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The world leader in serving scienceProprietary & Confidential
2015-12-07 Korbinian Heil
Synthetic Biology: Writing & Editing DNA
2 Proprietary & Confidential
BreedingAccelerated
breeding
Biotechnology
colchizine
The biotechnological evolution
3 Proprietary & Confidential
Vision for SynBio: Engineering Cycle for Biology
Characterize
Validate
Model
Engineer / Build
Rational Design
Target
Design
4 Proprietary & Confidential
Focus Area for SynBio Research
Design
Build
Genome
Gene
Transcript
Protein
Cell
Systems
Phenome
Test
DNA manipulation as focus for SynBio:
�We build & modify biosystems by changing their information (i.e. DNA)
� Tools at gene level:• DNA-synthesis• Genome editing
SynBio
5 Proprietary & Confidential The world leader in serving scienceProprietary & Confidential
Research Tools from SynBio:Writing DNA
6 Proprietary & Confidential
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1 Tbp
1 Gbp
1 Mbp
1 kbp
automated dye terminator sequencing
manualradioactivesequencing
next generation sequencing
Exponential sequence data growth
7 Proprietary & Confidential
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1 Tbp
1 Gbp
1 Mbp
1 kbp
automated dye terminator sequencing
manualradioactivesequencing
next generation sequencing
hard
dis
k ca
paci
ty (
GB
)
Exponential sequence data growth ... follows Moore’s Law
8 Proprietary & Confidential
This is a vast amount of data
9 Proprietary & Confidential
ATG ATC TGT CAC GCA GAG CTA
...which we can read
...copy &paste
...and are ableto rewrite
This is a vast amount of data
comparecomparecomparecompare thee to a summer ?Shall I DAYDAYDAYDAY's
10 Proprietary & Confidential
1.1
Mb
Gib
son:
M. m
ycoi
des
33 b
p K
oest
er: a
ngio
tens
in II
2.1
kb Y
oung
: pla
smid
514
bp E
dge:
leuk
ocyt
e in
terf
eron
41 b
p Ita
kura
: som
atos
tatin 32
kb
Kod
umal
: pol
yket
ide
synt
hase
7.5
kb C
ello
: pol
iovi
rus
2.7
kbS
tem
mer
: pla
smid
77 b
p A
garw
al: a
la tR
NA
12 M
b S
c 2.
0
inventionof PCR
introduction of
commercial gene
synthesis
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
publ
iche
d co
nstr
uct s
ize
[bp] 27
3 kb
Ann
alur
u: S
c2.0
syn
III
History of Writing DNA
11 Proprietary & Confidential
1999: Foundaon → GeneArt GmbH� 3 employees
2006: Going public → GeneArt AG� 60 employees
2011: GeneArt a part of...� 200 employees (global 11,000)
2014: Life Technologies a brand of...� 270 employees (global 50,000)
1999 today
0.5genes / month
> 6000genes / month
The history of GeneArt® gene synthesis
12 Proprietary & Confidential
Premier Brands
Global Scale • 50,000 employees in 50 countries
• $17 billion in annual revenues
• Unparalleled commercial reach
• 10,000 employees working with
customers every day
The World Leader in Serving Science
Unmatched Depth• Innovative technologies
• Applications expertise
• Lab productivity partner
13 Proprietary & Confidential
Traditional cloning
14 Proprietary & Confidential
� Save time and focus on your research
Traditional cloning vs. GeneArt® gene synthesis
15 Proprietary & Confidential
• Synthetic Genes are double stranded DNA constructs, synthesized to the customer specification based on customers digital sequence
• Synthetic Genes can routinely be made > 10 kb in length
• Genes are delivered in a GeneArt® standard cloning vector or the vector of the customer’s choice
• Standard deliverable is 5 µg lyophilized DNA, larger amounts are available based on additional plasmid preparation
• All genes are 100 % sequence verified prior to shipment and come with quality assurance documentation
What are synthetic genes?
