COFFEE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND QUALITY

COFFEE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND QUALITY

Proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar on Biotechnology in the Coffee Agro-Industry, Londrina, Brazil

edited by

T. Sera

c.R. Soccol A. Pandey

S. Roussos

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-90-481-5565-1 ISBN 978-94-017-1068-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1068-8

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Presentation

This book is essentially based on the papers presented in the 3'" International Seminar on Coffee Biotechnology (III SIBAC), held at Londrina, Parana, Brazil, during May 24-28

1999. This seminar was organised by IAPAR (Instituto Agronomico do Parana )Brazil,

IRD (Institut de Recherche pour Ie Developpement) France, and UFPR (Universidade

Federal do Parana) Brazil.

At the beginning of the book, the Organizing committee, the Executive committee and

the International Scientific committee of the III SIBAC are presented followed by the

preface which gives a general scope of Coffee Biotechnology and Quality along with

comments on the general layout of the five sections in which the Seminar was

structured: General introduction on coffee biotechnology, Coffee breeding, tissue

culture and genetics, Pest control, Post harvest technology, and Coffee residues

biotechnology.

We like to thank the European Union (00 XII), the Parana Slate Secretary of Agriculture, Londrina District, EMBRAPA, IRD-DIC, IAPAR and UFPR for their

sponsoring. Thanks also go to the members of the International Society of Biotechnology for Coffee Agro-industry for planning this event, to the Local executive

Committee at Londrina, and to Fan~se Simoni and Corinne Antonelli for their

excellent technical assistance and efficiency in producing the book from the manuscripts.

T. Sera

CoR Soccol

A. Pandey S. Roussos

Organizing Institutions and Sponsors Preface List of Contributors

General 1. Biotechnology and the future of coffee production

G. Viniegra-Gonzalez

2. Coffee cultivation in India

Contents

e.S. Srinivasan, N.S. Prakash, D. Padma Jyothi, V.B. Sureshkumar,

V. SubbaIakshmi

Coffee breeding, tissue culture and genetics 3. Breeding and biotechnology of coffee

L.C. Fazuoli, M. Perez Maluf, O. Guerreiro-Filho,

H.P. Medina-Filho, M.B. Silvarolla

4. Development of coffee cultivars in reduced time by using biotechnology

in the «IAPAR model for high density planting»

T. Sera

5. Somatic embryogenesis of coffee

M. Berthouly and H. Etienne

6. Biotechnology for genetic improvement of Indian coffee

L. Sreenath

7. Molecular breeding in coffee (Coffea arabica L.)

P. Lasherrnes, M.e. Combes, P. Topart, G. Graziosi, B. Bertrand,

F. Anthony

8. Study of combining ability and heterosis in coffee

J.R.M. Fontes, A.A. Cardoso, e.D. Cruz, A.A. Pereira,

L. Zambolim, N.S. Sakiyarna

Xlll

xv xix

17

27

47

71

91

101

113

9. Microsatellites in Coffea arabica L. 123 P. Rovelli, R. Mettulio, F. Anthony, F. Anzueto, P. Lasherrnes, G. Graziosi

10. Standardization of encapsulation technique for producing synthetic seeds in coffee 135 B. Muniswamy and H. L. Sreenath

viii

11. Field testing of arabica bioreactor- derived plants M.R. Sondahl, C.N. Sondahl, W. Gon~alves 143

12. Interspecific protoplast fusion in Coffea 151 A.T. Cordeiro, L. Zambolim, V. P6tiard,l. Spiral

13. Biochemical and molecular studies of the main protein in the coffee endosperm 157 R. Acuna, R. Bassiiner, V. Beilinson, H. Cortina, G. Cadena-G6mez, V. Montes, N. Nielsen

14. In vitro embryo culture of Coffea arabica: The influence ofNAA and BAP M. Pasqual, I.M. Cavalcante-Alves, L.M.C.O. Andrade, A.B. Pereira, A.L.R. Maciel, R.D. de Castro 171

