COIN BASED MOBILE CHARGER PROJECT REPORT.doc

8/16/2019 COIN BASED MOBILE CHARGER PROJECT REPORT.doc

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CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 COIN INSERTION MOBILE CHARGER

This is the smart coin based mobile charging system that charges your mobile for particular amount

of time on inserting a coin. The system is to be used by shop owners, public places like railway

stations to provide mobile charging facility. So the system consists of a coin recognition module that

recognizes valid coin is found it signals the microcontroller for further action. if a valid coin is

found it signals the microcontroller and microcontroller then starts the mobile charging mechanism

providing a 5v supply through a power supply through a power supply section to the mobile phone,

now systems also needs to monitor the amount of charging to be provided .So the system can be

used for smart mobile charging at public places.

The objective of this project is inserting the coin using charge for your mobile phone in public

places. This project is very useful to people who are all using mobile phone without charging

condition in public places. In this project, who are all using mobile phones in outside of home are

office without charging condition. The coin based mobile phone charger is very useful to that person

for using coin to charge for that mobile. sensor system is used to detect the presence of coin. It

may be of different type !I" sensor, #sing $%" etc...&. The coin is inserted between the transmitted

and received signal.

'hen a signal came from sensor unit, the microcontroller activates the charger unit for a predefined

time. fter that it will reset to normal case. %river circuit is used for provide the sufficient input

voltage of relay. The relay will on to activate the ()*v charger, we will use charger to charge for our

mobile phone.

The major action in this system is controlled by transmitter section+ this section consists of I"

transmitter and I" receiver. ere we need to generate I" fre-uency continuously. So that by using a

small tiny microcontroller fre-uency is produced and is connected I" receiver continuously receives

the signals from the transmitter. 'henever the light path in between I" transmitter and I" receiver

cuts by an obstacle receiver signal gives low to high pulse. y

to the I" led to generate I" light rays of )/ 0z fre-uency.


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1onnecting the receiver output to the micro controller interrupt pin, it gives interrupt to the micro

controller immediately the system gives the buzzer and sends the message to the display on $1%

display to the micro controller.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 System module

2ig34(. 6roject 7odule


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2.2 8!1 M"#$o#o%t$olle$

The microcontroller memory is divided into 6rogram 7emory and %ata 7emory. 6rogram 7emory

!"87& is used for permanent saving program being e9ecuted, while %ata 7emory !"7& is used

for temporarily storing and keeping intermediate results and variables. %epending on the model in

use !still referring to the whole /*5 microcontroller family& at most a few 0b of "87 and (/ or (5: bytes of "7 can be used. owever44

ll /*5 microcontrollers have :4bit addressing bus and can address :; kb memory. It is neither a

mistake nor a big ambition of engineers who were working on basic core development. It is a matter

of very clever memory organization which makes these controllers a real


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2ig34(.(. 6I> %iagram /*5 7icrocontroller

2.2.2 PIN Des#$")t"o%(

P"%s 1*8( 6ort ?ach of these pins can be configured as input or output.

P"% +3 "S $ogical one on this pin stops microcontroller=s operating and erases the contents of most

registers. y applying logical zero to this pin, the program starts e9ecution from the beginning. In

other words, a positive voltage pulse on this pin resets the microcontroller.

P"%s1*1,( 6ort ) Similar to port , each of these pins can serve as universal input or output.

esides, all of them have alternative functions3

P"% 1( "@% Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous communication

output.

P"% 11( T@% Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous communication

output.

P"% 12( I>T* Interrupt * input

P"% 1-( I>T Interrupt input

P"% 1( T* 1ounter * clock input

P"% 1!( T 1ounter clock input

P"% 1/( '" Signal for writing to e9ternal !additional& "7

P"% 1,( "% Signal for reading from e9ternal "7

P"% 180 1+( @( @ Internal oscillator input and output. -uartz crystal which determines operating

fre-uency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of -uartz crystal, the miniature ceramics

resonators can be also used for fre-uency stabilization. $ater versions of the microcontrollers

operate at a fre-uency of * z up to over 5* z.