16 Proprietary & Confidential
ATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTCACTGGAGTTGTCCCAATTCTTGTTGAATTAGATGGCGATGTTAATGGG
ATGAG AA GGGA GA CT TTCACTGG GTTGTCC ATTCT GTGA GA GGCGA GT AA GG
ATGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTCACTGGCGTTGTGCCCATTCTGGTGGAGCTGGACGGCGACGTGAACGGC
How gene synthesis works
17 Proprietary & Confidential
ATGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAG
ATGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAG
ATGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAG
ACGT
How gene synthesis works
18 Proprietary & Confidential
How gene synthesis works
19 Proprietary & Confidential
How gene synthesis works
20 Proprietary & Confidential
colony
How gene synthesis works
21 Proprietary & Confidential
How gene synthesis works
22 Proprietary & Confidential
Pagothenia
borchgrevinki
Homo
sapiens
Aequorea
victoria
Escherichia
coli
Arabidopsis
thaliana
In silico gene optimization
23 Proprietary & Confidential
Pagothenia
borchgrevinki
Homo
sapiens
Aequorea
victoria
Escherichia
coli
Arabidopsis
thaliana
In silico gene optimization ... is based on theuniversal code
24 Proprietary & Confidential
CDS
• Codon usage• Overall GC content• Restriction sites in&out• Repetitive sequences• RNA secondary structures• mRNA halflife• Ribosome entry sites• Cryptic splice sites• Premature polyA motifs• Others ...
Computationalmulti-parameter
optimization
electronic sequence(DNA or protein)
optimized sequence
In silico gene optimization - The Gene Optimizer®
25 Proprietary & Confidential
GeneOptimizer®
Wildtypesequence
Optimized
sequence
• Sequence optimization enhances performance and expression of
your genes
• Optimal codon quality for your host
• Stabilized mRNA
• Avoid unwanted motifs and secondary structures
• Reduce sequence complexity (high or low GC-content,
repetitions)
A. thaliana
E. coli
CHO
Gene optimization
26 Proprietary & Confidential
3’-UTR5’-UTR
CTG
CTC
CTT
TTG
CTA
TTA
L
ATC
ATT
ATA
I
TTC
TTT
F
GAG
GAA
E ACC
ACA
ACT
ACG
T
GAG
GAA
E TGC
TGT
C
CAC
CAT
H
L
CTG
Amino Acid
Codon
Codon Quality
• Wild type not optimal for expression
• Best codon back translation not optimal w.r.t. unwanted motifs/repetitions/secondary structures
• Goal: find a tradeoff
Gene expression is influenced by many different fac tors
Considerations for sequence optimisation
27 Proprietary & Confidential
Sliding window
Optimized
5’-UTR
Extended window
5’-UTR
5’-UTR
1st step
2nd step
6th step
� The sliding window moves from 5’-UTR to 3’-UTR, one codon per step
� “All possible” codon combinations (with CAI higher than a threshold) are tested
� The extended window is considered for evaluating the codon combination
� Only the first codon of the best combination is fixed
� Up to three phases with more and more relaxed thresholds
The patented sliding window algorithm
28 Proprietary & Confidential
Fath et al., 2012, PLoS ONE
Mammalian expression: wildtype vs. optimized
29 Proprietary & Confidential
opt > wt86 %
opt = wt
10 %
opt < wt
4 %
• All gene-optimized constructs are expressed while expression of 12 % of wildtype genes was not detectable.
• 96 % of optimized genes display equal or better expression yield thantheir wildtype counterparts.
• Up to 25-fold increase in protein expression through optimization.
