

with according to the procedure given below. The head of the University will

have discretion of not taking any action on anonymous complaints.

The Vice Chancellor/Rector/Head of Organization will have an obligation to:


40

a) Constitute a Plagiarism Standing Committee consisting of 3 senior faculty

members, a subject specialist, a senior student (only if a student is being

investigated) and a nominee of the HEC.

b) Provide the committee HEC‟s guideline for functioning, clear terms of reference and every opportunity to use all foreseeable means to investigate the claim.

c) The members of the committee are to sign confidentiality statement about the whole process of investigation.

d) Provide opportunity to the author/authors under investigation and the complainant to justify their positions.

The “Plagiarism Standing Committee” after finishing their investigations according to the HEC‟s provided terms will submit its report with clear cut findings and recommendations. The Vice Chancellor will have the discretion to implement the recommendations after approval through the statutory process.

Plagiarism Penalties for Teachers, Researchers and Staff

Depending upon the seriousness of the offence the committee will advise the competent authority to take one or a combination of the following disciplinary actions against the offender:

Major Penalty

In severe cases where most of the paper or key results have been exactly copied without giving the reference to the original work then a major penalty of; a) Dismissal from service need to be prescribed along with b) The offender may be black listed and may not be eligible for employment in any academic/research organization and c) The notification of black listed may be publicized in print media or different websites at the discretion of Vice Chancellor.

Moderate Penalty

In case where some paragraphs including some key results have been copied, a moderate penalty of a) demotion to next lower grade, b) black listing of the guilty may be published at the discretion of the Vice Chancellor.

Minor Penalty

If only few paragraphs have been copied from an external source without giving reference to that work, a minor penalty of a) warning, b) freezing of all research grants for a specified period, c) promotions/annual increments may be stopped, d) HEC or the University may debar the offender from sponsorship of research funding, travel grant, supervision of Ph.D. students, scholarships, fellowship or any other funded program for a period deemed appropriate by the “Plagiarism Standing Committee”.


41


42

Plagiarism Penalties for students

In case a student is found guilty of the offence, the “Plagiarism Standing Committee” depending upon the seriousness of the proven offence will advise the Vice Chancellor to take anyone or a combination of following disciplinary action(s):

i. In the case of thesis the responsibility of thesis will be of the student and not of the supervisor or members of the Supervisory Committee.

ii. The offender may be expelled/rusticated from the University. iii. The offender relegated to a lower class, given a failure grade, fined

deemed appropriate or warned in writing if it is a minor offence committed first time.

iv. The degree of the student may be withdrawn if at any time it is proven that he or she presented plagiarized work in his/her Masters, M. Phil or PhD dissertation.

v. Any Co-Author listing a paper in his/her resume and applied for a benefit will be equally responsible for any plagiarism committed.

Size of the Final Project Report

The research reports vary considerably for example a research report based on

qualitative data may require longer data presentation and analysis rather than

research report based on quantitative data. The length of the research project

report shall not be less than 18,000 – 20, 000 words.

Arrangement/ Contents of Final Project Report The final project report should be submitted in spiral and the sequence /

arrangement of the report is as follow:

Title Page (Appendix – A) Attestation of authorship (Appendix – C) Declaration (Student) (Appendix – D) Abstract Acknowledgments Dedication Table of Contents List of Tables 1) Chapter 1 (Introduction)

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background of Study


43

1.3 Statement of the Problem 1.4 Objectives 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Research Hypothesis or Research Question 1.7 Delimitation

2) Chapter 2 (Review of Literature) (Appendix – B) 2.1 Sections based on natural topics or themes 2.2 Similar research studies 2.3 Literature giving the rationale 2.4 Short summary

3) Chapter 3 (Research Methodology) 3.1 Research Design 3.2 Population 3.3 Sampling Technique/Procedures 3.4 Sampling Size 3.5 Research Instrument /Tools 3.6 Data Collection

4) Chapter 4 (Data Analysis and Interpretation) 4.1 Demographic data and return percentages 4.2 Tables summarizing data 4.3 Figures, graphs, and charts pictorially depicting data 4.4 Narrative describing most important findings

5) Chapter 5 (Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations) 5.1 Summary of findings 5.2 Conclusions 5.3 Recommendations

Bibliography (Appendix E & F) Supplementary Material Appendices


44

TITLE PAGE

Title page must have the research topic, name of the researcher, roll number,

registration number, submitted to, month and year on which s/he submitted the

draft of synopsis and final project report, and address (student) must be written.