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P"% 2( A>% Around

P"% 21*28( 6ort ( If there is no intention to use e9ternal memory then these port pins are configured

as universal inputsBoutputs. In case e9ternal memory is used then the higher address byte, i.e.

addresses /45 will appear on this port. It is important to know that even memory with capacityof :;0b is not used !i.e. note all bits on port are used for memory addressing& the rest of bits are not

available as inputs or outputs.

P"% 2+( 6S?> If e9ternal "87 is used for storing program then it has a logic4* value every time the

microcontroller reads a byte from memory.

P"% -( $? 6rior to each reading from e9ternal memory, the microcontroller will set the lower

address byte !*4C& on 6* and immediately after that activates the output $?. #pon receiving

signal from the $? pin, the e9ternal register !C;1T)C) or C;1T)C5 circuit is usually

embedded& memorizes the state of 6* and uses it as an address for memory chip. In the second part

of the microcontroller=s machine cycle, a signal on this pin stops being emitted and 6* is used

for data transmission !%ata us&. In this way, by means of only one additional !and cheap&

integrated circuit, data multiple9ing from the port is performed. This port at the same time used for

data and address transmission.

P"% -1( ? y applying logic zero to this pin, 6( and 6) are used for data and address transmission

with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. That means that even there is a program

written to the microcontroller, it will not be e9ecuted, the program written to e9ternal "87 will be

used instead. 8therwise, by applying logic one to the ? pin, the microcontroller will use both

memories, first internal and afterwards e9ternal !if it e9ists&, up to end of address space.

P"% -2*-+( 6ort * Similar to port (, if e9ternal memory is not used, these pins can be used as

universal inputs or outputs. 8therwise, 6* is configured as address output !*4C& when the $?

pin is at high level !& and as data output !%ata us&, when logic zero !*& is applied to the $? pin.

P"% ( D11 6ower supply


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2.2.- A$#"te#tu$e o 8!1 M"#$o#o%t$olle$


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2ig 3(.(.) rchitecture of /*5 7icrocontroller

2.2. Blo#3 d"&'$&m(

2ig34(.(.; lock %iagram of /*5 7icrocontroller


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2.2.! M"#$o Co%t$olle$*AT8+S!2

The T/ES5( is a low4power, high4performance 178S /4bit microcontroller with /0 bytes of in4

system programmable 2lash memory. The device is manufactured using tmel=s high4density

nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry4 standard /*15 instruction set

and pin out.

2.2./ 4e&tu$es

/0 ytes of In4System 6rogrammable !IS6& 2lash 7emory

?ndurance3 *** 'riteB?rase 1ycles

;.*D to 5.5D 8perating "ange

(5: 9 /4bit Internal "7

)( 6rogrammable IB8 $ines

2ull %uple9 #"T Serial 1hannel

2ully Static 8peration3 * z to )) 7z

2.- LCD 5L"6u"d C$yst&l D"s)l&y7

$1%s are available to display arbitrary images !as in a general4purpose computer display& or fi9edimages which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and C4segment displays as in

a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, e9cept that arbitrary images are made up of a

large number of small pi9els, while other displays have larger elements.

$1%s are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument

panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as video

players, gaming devices, clocks watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode ray

tube !1"T& displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than

1"T and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn4in.

$1%s are, however, susceptible to image persistence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-segmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_persistencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_burn-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_persistencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-segment


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The $1% screen is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a 1"T. Its low

electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery4powered electronic e-uipment. It is an

electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with li-uid

crystals and arrayed in front of a light source !backlight& or reflector to produce images in color or

monochrome. $i-uid crystals were first discovered in ///. y (**/, annual sales of televisions

with $1% screens e9ceeded sales of 1"T units worldwide, and the 1"T became obsolete for most

purposes.

n $1% is made with either a passive matri9 or an active matri9 display grid. The active matri9

$1% is also known as a thin film transistor !T2T& display. The passive matri9 $1% has a grid of

conductors with pi9els located at each intersection in the grid. current is sent across two

conductors on the grid to control the light for any pi9el. n active matri9 has a transistor located at

each pi9el intersection, re-uiring less current to control the luminance of a pi9el. 2or this reason, the

current in an active matri9 display can be switched on and off more fre-uently, improving the screen

refresh time.