15. DNA markers for coffee tree breeding N.S. Sakiyama 179

16. Genetic polymorphism in species and hybrids of Coffea revealed by RAPD P.M. Ruas, L.E.C. Diniz, C.F. Ruas, T. Sera 187

17. Genetic fingerprinting of coffee leaf rust differentials with RAPD markers Santa Ram, H.L. Sreenath 197

18. Coffee (Coffea sp.) genetic transformation for insect resistance 209 M. Dufour, T. Leroy, C. Carasco-Lacombe, R. Philippe, C. Fenouillet

19. Development of coffee trees resistant to leaf miner 219 O. Guerreiro-Filho, H.P. Medina-Filho, L.c. Fazuoli, W. Gontralves

Pest control

20. The role of biological control in an integrated coffee borer management in Columbia

A. Bustillo 229

21. Correlation between edaphic factors and Coffea arabica fungal pathogens in South Pacific F. Pellegrin, F. Kohler, D. Nandris

22. Physiological studies on mycorrhizal fungi production A.A. De Araujo, M.A. AquiahuatJ Ramos, S. Roussos

239

245

23. Characterization of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates

for potential use against the coffee berry 255

P.E. Velez, M.T. Gonzalez, A. Rivera, A.E. Bustillo, M.N. Estrada, E.e. Montoya

24. The nematophagous fungi helper bacteria (NHB): a new dimension for

the biological control of root knot nematodes by trapping fungi

R. Duponnois, J-L. Chotte, A.M. Ba, S. Roussos

25. Use of solid state fermentation to produce spores of fungal biopesticides

for insect control

265

S. Roussos, C. Bagnis, O. Besnard, C. Sigoillot, R. Duponnois, C. Augur 277

26. Amylase and protease inhibitors as alternative against insect herbivores

A. Valencia Jimenez 287

27. Properties of amylases of coffee berries borer,

Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 297

C.P. Martfnez Dfaz, A. Valencia -Jimenez, M.T. Gonzalez Garda,

A.E. Bustillo Pardey

28. New developments in the mass production of parasitoids Chephalonomia stephanoderis(Hymenoptera: Bethytlidae) on Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) reared using artificial diet

A. Villacorta, S.M. Torrecillas

Post-harvest technology

29. Production cost of hybrid seeds of coffee obtained manually

S. Fadelli and T. Sera

30. Electric conductivity of exudates of green coffee and its relationship

with the quality of the beverage

e.E.C. Prete, T. Sera, I.e.B. Fonseca

31. Recent developments in Brazilian coffee quality: new processing systems,

beverage characteristics and consumer preferences

J.e. Cortez, H.C. Menezez

32. Organoleptic properties of espresso coffee as influenced by coffee botanical variety M. Petracco

307

313

321

339

347

ix

x

33. Mycotoxigenesis in grains- Application to mycotoxic prevention in coffee J. Le Bars and P. Le Bars 355

34. Species related differences in Brazilian green coffee contaminated by ochratoxin A L..V. Soares, R.P.Z. Furiani, P.L.C. de Oliveira 369

Coffee residues biotechnology

35. Development of bioprocesses for the conservation, detoxification and

value-addition of coffee pulp and coffee husk- Biopulca project S. Roussos, C. Augur, I. Perraud-Gaime, D.L. Pyle, G. Saucedo-Castaiieda, C.R. Soccol, A. Pandey, I. Ferrao, M. Raimbault 377-

36. Microbial degradation of caffeine and tannins from coffee husk D. Brand, A. Pandey, S. Roussos, C.R. Soccol 393

37. Coffee husk as substrate for the production of gibberellic acid by fermentation C.M.M. Machado, B.H. Oliveira,A. Pandey, C.R. Soccol 401