See Appendix A.

ABSTRACT

The abstract is the most crucial part of the report because anybody searching for

your research on a database or in a journal will usually read only the abstract.

Therefore, it must summarize your research, results and conclusions in less than

200 words.

Sometimes it is good to think of it as a sample of your research rather than a

review; it should inform the researcher that your article contains the information

they need. There are a few ideas on how to write your abstract but the best

advice is that you look at some journals relevant to your research and try to

format your abstract in a similar way. See appendix G.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It should be brief and must not exceed one page.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This section and is merely a breakdown of sections and subsections by page

number. For a short and straightforward paper it may not be necessary to

include a contents page. But this is mandatory for a research report.

Provide list of all the chapters and subchapters of your research report. Use of

application software (MS Word) can make this very easy for you and the reader

of the research report. Please give roman numbers to preliminary pages and

chapter 1 would be the page no.1.


45

See appendix H.

LIST OF TABLES

The list of tables‟ along with page numbers should exactly the same captions as

they appear in the text, so, that the reader of the report can find easily.

LIST OF FIGURES

This list should also use exactly the same captions as they appear in the text, also

mention page numbers.

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS OR NOMENCLATURE (OPTIONAL)

One and half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this

heading. Standard symbols, abbreviations etc should be used.

CHAPTERS

Each chapter should be given an appropriate title, and the chapter number and

chapter name should be in CAPS, Bold with 16 Font. Tables and figures in a

chapter should be placed accordingly.

APPENDICES

Most reports have at least one appendix section to allow you to include data,

figures and calculations without breaking the flow of the main body of the

report. Most researchers reading your report will not be too interested in the

exact details, only the results. The appendix, however, allows somebody

interested in your results to check your research more thoroughly. Appendices

should be numbered e.g. Appendix A, B, and C etc. List of appendices may be

provided after list of figures.


46

DRAFTS AND CHECKING

Sometimes, when you think that you have finished your report, it is a good idea

to ask another person to read through it for you and pick out the obvious

mistakes. They can give you input on your research paper format and it is also

very easy to miss your own mistakes so an independent review is useful. After

this process you can finalize your first draft of the report.

GRAMMAR AND SPELLING

Even though you are writing scientific reports, it is essential to the research

paper format that your grammar and spelling are correct and readable. If your

report is poorly written, people will tend to assume that your research is also

poor and you are giving the assessor an easy excuse to give you a lower grade.

Spell-checkers are good for an initial check on your language use but they are not

powerful enough to pick up every mistake. If you are not confident enough

about your language skills to write a good report, "bribe" or pay somebody more

skilled to edit it for you, when you've finished your paper. Most students

studying English or other languages are only too happy to have the chance to

earn a little money on the side.

GRAPHS Graphs are one of the easiest ways to display your results and findings in an easy

to understand format. Any graphs should take up a full page and be numbered

as diagrams 1, 2 etc. They should be referred to by these descriptions in the body

of the text. Graphs are not essential to the research paper format, but help you

present your main points. Where relevant, graphs should include any error bars

so that anybody reading your report can quickly see the degrees of significance

of your results. If you don't know what an error bar is, don't worry about this.

Graphs are best kept as simple as possible and, in the computer age, should be

drawn with one of the many software programs available.

You should not lose credit for using traditional pen and paper, but most

universities and schools will teach you how to utilize computer spreadsheet

applications and the saving in time and effort is worthwhile.


47

FORMAT OF THE PROJECT REPORT

Format and Style

You will be required to abide by the following format and style as specified by the Department.

Font Times New Roman

Chapter Headings 16Bold CAPS

Headings 14 Bold CAPS

Sub-headings 14 Bold Normal (Do not italicize or underline the headings and sub-headings)

Text 12

Paper quality offset paper 90 grams

Paper size A4 – 213mm x 275mm

Spacing Double

Paragraphing Indented or justified and double space between paragraphs

Binding - Evaluation Copy Spiral binding - Final Copy Hardbound covered with cloth - Colour of binding Dark Black or Navy Blue - Spine To contain student‟s name, title of the Project, level and year

Citation Manual APA (Appendix – E) Harvard (Appendix – F)