2.3.1 Interfacing of LCD Display

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome


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Fig:-2.3.1 Interfacing of LCD Display

2.3.2 PIN Diagram of LCD

Fig:-2.3.2 PIN Diagram of LCD

2.3.3 Diagram of LCD Display

Fig:- 2.2.3 LCD Display


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(.).; 6I> %escription of $1%

2ig(*(.).; 6I> %escription of $1%


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2. C$yst&l Os#"ll&to$

crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise fre-uency.

This fre-uency is commonly used to keep track of time !as in -uartz wristwatches&, to provide a

stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize.

2re-uencies far radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator

used is the -uartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal

oscillators, but other piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar

circuits.

Fuartz crystals are manufactured for fre-uencies from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of

megahertz. 7ore than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. 7ost are used for consumer

devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cellphones. Fuartz crystals are also

found inside test and measurement e-uipment, such as counters, signal generators, and

oscilloscopes.

esides -uartz, the other substances that e9hibit the piezo4electric effect are "ochelle salt and

tourmaline. "ochelle salt e9hibits the greatest piezoelectric effect, but its applications are limited to

manufacture of microphones, headsets and loudspeakers. It is because the "ochelle salt is

mechanically the weakest and strongly affected by moisture and heat. Tourmaline is most rugged

but shows the least piezo4electric effect. Fuartz is a compromise between the piezoelectric effect of

"ochelle salt and the mechanical strength of tourmaline. It is ine9pensive and readily available innature. It is mainly the -uartz crystal that is used in radio4fre-uency !"2& oscillators.

crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit which uses inverse piezoelectric effect, i.e.

when electric field is applied across certain materials it produces mechanical deformation. Thus it

uses mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric materiel to create an electric signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wristwatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wristwatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscope


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with very precise fre-uency. They have high stability, -uality factor, small size and low cost and this

makes them superior over other resonators like $1 circuit, ceramic resonator, turning forks.

2..1 D"&'$&m(

2ig34(.;.* crystal oscillator

2ig34(.;. Fuartz 1rystal 8scillators


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2.! T$&%s"sto$

transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical

power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an

e9ternal circuit. voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistorGs terminals changes the

current flowing through another pair of terminal.

ecause the controlled !output& power can be higher than the controlling !input& power, a transistor

can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found

embedded in integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern

electronic devices, and is ubi-uitous in modern electronic systems. 2ollowing its development in the

early E5*s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and

cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other thing.

2.!.1 D"&'$&m(

2ig34(.5. Transistor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer


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2ig34(.5. Transistor configuration

2./ D"ode(

%iode Is Two4Terminal ?lectronic 1omponent 'ith n symmetric Transfer 1haracteristic,

'ith $ow !Ideally Hero& "esistance To 1urrent 2low In 8ne %irection, nd igh !Ideally Infinite&

"esistance In The 8ther. Semiconductor %iode, The 7ost 1ommon Type Today, Is 1rystalline

6iece 8f Semiconductor 7aterial 'ith 64> unction 1onnected To Two ?lectrical Terminals.

Dacuum Tube %iode, >ow #sed 8nly In Some igh46ower Technologies nd y ?nthusiasts, Is Dacuum Tube 'ith Two ?lectrodes, 6late !node& nd 2ilament !1athode&.

2.6.1 Diagram:

2ig34(.:. %iode

2.7 Res"sto$(

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_characteristichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_characteristichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filament


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2ilm or 1ermet "esistor 4 7ade from conductive metal o9ide paste, very low wattage values.

'ire4wound "esistor 4 7etallic bodies for heat sink mounting, very high wattage ratings.

Semiconductor "esistor 4 igh fre-uencyBprecision surface mount thin film technology.

"esistance 1olor 1ode3 In order to identify the nominal resistance and the tolerance of a resistor,

manufacturers typically use a color band system known as the resistor color code. The electroniccolor code is used to indicate the values or ratings of electronic components, usually for resistors.

The power rating is not indicated in the resistor color code and must be determined by e9perience

using the physical size of the resistor as a guide.

2or resistors with ±5J or ±*J tolerance, the color code consists of ; color bands.

2or resistors with ±J or ±(J tolerance, the color code consists of 5 bands.

Tight tolerance resistors may have three bands for significant figures rather than two, or an

additional band indicating temperature coefficient, in units of ppmB0.