38. Hydrolysis of coffee husk: Process optimization to recover its fermentable sugar

A.L. Woiciechowski, A. Pandey, C.M.M. Machado, E.B. Cardoso, c.R. Soccol 409

39. A novel approach for the production of natural aroma compounds using coffee husk M. Soares, A. Pandey, P. Christen, M. Raimbault, C.R. Soccol 419

40. Production of mushrooms on Brazilian coffee industry residues

F. Leifa, A. Pandey, C.R. Soccol 427

41. Adding value to coffee solid by-products through Biotechnology I. Perraud-Gaime, G. Saucedo-Castaneda, C. Augur, S. Roussos

42. Effect of conservation method on caffeine uptake by Penicillium commune V33A25 G. Gutierrez-Sanchez, I. Perraud-Gaime, C. Augur,J.M. Romano-Machado,

437

G. Saucedo-Castaneda 447

43. Screening of filamentous fungi for the production of extra-cellular tannase in solid state fermentation (SSF) J. van de Lagemaat, C. Augur, D. L. Pyle 455

44. Influence of carbon source on tannase production by Aspergillus niger Aa-20

in solid state culture C.N. Aguilar, C. Augur, G. Viniegra-Gonzalez, E. Favela-Torres

45. Commercial production and marketing of edible mushrooms cultivated

461

on coffee pulp in Mexico 471 D. Martinez-Carrera, A. Aguilar, W. Martinez, M. Bonilla, P. Morales,

M. Sobal

46. Coffee pulp in verrnicomposting treatment

E. Aranda, I. Barois

47. Coffee pulp polyphenols: an overview

J.R. Ramirez-Martinez, M.N. Clifford

48. Biotechnological potentialities of coffee and similar with olive, two models of agro-industrial products rich in polyphenolic compounds

489

507

M. Labat, C. Augur, B. Rio, I. Perraud-Gaime, S. Roussos, S. Sayadi 517

Subject index 533

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Organizing Institutions and Sponsors

IAPAR Instituto Agronomico do Parana Coffee Research Program, (lAP AR), C.P. 481, CEP86001-710, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Tel. 055- 043 - 3762326 and 3762000 Fax. 055 - 043 - 37 62 101 and 3762 102 Contact: T. Sera; E-mail: tsera@pr.gov.br

IRD Institut de Recherche pour Ie Developpement Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l'IRD; Institut Federatif de Recherche en Biotechnologie Agro-Industrielle de Marseille IFR-BAIM; Universites de Provence et de la Mediterranee, Case 925, ESIL, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France Tel. (33) 04 91 8285 82 ; Fax .. (33) 04 91 828570 Contact: S. Roussos; E-mail: roussos@esil.univ-rnrs.fr

UFPR Universidade Federal do Parana Laboratorio de Processos Biotecnologicos, Departamento Engenharia Quirnica, (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba-PR - Brazil; Tel. 055- 0413662323 ext. 285 Fax. Tel. 055- 041 2660222 Contact: C.R. Soccol ; E-mail: soccol@engquim.ufpr.br

Sponsored by : Union Europeenne DG XII, CBP&D/Cafe, MDIC/Embrapa, Secretaria Municipal de Agricultura e Abastecirniento Cidade de Londrina, Fundayao ARAUCARIA, Govemo do estado de Parana- SEAB-PR, CIRAD, IRD-DIC.

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Organizing Committee of the III SmAC Carlos R. Soccol - UFPR - Brasil Sevastianos Roussos - IRD - France Tumoru Sera - IAPAR - Brazil

Executive Committee Coordinator: Tumoru Sera

Scientific: programme: Sevastianos Roussos, Tumoru Sera, Carlos R. Soccol, Carlos R. Riede, Luiz F. Pereira, Luiz F. Vieira

Institutional contacts: Aorindo Dalberto, Marcos Krieger, Rogerio M.L. Cardoso Financial income: Armando Androciolo, Francisco B. Lima, Luiz F. Ferrari, Samir Cury Marketing: Marcos V.F. Martins, Michele Peres ~: ~waldoPemn