Margins Left 1½” 3.8 cm Right 1” 2.5 cm Top 1¼” 3.2 cm Bottom 1” 2.5 cm


48

Appendix - A TITLE Font: Times New Roman Size: TOPIC 24 bold CAPS STUDENT‟S NAME 18 bold CAPS Name of the Dept. 16 bold Name of the University 18 bold

Spine

2”

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

STUDENT’S NAME

1½” 1”

Department of _________

Allama Iqbal Open University Year

1”

Nam

e T

itle o

f the P

roje

ct rep

ort

- lev

el

- Y

ear 5 cm blank space

The Inner title would be the same, plus: i) Statement of Submission:

Submission in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Commonwealth of Learning EMBA/EMPA at the Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.

ii) Supervisor‟s Name (iii) Month, Year


49

Appendix - B Font: Times New Roman

Size: Chapter Headings 16 bold CAPS

Headings 14 bold CAPS

Sub-headings 14 bold

Text 12 Alignment Justified or Indented Spacing Double Paraphrasing Either indent or don‟t but consistent (Do not italicize or underline the headings of sub-headings.)

2”

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW

It is understood that information needs arise when an

individual finds himself in a problem situation, when he or she

no longer can manage with the knowledge that he or she

possess, (Talja 1992, P. 72). There are a lot of studies on mass

media or mass communication throughout the world done but

a few research studies conducted on „news-seeking patterns

throughout the world, and especially in Pakistan.

The present study is significant not only for the newspapers‟

industries and readers, but it is also important for educational

point of view.

1”

Appendix - C


50

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIIVERSITY

Commonwealth MBA/MPA Programme for Executive

ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Roll No.

Registration No. A student of COL

Program in Allama Iqbal Open University, solemnly declare that my Project

Report entitled

Is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person. This report is not submitted already and shall not be submitted

in future for obtaining a degree from same or another University or Institution. If

it is found to be copied/plagiarized at later stage of any student enrolled in the

same or any other university, I shall be liable to face legal action before Unfair

Mean committee (UMC), as per AIOU/HEC Rules and Regulations, and I

understand that if I am found guilty, my degree will be cancelled.

Signature

Name:

Programme:


51

Appendix – D

CERTIFICATE (from supervisor)

The project report entitled “ ”, at

COL Executive Master of Business Administration/ Public Administration

conducted by ____________________________ Roll No. _______________,

Registration No. _________________ Semester _________ has been completed

under my guidance and I am satisfied with the quality of student‟s research

work.

Supervisor

_________________________ Name

Date: _________________


52

Appendix – E

ABSTRACT

The researcher in this thesis intended to study the effects of advertisements on Consumer‟s behaviour and tried to identify the components in the advertisements that affect the consumer behaviour. Advertisements are messages that inform us about different things. We daily watch numerous advertisements of consumer goods, places, services, hotels, books, food, clothes etc. They provide the path to a company so that it can bring it offering into limelight. Advertisement is everywhere in our daily life. When we pick newspaper we can see it there, if we tune into a radio we can hear advertisement there, if we switch on the TV we can watch the advertisement there as well. If we are on a drive we can notice huge billboards along the road side. Ads are not just to glitter and glamour; they in fact carry intended messages, which directly or indirectly work as persuasive communication. In first chapter titled Introduction of Report shows the basic information about the project such a background of the study, purpose of study, statement of the problem, research question and delimitations. The second chapter titled the Literature Review describes theories, historical background, categories, functioning and types of advertising, also a brief introduction and history of Proctor and Gamble (The Organization). The third chapter includes research methodology, research design, sampling and data collection. The fourth chapter includes the data analysis and its interpretation. The fifth chapter is composed of the findings, conclusions and recommendations. At the end of the report bibliography and appendices are included.


53

A sample Table of Contents is given as under: Appendix – F

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title i. Abstract ii Dedication iii Acknowledgement iv Certificate v Declaration vi CHAPTTER 1 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.3 HISTORICAL BACK GROUND OF STUDY 1.4 CATEGORIES OF ADVERTISING

1.4.1 Immediate Action 1.4.2 Awareness 1.4.3 Image

2 2 2 2 4 8 9

CHAPTER-2 10 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2 ADVERTISEMENT

2.2.1 Paid Form 2.2.2 Non-Personal Presentation 2.2.3 Ideas, Goods, and Services 2.2.4 An Identified Sponsor

11 17 20 24 39 51

CHAPTER – 3 52 1.1 POPULATION 1.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 1.3 SAMPLE SIZE 1.4 PROBLEM FACED 1.5 USES OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

53 56 58 60 75

CHAPTER – 4 76 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETTATION 77 4.1 Demographic Information of Respondents

4.1.1 Gender of the Respondents 4.1.2 Cross-tabulation of Gender with Age of Respondents 4.1.3 Cross-tabulation of Gender with Qualification of

Respondents

78 79 87 93

CHAPTER – 5 94 5.1 FINDINGS 5.2 CONCLUSION 5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

95 99

102 Bibliography Appendices

Appendix A Appendix B

105 107 108 109


54

APA Citation

Books In-Text Example Reference List Example

End Note X1

(which reference

type?)