2.7.-A))l"#&t"o%(

"esistors are used with transducers to make sensor subsystems. Transducers are electronic

components which convert energy from one form into another, where one of the forms of energy is

electrical. 7icrophones and switches are input transducers. 8utput transducers include

loudspeakers, filament lamps and $?%s.

In other circuits, resistors are used to direct current flow to particular parts of the circuit, or may be

used to determine the voltage gain of an amplifier. "esistors are used with capacitors to introduce

time delays.

Most electronic circuits reuire resistors to ma!e t"em #or! properly an$ it is

o%&iously important to 'n$ out somet"ing a%out t"e $i(erent types of resistor

a&aila%le) an$ to %e a%le to c"oose t"e correct resistor &alue) in ) ) or M )

for a particular application.

.


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(.C.;1olor4coding

2ig34(.C.; 1olor 1oding of "esistor


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In the above diagram that a relay uses an electromagnet .This is a device consisting of a coil of wire

wrapped around an iron core. 'hen electricity is applied to the coil of wire it becomes magnetic,

hence the term electromagnet. The and 1 terminals are an S6%T switch controlled by the

electromagnet. 'hen electricity is applied to D and D(, the electromagnet acts upon the S6%T

switch so that the and 1 terminals are connected. 'hen the electricity is disconnected, then the

and 1 terminals are connected. It is important to note that the electromagnet

is magnetically linkedto the switch but the two are >8T linked electrically.

This application includes the need for voltagesBamperages that your microcontroller organically

cannot provide by it. $ike motor drivers 4 a relay circuit !which can be a motor driver in special

cases& can pulse motors on and off but without some comple9ity, would only control them in one

direction at a time but in some cases when you just need a simple application to go one direction, it

might be a viable solution. #sually you use relays to power high power items from an e9ternal

source of power such as a heater, a high amperage motor or fan, a chiller, a floodlight, large $?%

arrays, solenoids, or objects you want to either fail open or closed such as heaters or chiller

applications if you run low on power !batteries are drained&.

"elays provide the option to have devices either connected as normally open or normally closed.

This means that when power is connected to your circuit by default the gate is either closed or open.

'here the GnormallyG indicates whether the relay state is tripped as true. The device will be in its

normally closed state if the power to the relay still persists if a signal is lost to the relay. good

e9ample of the case of a use of a failure case would be if you ran out of battery power in your

submarine, youGd want one of its last things to do would be to drop ballast of any kind to rise to the

surface.

2.+ O%e Im)o$t&%t A))l"#&t"o% Is Illust$&ted I% Te D"&'$&m Belo3


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Fig:-2.*.+ ,tarter Circuit

'hen the ignition key is turned all the way to the KstartK position, it allows electricity to flow to the

starter solenoid !relay& which then connects the battery to the starter motor. So why do we need this

solenoid Kmiddle manKL 1ouldnGt we just eliminate it and connect the ignition wires to the M battery

terminal and the other wire to the starter motorL The important point here is that the electromagnet is

using a small amount of current to control a large amount of current to the starter motor. !"emember

that the electromagnet and the switch are >8T connected electrically&. ave you noticed that all of

the wires !e9cept the ignition wires& are purposely drawn with thick linesL The reason being that

some circuits !such as the starter& in a car re-uire a tremendous amount of current. !If you look at an

automobileGs battery cables, you will notice they are -uite thick.& 1onnecting the ignition wires to

the battery and then to the starter motor would cause these thin wires to conduct much more current

than they were designed for. These wires would become very hot and the insulation would start to

smoke.

'e do have a second choice. 'e could use thick battery cables for the ignition wires and use a

heavy duty ignition switch. This isnGt very practical either. %o you think it would be easy to s-ueeze

cables into the steering column and to s-ueeze in a heavy duty ignition switch tooL Therefore, the

use of a solenoid is the most practical solution.