Posters: Maia C.L.L. Dias, Maria L. Crochemore Forein contacts : Luiz F. Kalinowsky Informatic and computing: Welfrid Stenzel Reproduction & Grafic : Tadeu K. Sakiyama Finance control: Jose Pereira da Silva, Julio Cesar Chaves « Dia de Campo»: Armano Androcioli, Jose A. Azevedo, Marcos Pavan, Paulo H. Caramoni, Rodolfo L. de Carvalho

International Scientific Committee: Alemar B. Rena (CBP&D CAF2/Brasil), Alex Bustillo (CENICAFE-Colombia), Antonio P. Nacif (CBP&D CAF2/Brazil), Ashok Pandey (CSIR-India), Carlos R. Soccol (UFPR-Brazil), Daniel Martinez-Carrera (COLPOS/Mexico), Christopher Augur (lRD­

Mexico), Dominique Berry (CIRAD-France), Eduardo Aranda (lnst. Ecologia/ Mexico), Gerardo Saucedo-Castafieda (UAMI-Mexico), German Moreno-Ruiz (CENICAFE­Colombia), Gustavo Viniegra-Gonzalez (UAMI-Mexico), Isabelle Perraud-Gaime (IRD­Mexico), Jaime Zuluaga-Vasco (Kaffesma-Colombia), Joseph Le Bars (INRA-France), Luis F. Pereira (IAPARIBrasil), Leo Pyle (Univ. Reading/UK), Marc Berthouly (CIRAD-France), Mariano Gutierrez-Rojas (UAMI-Mexico), Moacyr Paschoal (UFLA/Brasil), Maurice Lourd (IRD-Brasil), Ney Sakiyama (UFVlBrasil), Oliveiro

Guerreiro (lAC/Brasil), Philippe Lashermes (IRD-France), Robin Duponnois (IRD­Senegal), Ivone Ferrao (lNCO-DC-UE/ Belgium), Sevastianos Roussos (lRD-France), Tumoru Sera (IAPARIBrasii Secretariat: Fran~ise Simoni, Emerson Nakamura, Marcos Z. Alteia, Rubens Sacchetto

Preface Recent advents in Biotechnology have revolutionised the scientific developments of human society. One of the thrust areas related with human welfare has been the agricultutal biotechnology and coffee research was not unaffected by this. During the

past one and a half decades, a large amount of research directed towards the pre- and

post-harvest technological developments on coffee biotechnology have led to change the face of coffee industry. With this back-ground, the third International Symposium on the Biotechnology of Coffee Agro-industry was organised at Londrina during May 25-28, 1999 (III SIBAC). Coffee is considered as one of the most important beverages in the world. It is an important agricultutal product on the world market and is widely grown tropical tree

crop in about 50 countries. Economy of several countries such as Colombia, Brazil and Central America depends heavily on coffee production for foreign currency earnings. Presently an estimated area of about 11.2 x 106 ha allover the world is under coffee plantation producing about four millions tons of green beans annually. The supply of

coffee consumed world-wide primarily comes from two cultivated species: Coffea arabica and C. canephora, which account for about 75 and 25% of the world market,

respectively. These two varieties are commercially known as "arabica" and "robusta", respectively. The present book, which is the outcome of the III SIBAC, comprises 48 chapters from the known experts in their respective areas. The entire manuscript has been classified in to five sections, General, Coffee breeding, tissue culture and genetics, Pest control, Post­harvest technology, and Coffee residues biotechnology. There are two chapters under General section. The first chapter by G. Viniegra-Gonzalez, which was the opening lecture of the III SIBAC, deals with the relationship of biotechnology with the coffee production. Asking a very fundamental question- what first, production or marketing, the