Single author The theory was first propounded in 1993

(Comfort, 1997, p. 58)

OR Comfort (1997, p. 58) claimed that…

Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: Mitchell Beazley. Book

2 authors Madden and Hogan (1997, p.17)….

OR “… to achieve consistency” (Madden

& Hogan, 1997, p. 45).

Madden, R., & Hogan, T. (1997). The definition of

disability in Australia: Moving towards national

consistency. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health

and Welfare.

Book

3, 4 or 5 authors Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, and

Willingham (2005, p. 6) found …

Cite all authors the first time

the reference occurs.

Guerin et al. (2005, p. 6) found …

In subsequent citations, include only

the surname of the first author

followed by et al. (not italicized and

with a fullstop after “al”) and the year.

Guerin, W. L., Labor, E., Morgan, L., Reesman, J. C., &

Willingham, J. R. (2005). A handbook of critical

approaches to literature. New York: Oxford

University Press.

Book

6 or more authors (Rodgers et al., 1996, p. 35) Rodgers, P., Smith, K., Williams, D., Conway, L.,

Robinson, W., Franks, F., et al. (2002). The way

forward for Australian libraries. Perth: Wombat

Press.

Book

No author (Employment the Professional Way,

2000)

OR the book Employment the Professional

Way (2000)

Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding

the Australian job search process for

professionally qualified migrants. (2000). Carlton,

Victoria: Australian Multicultural Foundation.

Book

Multiple works by

same author

University research (Brown, 1982, 1988)

has indicated that…

Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn group.

Rockhampton: Central Queensland University.

Brown, P. (1988). The effects of anchor on corals.

Rockhampton: Central Queensland University.

Order chronologically in the reference list.

Book

Multiple works

published in the

same year by the

same author

In recent reports (Napier, 1993a, 1993b)

…

Use a/b etc. to differentiate between

works in same year.

Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.

Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.

Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.

Book

Editor (Kastenbaum, 1993, p. 51) Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (1993). Encyclopedia of

adult development. Phoenix: Oryx Press.

Edited Book

Different Editions (Renton, 2004, p. 51) Renton, N. (2004). Compendium of good writing (3rd ed.).

Milton: John Wiley & Sons.

An edition number is placed after the title of the

work - this is not necessary for a first edition.

Book

Encyclopedia or

Dictionary

The new Grove dictionary of music and

musicians (1980, p.85) defined it as…

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music

and musicians (6th

ed., Vols. 1-20). London:

Macmillan.

Edited Book

Article or chapter

in a book

As discussed by Blaxter (1976)… Blaxter, M. (1976). Social class and health inequalities. In C.

Carter & J. Peel (Eds.), Equalities and

inequalities in health (pp. 120-135). London:

Academic Press.

Book Section


55

Article or chapter

in a book –

no author

(“Solving the Y2K Problem,” 1997) Solving the Y2K problem. (1997). In D. Bowd (Ed.),

Technology today and tomorrow (p. 27). New York:

Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Book Section

Brochure (Research and Training Centre, 1993, p.

2)

Research and Training Centre on Independent Living. (1993).

Guidelines for reporting and writing about people

with disabilities (4th

ed.) [Brochure].

Melbourne: Author.

The word „Author‟ is used as the publisher when

the author and publisher are the same.

Book

(put Author in

Publisher)

You will need to

manually type

[Brochure] after

the title.

E-book (Pettinger, 2002, p. 45) Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford:

Capstone

Publishing. Retrieved September 28, 2004,

from

NetLibrary database.

Electronic Book

(put September 28, 2004 in the

Date Accessed field, NetLibrary

in Name of Database.)

Thesis (Jones, 1998, p. 89) Jones, F. (1998). The mechanism of Bayer residue

flocculation. PhD Thesis. Curtin University

of Technology. Retrieved December 21,

2005, from Curtin University of Technology

Digital Theses.