2.1 B&s"# Rel&y O)e$&t"o%(

2.1.1 Te Co%tts

efore e9tending to the various types of relays, I will first e9plain what and how the basic relay

operates. ?ach relay has two mechanical parts inside. The first one is the contact!s& of the relay. The

contacts operate similarly to the contacts of a simple switch or pushbutton. Nou should consider the

contacts as a pair of metals like the following diagram3


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2ig34(.*.!& "elay function

The two terminals operate as a switch. 'hen the contacts are in contact then the current flows from

Terminal to Terminal (. There are two types of contacts3 the >8 and the >1. >8 stands for

>ormal 8pen contact, while >1 stands for >ormal 1losed contact. The >ormal 8pen is a contact

like the one showed in the previous illustration. 'hen the contact is still, then no current flowthrough it !because it is an 86?> circuit&. 8n the other hand, a >ormal 1losed contact allows the

current to flow when the contact is still. ellow I illustrate both of these contacts.

2ig34(.*.!(& "elay normally 8pen O 1losed

Nou may notice that the >1 contact is turned upside4down compared to the >8 contact. This is done

in purpose. This way, both contacts !>8 and >1& will change state if a force is applied to the left


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wired to Around.

2ig34(.*.) Interfacing "elays

CP/0 3

.1 I%t$odu#t"o%

The objective of this project is inserting the coin using charge for your mobile phone in public

places. This project is very useful to people who are all using mobile phone without charging

condition in public places. In this project, who are all using mobile phones in outside of home are

office without charging condition. The coin based mobile phone charger is very useful to that person

for using coin to charge for that mobile. sensor system is used to detect the presence of coin. It

may be of different type !I" sensor, #sing $%" etc...&. The coin is inserted between the transmitted

and received signal.


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'hen a signal came from sensor unit, the microcontroller activates the charger unit for a predefined

time. fter that it will reset to normal case. %river circuit is used for provide the sufficient input

voltage of relay. The relay will on to activate the ()*v charger, we will use charger to charge for

our mobile phone.

The major action in this system is controlled by transmitter section+ this section consists of I"

transmitter and I" receiver. ere we need to generate I" fre-uency continuously. So that by using a

small tiny microcontroller fre-uency is produced and is connected to the I" led to generate I" light

rays of )/ 0z fre-uency.

).. lock %iagram3


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2ig 34)..( 1ircuit %iagram of 6repaid 1harger

-.2 IR Se%so$

Infrared sensors !I"& is invisible radiant energy electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths

than those of visible light e9tending from the normal red edge of the thermal radiation emitted by

objects near from temperature is infrared. Infrared radiation was discovered in /** by astronomer

sir 'illiam erschel, who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy

then red light by, means of its effect upon a thermometer.

-.- 9o$3"%' P$"%#")le(

In our vibration alarm system, we will be having

Q Infra4"ed sensor,

Q mplifiers,

Q 1omparator and

Q "elay

The Infra4"ed sensor is used in this circuit. If there is any interrupt between the I" $?%s, the sensor

senses and sends the corresponding electrical output signal to amplifier circuit.

The amplifier circuit results in further amplification of signals. The amplified signal is given to

comparator. The comparator compares the incoming signal with reference. If the incoming signal is

more, it operates the relay.

-.-.1 D"&'$&m(


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2ig34).). 'orking of 1oin ased 7obile 1harger

CHAPTER

.1 PCB 9":&$d

PC i4ar$ is a strong application t"at can %e use$ for $esigning circuit %oar$s

#"et"er t"ey are single si$e$ or $ou%le si$e$ printe$. PC i4ar$ is loa$e$

#it" all t"e necessary tools t"at are nee$e$ at eac" step of PC circuit

$esigning. large li%rary of components "as also %een pro&i$e$ for t"e ease of


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use in PC $esigning. /"ese components can %e easily inserte$ into your

pro5ect an$ t"ere is no nee$ to $ra# t"em from scratc".

.2 PCB M&%utu$"%' P$o#ess

The 61 manufacturing process is very important for anyone involved in the electronics industry.

6rinted circuit boards, 61s, are very widely used as the basis for electronic circuits. 6rinted circuit

boards are used to provide the mechanical basis on which the circuit can be built. ccordingly

virtually all circuits use printed circuit boards and they are designed and used in -uantities of

millions.

6.3 PCB L&yout

$ay out of the desired circuit is the most important in any circuit board manufacturing process. The

following points are to be observed while performing the layout of the 61.

Sufficient space should be maintained between two components. igh heat dissipation components

like high voltage resistors should be mounted at a sufficient distance from the semiconductors and

electrolytic capacitors. 1omponents layout should make proper combination with copper side circuit

layout. 1ircuit copper line thickness should be decided taking into account the current drain in the

circuit.