average variations ≤ 10% are considered equal (opt = wt) Fath et al., 2012, PLoS ONE
Mammalian expression: wildtype vs. optimized
30 Proprietary & Confidential
NiNi--purificationpurificationmockmock, , wtwt, , optopt
ElutionElutionHisHis--taggedtagged proteinsproteins
pulldownpulldownSubstrate Protein Substrate Protein
BeadsBeads
Kinase Kinase assayassay(+ATP)(+ATP)
LysisLysisTriplicateTriplicate transfectiontransfection
mockmock, , wtwt, , optopt
Western Western BlotBlot
NiNi--purificationpurificationmockmock, , wtwt, , optopt
ElutionElutionHisHis--taggedtagged proteinsproteins
pulldownpulldownSubstrate Protein Substrate Protein
BeadsBeads
Kinase Kinase assayassay(+ATP)(+ATP)
LysisLysisTriplicateTriplicate transfectiontransfection
mockmock, , wtwt, , optopt
Western Western BlotBlot
Increase of expression yields does not affect solubility or functionality
In vitro activity
31 Proprietary & Confidential
ATGGCTGG....CGGTGC
Complete service chain: from gene to protein
32 Proprietary & Confidential
Cloning
Oligo assembly
Oligo synthesis
Bioinformatics
Final quality control
Fragment amplification
Screening
Sequencing
DNA preparation
Size: 824 861 274 533 577 2704 2630 2680 2663 bp
0.1 - 1.0 kb 1.0 - 3.0 kb
GeneArt® Strings™: The economic version of gene synthesis
33 Proprietary & Confidential
Size: 824 861 274 533 577 2704 2630 2680 2663 bp
0.1 - 1.0 kb 1.0 - 3.0 kb
GeneArt® Strings™: The economic version of gene synthesis
34 Proprietary & Confidential
Strings™ 0.1 - 1.0 kb
Oligo
assembly
Oligo synthesis errors
Mutation
Enzymatic
error correction
Strings™ 1.0 - 3.0 kb
Enzymatic
error correction
... allows to get even larger
GeneArt® Strings™: Going beyond 1 kb
35 Proprietary & Confidential
simple oligo assembly
with error correction
The effect of error correction on String™ synthesis
p=0.
98
36 Proprietary & Confidential
GeneOptimizer® pat. pend.
wild typesequence
� Efficiency – De novo synthesis is cost effective and fast
� Availability – all sequences are accessible, easy to order
� Flexibility – no restrictions in design, no natural template is required
� Performance – optimization significantly enhances the expression probability
� Reliability – GeneArt® technology provides reliable delivery and success rates
� Service offering – comprehensive portfolio from GeneArt® Strings™ to proteins
Summary: GeneArt® Gene Synthesis Benefits
37 Proprietary & Confidential
Acknowledgements
Synthetic Biology
R&D TeamCarlsbad
Synthetic Biology
R&D TeamRegensburg
Synthetic BiologySoftware Team
Singapore
MIT - CollaborationDept Biological Engineering
Chris Voigt, Ron Weiss
38 Proprietary & Confidential The world leader in serving scienceProprietary & Confidential
Research Tools from SynBio:Genome Editing
39 Proprietary & Confidential
Agenda
• Introduction• Genome and cell engineering and its applications
• Genome editing tools
• CRISPR/Cas9 based gene editing
• Multiplexed gene editing using Cas9 mRNA
• Complete workflow solutions
40 Proprietary & Confidential
Genome editing with engineered nuclease
Random mutagenesis Targeted gene editing
No Precision or control Precision and Control
41 Proprietary & Confidential
Random mutagenesis & integration No control on where the edits are made
RNAi-mediated Gene knock-down (posttranscriptional, hence a temporary effect on gene function)
Targeted integration, homologous or enzyme recombination Low efficiency and laborious downstream screening methods
Zinc finger technology (first-generation) Difficult to design, limitations on which genomic regions are accessible.
TAL effector technology (second-generation) Simple- to-design DNA-binding domain with one repeat per base.
Recent advances enable precision in gene engineerin gTimeline
CRISPR-Castechnology(second-generation) Small noncoding RNA–guided DNA editing
Gain precision and control
No precision or control
Programmable DNA-binding proteins/editing tools• Engineered to edit specific DNA sequence• Allow targeted gene manipulation
42 Proprietary & Confidential
Genome editing with designer engineered nucleases
Trad
ition
al m
etho
dsM
oder
n/em
ergi
ng
43 Proprietary & Confidential
The world leader in serving science
Rapid and efficient editing with multiplexing capabilities
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing
44 Proprietary & Confidential
CRISPR-Cas9 systemClustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats
• What is the CRISPR system?• Prokaryotic adaptive immune response system
that confers resistance to exogenous nucleic acids (e.g., viral DNA)
• An RNA-guided DNA nuclease system
• How does it work?• Following virus invasion, bacterium integrates
small piece of foreign DNA (proto-spacer with PAM) into CRISPR loci in its chromosome
• CRISPR loci are transcribed and processed into short crRNAs that are complementary to previously encountered foreign DNA
• CRISPR RNAs form complexes with Casproteins and form the effector complexes that guide detection and cleavage of the target DNA
Figure: based on Terns and Terns (2011) Curr Opin Microbiol 14(3):321.