Thesis

(put PhD Thesis in Thesis

Type, December 21, 2005 in

Access Date, Curtin

University of Technology

Digital Theses in URL.)

Conference

Proceeding

(Cutler, Frolich, & Hanrahan,

1997)

OR As discussed by Cutler, Frolich

and

Hanrahan (1997)

Cutler, L. D., Frolich, B., & Hanrahan, P. (1997,

January 16). Two-handed direct manipulation

on the responsive workbench. Paper presented

at the 1997 Symposium on Interactive 3D

Graphics, Stanford, CA. Retrieved June 12,

2000, from ProQuest 5000 database.

Conference Proceeding

(put 1997, January 16 in

Year of Conference, Two-

handed direct manipulation

on the responsive

workbench in Title, 1997

Symposium on Interactive

3D Graphics in Conference

Name, Stanford, CA in

Conference Location, June

12, 2000 in Access Date,

ProQuest 5000 in Name of

Database.) Image in a book The poster “The 3 dark years”

(Sexton,

2005, p. 184)

Sexton, M. (2005). The great crash: The short life

and sudden death of the Whitlam

government. Melbourne: Scribe

Publications.

Book

Print Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example End Note X1 (which reference

type?)

Article As mentioned by Wharton

(1996)…

OR “… when abseiling” (Wharton,

1996, p.

8).

Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in

outdoor activity centres. Journal of

Adventure Education and Outdoor

Leadership, 12(4), 8-9.

Journal Article

Article – no author It‟s a growing

problem in the U.K.

(“Anorexia Nervosa,”

1969)…

Anorexia nervosa. (1969). British Medical Journal,

1, 529-530.

Journal Article

Newspaper article (Towers, 2000) Towers, K. (2000, January 18). Doctor not at fault: Coroner.

The Australian, p. 3.

Newspaper Article

Newspaper article –

no author

(“Rate Rise,” 2005) Rate rise scares new home buyers away. (2005, April 29).

Sydney Morning Herald, p. 35.

Newspaper Article


56

Press release (Watersmith, 2000) Watersmith, C. (2000, March 1). BHP enters new era,

[Press release]. Melbourne: BHP Limited.

Report

(put 2000, March 1

in the Year field,

Press release in

Report Number,

BHP Limited in

Institution.) Electronic

Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example

End Note X1 (which

reference type?)

Full text from an

electronic database

(Madden, 2002)

OR As Madden (2002) states…

Madden, G. (2002). Internet economics and policy: an

Australian perspective. Economic Record, 78,

343-58. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from

ABI/INFORM Global database.

Journal Article

Full text from an

electronic database

– no author

The Internet has had a huge

impact on

the Australian economy (“Internet

Economics”, 2002)…

Internet economics and policy: an Australian perspective.

(2002). Economic Record, 78, 343-58. Retrieved

October 16, 2002, from ABI/INFORM Global

database.

Journal Article

Full text newspaper,

newswire or

magazine from

an electronic

database – no

author

(“WA Packed,” 2004) WA packed with overseas appeal. (2004, November 12).

The West Australian, p. 47. Retrieved November 13, 2004,

from Factiva database.

Newspaper Article

(put November 13,

2004 in the Access Date

field, Factiva in Name

of Database.)

Full text from

Internet

(Sopensky, 2002) Sopensky, E. (2002). Ice rink becomes hot business. Austin

Business Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2002,

from

http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/1

0/14/ smallb1.html

Electronic Article

(put October 16,

2002 in the Date

Accessed field,

http://www.bizjour

nals.com/austin/

stories/2002/10/14/

smallb1.html in

Database.)

Article from

Curtin

E-Reserve

(Davidhizar & Dowd,

1997)

Davidhizar, R., & Dowd, S. B. (1997). The art of giving an

effective presentation. Health Care Supervisor, 15(3),

25-31. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from Curtin

University of Technology Library E-Reserve.

Journal Article

(put October 16, 2002 in the Access

Date field, Curtin University of

Technology Library E-Reserve in

Type of Article.)

Cochrane

Review

(Bunn, Byrne & Kendall,

2004)

Bunn, F., Byrne, G., & Kendall, S. (2004, July 19).

Telephone consultation and triage: Effects on health

care use and patient satisfaction. Cochrane Database

of Systematic Reviews, 2004(3), Article CD004180.