article discusses various features and implications of application of biotechnology in coffee agro-industry. The second chapter of this section traces the historical developments of coffee industry in India and discusses various developments taken during the past several decades. It is interesting to note that the largest number of races (as many as 30) of arabica variety has been recorded from India. The second section of the book on Coffee breeding, tissue culture and genetics consists of 17 chapters. The first chapter by Fazuoli et aI. deals with the aspects of classical breeding and modem biotechnology of coffee. It emphasises that tissue CUlture, genetic transformation and molecular marker techniques are the most important modem biotechnology techniques that can be of help in coffee improvement. The second chapter of the section highlights the major achievements of the IAPAR in coffee breeding. It describes the role of biotechnology in developing coffee cultivars using IAPAR model of

xvi

high-density coffee planting. The genetic improvement of the coffee, especially for the production, has not been easy. Generally it takes several years of serial productions to know the long-term productive capacity of any cultivar. Through the combination of a group of methods, techniques and genetic improvement procedures it is possible to achieve efficiency in improvement programmes. The chapter by Bertbouly and Etienne describes the somatic embryogenesis of coffee. The chapter by Pasqual et al. also deals with the embryo culture of coffee. There are several articles, which deal with the genetic aspects of coffee. The chapter by Sreenath reports the role of biotechnology for genetic improvement of Indian coffee. India is among the top ten coffee producing and exporting countries along with Brazil, Columbia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Mexico, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Uganda and Guatemala. Through the means of biotechnological improvement programmes, good successes have been achieved in developing new high-yielding cultivars. Yet another article from India describes a process for producing synthetic seeds in coffee. Some other articles report various other aspects such as molecular breeding by Lashermes et al., microsatellites in coffee by Rovelli et al., heterosis in coffee by Fontes et al., protoplast fusion by Cordeiro et al., protein in coffee endosperm by Acuna et al. Coffee cultivation in the world has benefited greatly from the successful breeding programmes, resulting three to four times increase in the yields. However, yield in several species seems to have reached a plateau, which is hard to overcome. Therefore, one of the great challenges for the breeders is to increase the yield of the present cultivars, which could be met by adopting DNA marker and molecular breeding techniques. This is the theme and content of four chapters by Sakiyama, Ruas et al., Santa Ram and Sreenath, and Dufour et al. The third section of the book on Pest control comprises nine chapters. There are two chapters by Bustillo and Pellegrin et al., which present case studies on pest control in Colombia and South Pacific, respectively. The coffee berry borer is considered as one of the most important pests to coffee allover the world. This insect destroys the coffee berry and causes fall and weight loss of the harvested berry. It also affects the quality of the beverage. Bustillo advocates the need to develop and implement an integrated pest control management programme based on the biological control of the pest instead of use of a chemical insecticide. There are several chapters, which deal with the development and characterisation of isolates as biological agents to control coffee pathogens. These include one on characterisation of two isolates for use against coffee berry borer by Velez et al., NHB as agents for the control of root knot nematodes by Duponnois et al., and others by Jimenez-Diaz et al. and Villacorta and Torrecillas. A chapter by Araujo et al. describes a technique for studying the mycorrhizal fungi culture parameters on agar media while one another chapter by Roussos et al. describes solid

XVll

state fermentation as a novel approach for producing the spores of fungal biopesticides for insect control. Section four of the book on Post-harvest technology has six chapters. Generally it has been found that the actual coffee potential is lower than a rational and competitive coffee crop. To improve productivity with lower costibag, one of the alternatives is the formation of commercial Fl hybrid seedling. This is the theme of the article presented by Fadelli and Sera. Article by Soares et al. describes the species related differences in Brazilian green coffee contaminated by ochratoxin A. Bars and Bars took the case of mycotoxigenesis in grains and describe mycotoxic prevention in coffee. The remaining two chapters in the section are on the quality aspects of coffee. The article by Petracco deals with the quality aspects of espresso coffee as influenced by the coffee botanical variety and the one by Prete et al. reports correlation between the electric conductivity and the quality of coffee beverage and supports it as a measure for quality of coffee beans exudates.