.-.1 PCB L&y Out O P$e)&"d C&$'e$


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2ig34;.). 61 $ay 8ut 8f 6repaid 1harger


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. P$e)&$&t"o% o S#$ee%

>ylon bolting cloth !Silk screen cloth& is stretched and attached to a wooden frame. 6hotosensitive

chemical !silcot4:& and ammonium bicarbonate is spread on cloth and dried in total darkness. The

screen is e9posed to #D light and is developed in water.

..1 P$"%t"%' P$o#ess

The screen is placed on suitable copper laminated sheet on copper side and circuit black printing ink

!acid resistant paint& is spread on it. fter printing the 61 should be allowed to dry for at least *

hrs. In a dust proof chamber.

..2 Et#"%' P$o#ess

?tching process re-uires the use of chemicals acid resistant dishes and running water supply 2erric

chloride is ma9imum used solution but other enchants such as ammonium per sulfate can be used.

>itric acid can be used but in general it is not used due to poisonous fumes. The pattern prepared is

glued to the copper surface of the board using a late9 type of adhesive that can be cubed after use.

The pattern is laid firmly on the copper use a very sharp knife to cut round the pattern carefully a

remove the paper corresponding to the re-uired copper pattern areas. Then apply the resist solutions,

which can be kind of ink proportion fort the purpose maintaining smoothing clean outlines as far as

possible. 'hile the board is drying test all the components.

efore going to ne9t stage, check the whole gotten and cross cheek against the circuit diagram

check for any freeing matte on the copper. The etching bath should be in a galls or enamels disc. If

using crystal of ferric4chloride these should be thoroughly dissolved in water to the proportional

suggested. There should be *.5 $t. of water for (5 Am. of crystal.

'ater li-uid should be thoroughly deflated and druid in water land+ never pour down the drain. To

prevent particles of copper hindering further etching, agitate the solutions carefully be gentlytwisting or rocking the tray.

The board should not be left in the bath a moment longer than is needed to remove just the right

amount of copper. In spite of there being a resist coating there is no protection against etching away


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through e9posed copper edges+ this leads to over etching. ave running water ready so that etched

board can be removed properly and rinsed+ this will hall etching immediately.

2ig34;.;.( The 61 ?tching 6rocess with 2erric 1hloride !2e1l)& Solution

..- D$"ll"%' P$o#ess

%rilling is one of those operations that call for great care because most of the holes will be made a

very small drill. 2or most purposes a mm drill is used %rill all holes with this size first those thatneed to be larger can be easily drilled again with the appropriate lager size.


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2ig34 ;.;.) %rilling of 61

.. G$ee% M&3"%'

It is done with special epo9y paint and special thinner is re-uited for cleaning the screen. It providesas better and also prevents fre-uency overlapping between the tacks at high fre-uency operation.

.. T"%%"%'

It is an electroplating process !tin plating& done to increases the conductivity of the conducting

medium and to avoid o9idizing effect.

../ Com)o%e%t Mou%t"%'

ll components are mounted at their respective position as per the components layout. 6roper

precautions should be taken during mounting process.

Fig:-6.6.7 Components mounte$ on PC


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..7 Com)o%e%t Assem;les

2rom the greatest variety of electronic components available today, which runs into tens of

thousands of different types it is often a perple9ing task to know which the right task for a given job

is. There should be damage such as hair line crack intuit opera on 61 that could age a serious

office on the operational ability to the completed assemble. If there are than they can and should be

repaired fiesta bye soldering a short link of bare copper wire over the affected part.

The most popular method of holding all the items is to been the wires future apart after they even been indebted in the appropriate holes. This will hold the component in position ready for soldering.

Some components will be considerably larger than other occupying and possible partially obscuring

neighboring components. ecause of this best to start by mounting the smallest first and progressing

through to the largest. efore starting make certain that no further drilling I likely to be necessary

because access may be impossible later.

