Lingua Inglese 2A

Cohesion&

CoherenceIntroducing grammar of speech

Plan of the day

● Warm up: spoken language● Cohesion and coherence (in-class activity)● Working on cohesion and coherence in

speaking

EXTRA-CLASS WORK: Read Fixin’ to, Chp 15 (Writing and speech).Fixin’ to: exercises 15.1 and 15.2 [in your portfolio]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drMkia9Fl1E&NR=1

Survey & Course registration

Please, make certain that by Sunday you complete this survey

https://goo.gl/forms/VL0p0km2gaYS9La02

PROSODIC PECULIARITIESValley speak OR Valley Girl accenthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIsopqHX0C8https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIBg-w6TNLE (from minute 2:30)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYLosOtsjLMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81IZDhXeJBkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL6XBB-umc0

Just a short description:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_girl

Spoken languageand getting started withcohesion and coherence

While listening and filling in the blanks, try to spot

FILLERSFALSE STARTS

Spoken languageand getting started withcohesion and coherence

fullFill-in-the-blanks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lj3iNxZ8Dww

What are cohesion and coherence?/ko -k / +/ hi n/ ʊ əʊ ˈ ːʒə

+/ h r- h r/ / ns/ ˈ ɪə ˈ ɛ əFirst and foremost, they are an expectation While reading a text, we expect that it be cohesive.We interpret a discourse assuming that it is cohesive and coherent.

Structural definition of cohesionIt is the set of links between bits and pieces of the discourse (cohesive ties) that mesh it together.

Functional definition of coherencetext coherence=f(topic; goal; semiotic system… the hearer/reader’s willingness to co-operate )Like beauty, coherence is in the eye of the beholder.

Cohesion

Grammatical Lexical

Reference

Exophora Endophora

Cataphora Anaphora

Ellipsis

Substitution(pro-forms)

Substitutionwith Ø

Repetition

Synonyms

Superordinates(hyperoyms)

Generalwords

In-class activity: Introductions across different situations

• Start a worksheet. • It MUST be a small notebook size sheet (A5)• On top of the page, write:

– LAST NAME & first name (BLOCK LETTERS, please) 

– ID#– today’s date– signature

Rossi Mario 20358962 9-3-2018

Exophora and EndophoraExophoraA reference outside the text: real and fictional?

We have been established by an Act of Parliament as an independent body to eliminate discrimination against disabled people and to secure equal opportunities for disabled people. To achieve the aim of eliminating discrimination against disabled people and securing equal opportunities for disabled people, we have set ourselves the goal of: 'A society where all disabled people can participate fully as equal citizens'.

EndophoraA reference to a previously mentioned entity within the text

Task 1. In this short text you can find several exophoric references. Jot down one or two of them.Task 2. In the original text several lexical repetitions have been avoided with substitutions. What would you replace?

Anaphora and CataphoraAnaphoraReference1 ……………… Substitutionreference1

Students (not unlike yourselves) compelled to buy paperback copies of his novels - notably the first, Travel Light, though there has lately been some academic interest in his more surreal and 'existential' and perhaps even 'anarchistic' second novel, Brother Pig - or encountering some essay from When the Saints in a shiny heavy anthology of mid-century literature costing $12.50, imagine that Henry Bech, like thousands less famous than him, is rich. He is not.

CataphoraSubstitutionreference1 ………… Reference1

Task 3. In this short text you can find several cataphoric references. Jot down one or two of them.

SubstitutionSubstitutionOne phrase is replaced with a pro-form Little boxes on the hillside,

Little boxes made of ticky-tacky,Little boxes, little boxes,Little boxes, all the same.There's a green one and a pink oneAnd a blue one and a yellow oneAnd they're all made out of ticky-tackyAnd they all look just the same.

Task 4. In this short text you can find several substitutions. Jot down one or two of them.

Substitution (a particular case)SubstitutionOne phrase is replaced with a pro-form

Mrs McAllister watched as the giant airplane taxied out of the gate.Then like some wild beast she pointed her nose down the runway and screamed terrifically into the sky.

What is going on here?What is the ambiguous substitution?

Ellipsis (1/2)EllipsisOne word or phrase is omitted (or replaced with Ø)

- What time does the train to London leave? - Nine fifteen.

A structure is omitted and can only be recovered from the previous discourse. In this example “The train to London leaves” is omitted in “Nine fifteen” and we recover it by inference from the question.

Ellipsis (2/2)EllipsisOne word or phrase is omitted (or replaced with Ø)

Catriona: What was he doing? Tell me, make me cringe.

Jess: Oh nothing to make you cringe or anything. He was just he was just like saying you know just stuff that was really pretty well sick.

Catriona: Oh last night, last night he was as well, with Romeo and Juliet,

Task 5. Jot down the ellipsis.

Repetition (1/2)RepetitionOne word or phrase is repited The child put the pale

chrysanthemums to her lips, murmuring:'Don't they smell beautiful!'

Her mother gave a short laugh.

'No,' she said, 'not to me. It was chrysanthemums when I married him, and chrysanthemums when you were born, and the first time they ever brought him home drunk, he'd got brown chrysanthemums in his button-hole.'

IT: riprese lessicali.Very common in speech (see lesson on characteristics of speech).The repetition of tense and other syntactic patterns is very important for cohesion.

Repetition (2/2)RepetitionOne word or phrase is repited 'No,' she said, 'not to me. It was

chrysanthemums when I married him, and chrysanthemums when you were born, and the first time they ever brought him home drunk, he'd got brown chrysanthemums in his button-hole.'

'No,' she said, 'not to me. There they were when I married him, and (Ø) when you were born, and the first time they ever brought him home drunk, he'd got brown ones in his button-hole.'

IT: riprese lessicali.Very common in speech (see lesson on characteristics of speech).The repetition of tense and other syntactic patterns is very important for cohesion.

TASK 6. How would the expressive quality of the text change without repetition?

SynonymsSynonyms(almost) the same meaning

It’s not always permitted → Language for specific purposesPower - Strength

TASK 7. What other synonymic substitution can you spot?

At some 75 cm across and capable of cracking open a coconut shell with its formidable claws, the land-dwelling coconut crab is your beach lounger's worst nightmare. Fortunately for the sunbather, the world's largest terrestrial arthropod has seemingly always been confined to tropical islands across the Pacific and Indian oceans .

Superordinates (1/2)SuperordintesMore general termsHyper(o)nyms[Hyponyms]

What is the hyperonym?

The candle-light glittered on the lustre -glasses, on the two vases that held some of the pink chrysanthemums, and on the dark mahogany. There was a cold, deathly smell of chrysanthemums in the room. Elizabeth stood looking at the flowers.

Superordinates (1/2)SuperordintesMore general termsHyper(o)nyms[Hyponyms]

Would it work with hyponymic substitution?

The candle-light glittered on the lustre -glasses, on the two vases that held some of the flowers, and on the dark mahogany. There was a cold, deathly smell of chrysanthemums in the room. Elizabeth stood looking at the pink chrysanthemums.

General wordsGeneral wordsNouns, 'thing', 'stuff', 'place', 'person', 'woman' and 'man',Verbs, as in 'do' and 'happen'.

What is the general word and what does it replace?

… and so he went off to Wolverhampton Poly which he selected for, you know, all the usual reasons, reasonable place, reasonable course, a reasonable this a reasonablethat t-term to do computer science which of course all the kids want to do now erm twentieth centu - no it isn't it's a sort of nineteen eighties version of wanting to be an engine driver.

In-class activity

TASK 1Draw cohesive ties

TASK 2 Rebuild coherence

full Fill-in-the-blanks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lj3iNxZ8Dww