The fifth and last section on Coffee residues biotechnology focuses the recent attempts to beneficially use the by-products generated at various stages of coffee processing through biotechnological means. One of the main focuses has been on the biological detoxification of anti-nutritional and anti-physiological factors from the residual pulp and husk. The first chapter of the section by Roussos et aJ. goes into elaborate discussion on various possibilities to utilise various residues for the production of feed, mushrooms, aroma compounds, gibberellic acid and enzymes etc. There are several other chapters by Perraud-Gaime et al., Fan et al., Brand et aI., Machado et al., Soares et al., Gutierrez­Sanchez et ai, Auguilar et al., Aranda and Barois on the production of value-added products from coffee pulp and coffee husk. A chapter by Woiciechowski et al. describes a process to hydrolyse the coffee husk and then to use the fermentable sugar-rich hydrolysate as the substrate for fermentation processes. Martinez and Clifford have presented an excellent review on coffee pulp polyphenols. The last chapter of the section deals with a case study on the production of mushrooms on coffee pulp in Mexico.

Efforts have been made to present each chapter well documented and providing state-of­art information. To make the chapters complete in themselves, some information may be similar in to that in other chapter(s) but considering the subject matter as a whole, we hope that it would not be considered as repetition. We sincerely believe that all the authors have done their best in their contributions. We take this opportunity to thank all the authors for their co-operation and to our reviewers who took time out from their busy schedules to give their opinion on the manuscripts.

May 2000 The Editors

List of Contributors

Acuna Ricardo Cenicafe, Chinchinti,A.A. 2427 Manizales, Caldas - Colombia Tel. + 968506550; Fax + 968504 723 E-mail·fcracu@cafedecolombia.com

Aguilar C.N. Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa (UAMI), A.P. 55-535, C. P. 09340, Mexico, D.F. - Mexico

Aranda Eduardo Departmento de Biologia de Suelos, Instituto de Ecologia, 91000 Xalapa - Mexico Tel. + 52 (28) 42 1850; Fax. 52 (28) 187809 E-mail.Isabelle@conacyt.edu.mx

Augur Christopher IRD Mexico, Calle Ciceron 609, Colonia los Morales, 11530 Mexico DF - Mexico; E-mail: augur@xanum.uam.mx

Berthouly Marc ClRAD-AMIS,B.P. 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France Tel. 0033(0) 4 67617107 Fax. 0033(0) 467615605 E-mail: berthouly@ciradfr

Brand Debora Laboratorio de Process os Biotecnologicos, Departamento Engenharia Quimica, (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba-PR-Brazil Fax. + 55412660222 E-mail: bodeby@uol.com.br

Bustillo Alex Disciplina de Entomologfa, Cenicafe, A. A. 2427, Manizales, Caldas - Colombia Tel. + 968506550; Fax + 968504 723 E-mail·fcbus@cafedecolombia.com

Cordeiro A.T. DBV, Universidade Federal de Vi~osa, Av. P.H Rolfs, sln-36.571-000, Vi~osa-MG­Brazil

CortezJ.C Divisfio de Desenvolvimento Rural, Ministerio da Agricultura e do Abastecimento, 13087-000 Campinas (SP) - Brazil; Email: cortezcafe@hotmail.com

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De Araujo Alvaro Laboratoire de Microbiologie de I'IRD, IFR-BAIM; ESIL Case 925, Universites de Provence, 163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 9; France E-mail: alvaro.dearaujo@Jibertysurf.fr

Dufour Magali ClRAD-CP, B. P. 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex I, France Tel. 0033 (0) 46761 55 88 Fax. 0033 (0) 4 67 61 5793

Duponnois Robin Institut de Recherche pour Ie Developpement (IRD), Laboratoire de Biopedologie, BP 1386, Dakar - Senegal Tel. (221) 8493333 - 849 33 24 Fax. (221) 832 16 75 E-mail: Robin.Duponnois@irdsn

Fadelli S. Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), PIBICICNPql/APAR; Londrina - Brazil;