45 Proprietary & Confidential
CRISPR-Cas9 structure - RNA-guided DNA nuclease system
PAM = NGG, NAG
Strep. pyogenes
Spacer = 18-20nt
• ds nuclease• Nickase• Binding only
46 Proprietary & Confidential
How to find a PAM
12
3
54
1 TGCATTTCTCAGTCCTAAAC AGG2 GCATTTCTCAGTCCTAAACA GGG3 TCCTAAACAGGGTAATGGAC TGG4 GACTGAGAAATGCAAGACTC TGG5 CCCAGTCCATTACCCTGTTT AGG
20 nt spacer sequence PAM
Cut site
For specificity, key is to choose unique spacers within your host genome
47 Proprietary & Confidential
gRNA Design
thermofisher.com/crisprdesign
48 Proprietary & Confidential
(1) Oligo design for gRNA template
Precision gRNA Synthesis Kit
3’ primer
5’ primer
T7 promoter Target (20nt)
TargetR (34 nt)
xx
TargetF (34 nt)
Constant 80 nt TracrRNA5’-TAATACGACTCACTATAG NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCA…..TGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTT-3’
50bp125bp
M ctrl 1 2
(3) synthetic gRNA by IVT(2) gRNA template by PCR
100bp
200bp
M ctrl 1 2
4 Hour Protocol
>10ug>200ng/ul
49 Proprietary & Confidential
What has to happen for delivery?
50 Proprietary & Confidential
Transfection efficiency in variety of cell lines
Cell lines Plasmid mRNA Protein
Lipid Electro Lipid Electro Lipid Electro
293FT 49 49 70 40 64 88
U2OS 15 50 21 24 18 70
Mouse ESCs 30 45 45 20 25 70
Human ESCs (H9) 0 8 20 50 0 64
Human iPSCs 0 20 66 32 0 87
N2A 66 76 66 80 66 82
Jurkat T 0 63 0 42 0 94
K562 0 45 0 27 0 72
A549 15 44 23 29 20 65
Human keratinocytes (NHEK)
0 0 0 n/a n/a 35
Human Cord blood cells CD34+
n/a n/a n/a 0 n/a 24
Observed higher cell toxicity with plasmids
51 Proprietary & Confidential
Multiplex Knockout with Cas9 in Jurkat T (Male)
(A) AAVS, RelA , and HPRT targets (B) Efficiency of triple knockout
HPRT
Neg Protein
AAVS
RelA
% Cut: 0 76 79
% Cut: 0 81 88
% Cut: 0 91 90
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
AAVS RelA HPRT All
Zyg
osity +/+
-/-+/-
>60% knock out of 5 loci
52 Proprietary & Confidential
Design to Analysis in 4 Days
53 Proprietary & Confidential
Comprehensive tools & solutionsGuide to genome engineering: complete workflow
DesignIdentify target sites &
design
DeliverTransfect & analyze
DetectScreen & enrich
• GeneArt® Precision TALs
• GeneArt® CRISPR nuclease
• RNAi for gene regulation• Gene synthesis and DNA
assembly tools• Design tool utilizing state-
of-the-art algorithm built to generate optimal CRISPR & TAL designs
Gen
e E
ditin
g &
Reg
ulat
ion • Gibco® cell culture media • Transfection reagents for
DNA & RNA (Lipofectamine® 3000, Lipofectamine® 2000, Lipofectamine® MessengerMAX™)
• Cell imaging reagents and tools
Cel
l Cul
ture
&A
naly
sis
• GeneArt® Genomic Cleavage Detection Kit
• TaqMan® real-time PCR• Ion Torrent™ next-
generation sequencing• Cell sorting or bead-
based enrichmentScr
eeni
ng
Complete workflow solution• Complete set of tools and reagents for gene engineering workflow• Custom services available for each step in the workflow or the entire workflow• Cell line generation services leveraging genome editing tools and cell culture reagents
54 Proprietary & Confidential
The world leader in serving science
Precise and flexible editing
TAL effector technology
55 Proprietary & Confidential
TAL effector technologyTranscription activator-like (TAL) effector
• What is TAL effector technology?• Found in Xanthomonas and Ralstonia, bacterial strains that cause major crop diseases• Bacterial pathogen proteins used to rewire transcription of host plants upon infection• Up to 26 members/strain• Proteins are injected into plants via a type III secretion system• Induce expression of plant genes
Xanthomonas Leaf blight - rice Bacterial spot - tomato
56 Proprietary & Confidential
TAL effector technologyHow it works
• TALs secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria through their type III secretion system when they infect plants; this rewires host transcription and aids bacterial infection
• DNA sequences are recognized through a central repeat domain
Plant cell
Bacteria
Nucleus
TranscriptsTAL effector
57 Proprietary & Confidential
Why is TAL technology appealing?