>e9t will probably be the resistor small signal diodes of other similar size components some

capacitor are very small but it would be best to fit these after words when fitting each group of

components marks of each one on the components it=s as it is fitted and if we have to leave the job

we know where to recommence. lthough transistor O integrated circuit are small items there are

good reasons for leaving the soldering of these until the last step the main pint is that these

components are sensitive to heart and is subjected to prolonged application to the soldering iron they

could be internally damaged.

ll the components before mounting are rubbed with sandpaper so that o9ide layer is removed

from their tips. >ow they are mounted according to the components layout.

.! Solde$"%' Te#%"6ues


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soldered connection ensures metal continuity. The soldering process involves3 7elting of the flu9

which in turn removes the o9ide films on the metal to be soldered. 7elting the solder which remove

the impurities. The solder partially dissolve of the metal in the connection. The solder cools and

fuses with the metal.

The soldering techni-ues involve knowledge of34

Soldering iron.

Soldering wire.

Soldering procedure.

"eplacing components.

6rosecutions of when using 1478S, devices.

0nowledge of good and bad soldering joints.

.!.1 Solde$"%' I$o%

Soldering iron is an essential tool for soldering. . Soldering iron should give sufficient heat a melt

solder by heat transfer when the iron tip is applied to a connection to be soldered. The selection of

the soldering iron can be made as regard to its tips size shape and wattage. Soldering iron

temperature is selected and controlled according to the work to be performed. Aenerally two types

of soldering irons are available3 Soldering 6encil and Soldering Aun.

.!.2 Solde$"%' Pe%#"ls

These are light weight soldering iron which can generate around ( watts to 5* watts of heat. Too

much heat applied during soldering can damage components and peel off tracks on the circuit board

soldering. Too much heat applied during soldering can damage components and peel off tracks on

the circuit board.

.!.- Solde$"%' M&te$"&ls

The soldering material is used to join together two or more metals at temperatures below their

melting point. The solder alloy consists of $ead !)CJ& and Tin !:)J&. The continuous connection

between two metals joint is made by solder materials.

7ost commonly used solder wire consists of :*J of Tin ;*J $ead. This is in the form of a hollow

wire whose center is filled with an organic paste like material called rosin. Its melting temperature is

E* degree centigrade.


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2lu9 is a material used to aid soldering process. 2lu9 is needed to scratch away the small film of

o9ide on the surface of metals to be soldered. This flu9 forms a protective film that prevents re4

o9idation while the connection is heated to the point at which the solder melts. 2lu9 is very helpful

on old dusty, eroded joint.

./ Solde$"%' P$o#edu$e

The soldering procedure involves selection of soldering iron cleaning of components to be soldered

and cleaning of the 61 to be soldered. The soldering iron should be selected according to the job

and should be powerful enough to provide heat. The tip of the soldering iron should be selected as

per the space available for soldering. The component that has to be soldered should be properly bent

and its leads should properly insert in the 61 before. If one has already identified the fault

component, then one should not try to remove or %? solder the component. The components should

simply be cut and taken out.

Soldering is a joining process wherein coalescence is produced by heating below 800°F,

using a non-ferrous filler metal with a melting point below that of the base metal. The

metals to be joined dictate the flu, solder, and heating methods to be used. !ase metals

are selected for specific properties such as electrical conducti"ity, weight, and corrosion

resistance.

To achie"e a sound soldered joint, the following should be considered#

• $oint design# They should be designed with the re%uirements of soldiers and their

limitations in mind.

• &re-cleaning# The surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned to allow the solder to wet

the base metal.

• Fluing# ' flu must be pro"ided to remo"e traces of surface film or oides and to

pre"ent formation of oides during the soldering operation.

• &roper fitures or alignment of parts must be maintained to insure a sound soldered

joint.

• (eating of the base metals should be uniform or e"en on base metals, to insure

good penetration of the filler alloy into the joint. )f a noncorrosi"e flu is used no


37/49

further cleaning is necessary. The use of a corrosi"e flu ma*es flu residue

remo"al imperati"e.

CHAPTER !