Fazuoli L.C. lAC - Centro de Cafe e Plantas Tropicais - CP 28 - CEP 13001-970- Campinas, SP­Brazil; E-mail: fazuoli(a).cec.iac.br

Fontes M. Jose Roberto Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Vi~osa (UFV), 36571-000 Vi~osa-MG, Brazil Fax. : + 318992614

E-mail: jrfontes@alunos.ufv.br

Graziosi Giorgio Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Biologia, Piazzale Valmaura 9, 34138 Trieste, Italy Tel. + 3904081 18 76 Fax. + 39040810860 E-mail.Graziosi@univ.trieste.it

Guerreiro-Filho Oliveiro Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, Centro de Cafe, CP 28; 13001-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. E-mail: oliveiro(ci).eec.iac.br

Gutierrez-Sanchez Gerardo Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa (UAMI), A. P. 55-535, C. P. 09340, Mexico, D. F., Mexico

Labat Marc Laboratoire de Microbiolog;e IRD, IFR-BAIM; Universites de Provence et de la Mediterranee, Case 925, ESIL, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; E-mail: labat@esil.univ-mrsfr

Lagemaat (Van de) Jurgen, Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Depart Food Science and Technology, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP- UK;

Lashennes Philippe Genetrop-GAP, IRD, BP 5045, F-34032 Montpellier Cedex 1- France Tel. + 33 (0) 46741 61 85 Fax. + 33 (0) 4 6741 6181 and 467547800 E-mail.Philippe.Lashermes@mpl. irdfr

Le Bars Joseph Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie LN.RA., BP 3,31931 Toulouse Cedex, France Tel. 0033 (0) 5 61 862774

Leifa Fan Laboratorio de Processos Biotecnologicos, Departamento Engenharia Quimica, (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba-PR-Brazil Fax. + 55412660222 E-mail: soccol@engquim.ufpr.br

Machado M.M. Christina Laboratorio de Processos Biotecnologicos, Departamento Engenharia Quimica, (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba-PR - Brazil Fax. + 55412660222 E-mail: soccol@engquim.u.lpr.br

Martinez-Carrera Daniel College of Posgraduados in Agricultural Sciences, Campus Puebla, Mushroom Biotechnology,Laboratory, A.P 701, 72001 Puebla-Mexico Tel.OO 52 22 852 798 Fax. 005222852161 E-mail.dcarrera@Colpos.colpos.mx

Martinez Diaz C.P. Disciplina de Entomologia, Cenicafe, AA 2427, Manizales, Colombia Chinchinti, Caldas - Colombia

Muniswamy B. Biotechnology Centre, Unit of Central Coffee Research Institute, Coffee Board, Manasagangothri, Mysore - 570 006, Karnataka, India

Pasqual Moacir Laboratorio de Cultura de Tecidos, Departamento de Agricultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lawas - MG, Brazil Fax. + 5535829 11 32 E-mail.mpasqual@ujla.br

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Pellegrin Frederic IRD (ex-ORSTOMj, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier, France Tel. 0033 (0) 4 67416227 E-mail :pel/egrin@mpl.ird.jr

Perraud-Gaime Isabelle IRD Mexico, Calle Ciceron 609, Colonia los Morales, 11530 Mexico DF - Mexico;

E-mail: isa@xanum.uam.mxandgaime@data.net.mx

Petracco Marino, Illycaffe S.p.A., via Flavia, 110 - Trieste - Italy Tel. 0039040389 03 97; Fax. 00 39 040 389 04 90 E-mail: marino.petracco@illy.it

Prete C.E. Cassio Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), caixa postal 6001,86051-990, Londrina - PR, Brazil

Pyle David Leo Biotechnology & Biochemical Engineering, Deparement of Food Science Technology, The University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG66AP, UK Fax. 44 (0) 1189310080 E-mail: D.L.Pyle@afnovell.readingac.uk