Retrieved February 11, 2005, from The Cochrane

Library Database.

* This example was provided by APA Journals in

September2006.

Journal Article

(put 2004, July 19 in the Year field,

Cochrane Database of Systematic

Reviews in Journal, Article

CD004180 in Pages.)

World Wide

Web In-Text Example Reference List Example End Note X1 (which reference type?)

Document on

WWW

“It‟s essential you learn

how to reference”

(Dawson, Smith, Deubert

& Grey-Smith,

2002).

Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Grey-Smith, S.

(2002). „S’

Trek 6: Referencing, not plagiarism.

Retrieved October 31, 2002, from

http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/

Web Page

(use Access Date & URL

fields for retrieved

statement)

http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/10/14/



http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/

http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/




57

Document on

WWW – No

author

(Leafy Seadragons, 2001) Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons. (2001).

Retrieved November 13, 2002, from

http://www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/sea

dragons/

Web Page

(use Access Date & URL fields

for retrieved statement)

Document on

WWW – No

date

(Royal Institute of British

Architects, n.d.)

Royal Institute of British Architects (n.d.). Shaping

the future: Careers in architecture. Retrieved May 31,

2005, from http://www.careersinarchitecture.net/

Web Page

(put Royal Institute of British

Architects in the Author field, n.d. in

Year, use Access Date & URL fields

for retrieved statement

Image on the

web

The image of the wasp

(Wasps, hornets and

yellowjackets, n.d.)

Wasps, hornets and yellowjackets [Image] (n.d.).

Retrieved November 28, 2005, from

http://www.laters.com/

insects/hornets.htm

Web Page

Type [Image] manually after the

title.

Government

Publications In-Text Example Reference List Example

End Note X1 (which

reference type?)

Acts of Parlia-

ment (including

bills)

The Commonwealth‟s Copyright Act

1974…..

(In future references, omit date)

Legislation is included in a list of references only if it is

important to an understanding of the work. Set the list

apart from the main body of the reference under the

sub- heading 'Legislation'. Essential elements: Short Title of Act Year (Jurisdiction) eg:

Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth).

If have used a section can do a pinpoint reference eg:

Criminal

Code (WA), s. 348

If legislation is obtained from an electronic database,

add a retrieved statement as for electronic journal

articles.

Enter in-text citation

manually

Case (The State of New South Wales v. The

Commonwealth, 1915)

The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915)

20 CLR 5.

If case is obtained from an electronic database, add a

retrieved statement as for electronic journal articles.

Case

(put 20 CLR 5 in the

Abbreviated Case

Name field)

You will need to edit

the in-text citation for

it to appear correctly Australian

Bureau

of Statistics

Bulle- tin

(Australian Bureau of Statistics,

1999)

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing and

carers: Summary of findings (No. 4430.0).

Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.

The word „Author‟ is used as the publisher when

the author and publisher are the same.

Report

(put No. 4430.0 in the

Accession Number

field, Author in

Institution.)

Australian

Bureau

of Statistics from

AusStats


1999)

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing

and carers: Summary of findings (No.4430.0).

Canberra, Aus- tralian Capital Territory: Author.

Retrieved October 14,

2002, from AusStats database.

Report

(put No. 4430.0 in the

Accession Number

field, October 14,

2002 in Access Date,

AusStats in Name of

Database)

Census Informa-

tion


2001)

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Census of

population and housing: B01 selected

characteristics (First release

processing) postal area 6050. Retrieved November 20,

2002, from AusStats database.

Report

(use Access Date &

Name of Database

fields for retrieved

statement)

http://www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/seadragons/



http://www.careersinarchitecture.net/

http://www.laters.com/


58

Government

Report

(Resource Assessment Commission,

1991)

Resource Assessment Commission. (1991). Forest and

timber enquiry: Draft report (No. 1). Canberra:

Australian Government Publishing Service.

Report

(put No. 1 in the Accession

Number field, Australian

Government Publishing

Service in Institution)

Patent U.S. Patent No. 4554399 (1985) Cookson, A. H. (1985). Particle trap for compressed gas

insulated transmission system. U.S. Patent

4554399.

Patent

(put Cookson, A. H. in

Inventor, U.S. Patent

4554399 in Patent

Number) Standard (Standards Australia, 1997) Standards Australia. (1997). Size coding scheme for

infants' and children's clothing - Underwear and

outerwear (AS

1182-1997). Retrieved January 10, 2006, from

Standards

Australia Online database.