Sot&$e Used(*

!.1 I%t$odu#t"o%

!.1.1 SCH S"mul&t"o% Sot&$e


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!.2 P$oteus PCB Des"'% &%d S"mul&t"o% Sot&$e

!.2.1 ISIS P$oteus


40/49

CHAPTER /*

The program used in our project

1ode3

78%5 rs

e-u p). e

e-u p).* dl

e-u p 8"A

** $jmp

main 8"A

***) IS"3

mov dl,*h

acall command

mov dl,/*h

acall command

mov dl,G1G

acall data mov

dl,GG acall

data mov

dl,GG acall

data mov

dl,G"G

acall data

mov dl,GAG

acall data


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mov dl,G?G

acall data

mov dl,G G

acall data

mov dl,GNG

acall data

mov dl,G8G

acall data

mov dl,G#G

acall data

mov dl,G"G

acall data

mov dl,G G

acall data

mov dl,G1G

acall data

mov dl,G?G

acall data

mov dl,G$G

acall data

mov dl,G$G

acall data

S?T 6).C

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N


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1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

mov dl,*h

acall command

mov dl,/*h

acall command

mov dl,G)G

acall data mov

dl,G*G acall

data mov dl,G


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G acall data

mov dl,GSG

acall data mov

dl,G?G acall

data mov

dl,G1G acall

data mov dl,G

G acall data

mov dl,G"G

acall data mov

dl,G?G acall

data

mov dl,G7G

acall data

mov dl,GG

acall data

mov dl,GIG

acall data

mov dl,G>G

acall data

mov dl,GIG

acall data

mov dl,G>G

acall data

mov dl,GAG

acall data


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1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$$ %?$N

1$" 6).C

"?TI

mov dl,*eh

acall command

mov dl,*:h

acall command

mov dl,*h

acall command

mov dl,/*h

acall command

mov dl,GIG

acall data mov

dl,G>G acall

data mov

dl,GSG acall

data mov

dl,G?G acall

data mov

dl,G"G acall

data mov

dl,GTG acall

data mov


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dl,GI G acall

data mov

dl,G1G acall

data

mov dl,G8G

acall data

mov dl,GIG

acall data

mov dl,G>G

acall data

S76 7I>

command3clr rs

setb e

acall delay

clr e

ret

data3 setb rs

setb e

acall delay

clr e

ret

%elay3 mov

r(,**

back3 mov

r,5* back(3


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mov r*,* b

djnz r,back(

djnz r(,back

ret

%elay3 mov r),(**

back3 mov r;,(5*

back((3 mov r5,(**

back))3 djnz r5,back))

djnz r;,back((

djnz r),back

ret

end


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CHAPTER ,,.1 A))l"#&t"o%s(

. #seful to public for using coin to charge for the mobile phone in any palace.

(. It can be used for different type of mobiles.

). It is used for emergency charging purposes.

;. It can be installed railway stations, bus stops, villages and rural areas and public places.

5. It can be installed in office and colleges for pay charging facility.

,.2 Ad=&%t&'es(

. Simple and hand efficient.

(. $ess e9pensive.

). "educed man power.

;. $ow power consumption. 5. Installation is easy.

:. It can be useful while travelling and when we don=t have charger with us during travel.

C. Simple to operate.

,.- Co%#lus"o%(

The coin based mobile phone charger is very useful to public for using coin to charge for the mobile

phone in any public places just like charging it normally owing to the fact that it relayed the

electricity through the coin based mobile charger needed to bring the mobile phone back to life.

novel method of charging mobile batteries of different manufactures using solar power has been

designed and developed for rural and remote areas where the grid power is not available at any

time at any palace.

,. 4utu$e E%&%#eme%t(

The project can be used in the following areas34

1. R&"l&y st&t"o%(*This type of project is used in railway station for public palace.

2. So)(*coin based project charger is install any shop and earn money.

-. Ru$&l &$e&s(*This project is installing in rural areas where the power grid is not available

at any time.

. Pu;l"# Ple(*This project is very useful to people who are using mobile phone without

charging condition in public places.


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RE4ERENCE(

BOO>S(

& ?lectronic devices and circuit theory.

(& ?lectronic projects.

)& 7icroelectronic circuits.

;& ?lectronic for you.

9EBSITES(

& www.efyindia.com

(& www.nationalsemiconductor.com

)& www.electroprojectindia.com

;& www.alldatasheet.com

5& www.howstuffworks.com

http://www.electroprojectindia.com/http://www.alldatasheet.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.electroprojectindia.com/http://www.alldatasheet.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/


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Documents

COIN BASED MOBILE CHARGER PROJECT REPORT.doc