Ramirez-Martinez R. Jose Laboratorio de Fitoquimica, Universidad Nacional Experimental Tachira (UNET) , Apartado 436, San Crist6bal5001, Tachira, Venezuela Tel. + 58 76530422 Fax. + 58 76532454 E-mail .jramir@epsilonjuntha.gov.ve

Roussos Sevastianos Laboratoire de Microbiologie IRD, IFR-BAIM; Universites de Provence, Case 925, ESIL, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France Tel. + 33 (0) 491828582 Fax. + 33 (0) 491828570 E-mail: roussos@esil.univ-mrs.fr

Rovelli Paola Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Biologia, Piazzale Valmaura 9, 34138 Trieste, Italy Tel. + 3904081 18 76 Fax. + 39040810860 E-mail.Rovelli@univ.trieste.it

Ruas M. Paulo Departamento de Biologia General, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina - PR, Brazil

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Sakiyama S. Ney Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Vi~osa, 36571-000 Vi~osa - MG, Brazil E-mail: sakiyama@mail.ufo.br

Santa Ram Biotechnology Centre, Unit of Central Coffee Research Institute, Coffee Board, Manasagangothri -Mysore -570 006, India E-mail: tisscult@giasbgOI.vsnl.net.in

Saucedo-Castaneda Gerardo Departamento de Biotecnologia; Universidad Aut6noma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Apartado Postal 55-535, CP 09340 D.F., Mexico Tel. + 525 724 47 11 Fax. 525 72447 12 E-mail: saucedo@Xanum.uam.mx

Sera Tumoru Coffee Research Program, Agronomic Institute of Parana State (lAP AR), c.P. 481, CEP86001-71O, Londrina, PR, Brazil Tel. 0055 (04)3 37 62 326 Fax: 0055 (04)3 3762 101 E-mail: tsera@pr.gov.br

Soares Marlene Laboratorio de Processos Biotecnologicos, Departamento Engenharia Quimica, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba-PR - Brazil Fax. + 55412660222 E-mail: soccol@engquim.ufpr.br

Soccol Carlos R. Laboratorio de Processos Biotecnologicos, Departamento Engenharia Quimica, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba-PR - Brazil Tel.. + 55413613191 Fax. + 55412660222 E-mail: soccol@engquim.ujpr.br

Sondahl Maru Fitolink Corp., 6 Edinburgh Lane, Mt. Laurel, NJ 08054 USA

Sreenath L. Biotechnology Centre, Unit of Central Coffee Research Institute, Coffee Board, Mysore-570006,Karnataka, India E-mail: tisscult@giasbgOl.vsnl.net.in

Srinivasan C.S. Central Coffee Research Institute, Coffee Research Station, 577 117 Chikmagalur Dist, Karnataka, India Tel. + 910826543029 Fax. 91 0826543143

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Valencia Jimenez Arnubio Departamento de Qufmica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Caldas, ApartadoAereo 275, Manizales-Colombia Fax. (68) 8862520 E-mail·fcaval@cafedecolombia.com

Valente Soares M. Lucia Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos. CP 6121, 13081-970, Campinas, Silo Paulo, Brazil Fax. + 55 19 788 7890 E-mail.valente@fea.unicamp.br

Velez Arango Patricia Eugenia Disciplina de Entomologia, Cenicafe, AA 2427, Manizales, Colombia Tel. + 968506550; Fax + 968 504 723 E-mail·fcpvel@cafedecolombia.com

Villacorta Amador Instituto Agronomico do Parana-IAPAR, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid. Km 375, CEP 86001-970, Londrina-PR, Brazil E-mail :

Viniegra-Gonzalez Gustavo Departamento de Biotecnologia; UAM-I, A.P. 55-535, CP 09340 D.F., Mexico; Tel. + 525 72447 11 Fax. 525 72447 12 E-mail: vini@Xanum.uam.mx

Woiciechowski L. Adenise Laboratorio de Processos Biotecnologicos, Departamento Engenharia Quimica, (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba-PR, Brazil Fax. + 55412660222 E-mail: soccol@engquim.ufpr.br