Report

(put AS 1182-1997 in the

Accession Number field,

January 10, 2006 in

Access Date, Standards

Australia Online in Name

of Database. Secondary

Sources In-Text Examples Reference List Examples

EndNote X1 (which

reference type?)

Book … including neuralgia (Carini and

Hogan,

as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002,

p.45)

OR Carini and Hogan‟s study (as cited in

Thibodeau & Patton, 2002, p. 45)

Thibodeau, G. A. & Patton, K. T. (Eds.). (2002).The human

body in health and disease. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.

Record the book that you actually used.

Book

(Carini and Hogan as

cited in…) will need to be

added manually in the

in- text citation.

Journal article Carini and Hogan‟s study (as cited in

Patton, 2002)

OR “… origins of neuralgia” (Carini

and Ho- gan, as cited in Patton,

2002, p. 2154)

Patton, K. T. (2002). Neuralgia and headaches. Science, 400,

2153-55.

Record the journal that you actually used.

Journal Article

(Carini and Hogan as

cited in…) will need to be

added manually in the

in- text citation.

Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which

reference type?)

Personal

Communicatio

n, e-mail and

discussion lists

with no web

archive

It was confirmed that an outbreak

occurred in London (S. Savieri,

personal communication, April 24,

1999).

Not included in reference list as they cannot be traced by

the reader.

Enter in-text citation

manually.

Films and

videorecordings

(Scorsese & Lonergan, 2000) Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director).

(2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United

States: Paramount Pictures.

Film or Broadcast

(put Scorsese, M and

Lonergan, K in the

Director field,

Writer/Director in

Alternate Title, Motion

picture in Medium,

United States in

Country, Paramount

Pictures in Distributor)

You will need to

edit the citation in

your Word

document to add

(Producer)


59

Television and

radio

programmes

(Crystal, 1993) Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The

MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast].

New

York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting

Service.

Film or Broadcast

(put Crystal, L. in the

Director field,

Executive Producer in

Alternate Title,

October 11 in Date

Released, Television

broadcast in Medium,

New York and

Washington DC in

Country, Public

Broadcasting Service

in Distributor)

Podcast (Seega & Swan, 2005) Seega, B. (Producer) & Swan, N. (Presenter). (2005,

November 28). Adult ADHD [Podcast radio

programme]. Sydney: ABC Radio National.

Retrieved November 29,

2005, from

http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/

Film or Broadcast

(put the producer and

presenters‟ names in

Director, 2005,

November 28 in Year,

Sydney in Country,

ABC Radio National in

Distributor, Podcast

radio programme in

Medium, Presenter in

Alternative Title,

November 29, 2005 in

Access Date,

http://www.abc.net.au/r

n/talks/8.30/ helthrpt/

in URL.

You will need to edit the

citation in

your Word document to

add (Producer)

Computer

Software

(Miller, 1993) Miller, M. E. (1993). The interactive tester (Version 4.0) [Computer

software]. Westminster, CA: Psytek Services.

Computer Program

(put Miller, M. E. in

Programmer, 4.0 in Version,

Computer software in Type)

ERIC

document

(microfiche)

Davis and Lombardi

(1996) put forward the

proposal that…

Davis, R. K., & Lombardi, T. P. (1996). The quality of life of rural

high school special education graduates. In Rural goals

2000: Building programs that work [Microfiche].

(ERIC Document No. ED394765).

Generic

(put Rural goals 2000: Building

programs that work in

Secondary Title, Microfiche

in the Type of Work field,

ERIC Document No.

ED394765 in Publisher)

E-mail

discussion

list – web

archive

(Little, 2002) Little, L. (2002, April 16). Two new policy briefs. Message posted

to ECPOLICY electronic mailing list, archived at

http://www.askeric.org/ Virtual

Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/

Msg00003.html

Web Page

(put 2002, April 16 in the Year

field, Message posted to

ECPOLICY electronic mailing

list, archived at

http://www.askeric.org/VirtualL

istserv_Ar

chives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2

002/Msg0

0003.html in Access Year.)

It is very important that you check the assignment guide for your Department or School as some details, e.g.

punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's

requirements

http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/



http://www.askeric.org/

http://www.askeric.org/

http://www.askeric.org/VirtualListserv_Ar



Documents

COL Project Manual Final 5598