• Simple code for creating engineered TALs• Customizable: Rearrangement of repeat modules allows design of
proteins with desired DNA-binding specificities to target any gene, at any position, in any genome
• They function in all cell types tested and all kingdoms of life tested
58 Proprietary & Confidential
Understanding the TAL codeA simple code determines TAL DNA-binding specificity
• Each repeat consists of 34 amino acid units that are nearly identical but for 2 hypervariable residues
• Each repeat contacts 1 DNA base pair; the 2 hypervariable residues determine nucleotide specificity
• The nucleotide specificity of the variable amino acids has been decoded
Boch et al. 2009, Science
Repeat variable di-residue (RVD)
59 Proprietary & Confidential
Understanding the TAL codeA simple code determines TAL DNA-binding specificity
60 Proprietary & Confidential
Available effector domainsFor genome editing and modulation of gene expression
• Gene targeting• Gene silencing• Incorporation of exogenous DNA
Nuclease function
(Gene targeting via Fok1)
• Gene activation• Gene expressionActivator
function (Activator vp16 or vp64)
• Down-regulation gene expression (similar to the function of siRNA)
• Heritable knock-down of gene expression
Repressor function (Epigenetic
repression via KRAB)
• To target any locus in the genome with the effector domain of your choice– multiple cloning site vector
• Transient knock-down of gene expression
Custom function(Custom design via MCS
vector)
Fok1 Nuclease Pair
Activator vp16 or vp64
Repressor KRAB
MCS Vector
61 Proprietary & Confidential
TAL/CRISPR-edited cell lines�Mammalian cell line services: Knock-out, Knock-in, point mutations, deletions, insertions
�We supply 5 vials containing 3x10e6 cells/vial of modified cell line
Example services
Lentivirusproduction� We can subclone into any pLenti vector
� supply 1ml concentrated lentiviralstock per construct
� HTP lentiviralproduction service also available
Sample prep�Plasmid DNA Preparation
�mRNA Synthesis
CRISPR/TAL validation�TAL design by GeneArt® Support
� We can design and subclone the target complimentary CRISPR RNA (crRNA) into the CRISPR Nuclease Vector
�In vitro Assay
�In vivo (HEK293) Assay
�Surrogate Reporter Assay
62 Proprietary & Confidential
Custom services
Mammalian Stable Cell
Line Generation
cDNALibrary
Vector Modification
TOPO® Vector
Adaptation
Gateway® Vector
Adaptation
HTP Cloning
LentivirusProduction +
Concentration
Sample Prep
mRNA Synthesis
Plasmid DNA
Preparation
Custom services overview
63 Proprietary & Confidential
Acknowledgements
Synthetic Biology
R&D TeamCarlsbad
Synthetic Biology
R&D TeamRegensburg
Synthetic BiologySoftware Team
Singapore
MIT - CollaborationDept Biological Engineering
Chris Voigt, Ron Weiss
64 Proprietary & Confidential
© 2014 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidiaries unless otherwise specified.
TaqMan is a registered trademark of Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. used under permission and license.
65 Proprietary & Confidential
66 Proprietary & Confidential
Jasons Slides
67 Proprietary & Confidential
What is genome engineering?
• Genome editing is an approach whereby a genomic DNA sequence is directly changed by adding, replacing, or removing DNA bases.
Removing DNAReplacing DNAAdding DNA
• To study gene function
• To target gene mutation
• To target transgene addition for heritable modification
• To label endogenous genes
• Stable integration
• For tissue & cell engineering to produce novel functions
Gene
therapy
Disease-resistant
transgenic plants
Tissue disease
models
Animal disease
modelsStem cell
engineering