161

162

.

,

SWR .

.

)Sold()strand(

skin effect )(

.

)1-7()RG-58()LDF5(

.

163

PVCPolyethyleneFoam

1

,

SWR.

.)foil(

VHF & UHF.

)(.

164

TVI.

SWRMeter

Coaxial Cable Antenna/4 /4

Coaxial Cable Grounded

)7-2(

)(

Antenna/4 /4

SWRMeter

Ferrite core

Coaxial Cable

)7-3(

.HFVHF

.

165

SWR .

)47-(

)(

)Losses(

)(,)(

:

r

= C

=

=8.85 x 10 -12

r==1

= A

= D

166

pf)pf = 10 -12 Farad (:

50&75&93&300&450&600.

..

)(:

=

L =H

C

= F

)shield(:

L

CZ =

Z

167

Dielectric

Core dD Dd

LC

z = =138 Log

Coaxial Cable

)7-5(

=1.

SWR1:11.5 :1.

2:1.

50

50

50 SWR,

50300Balun6:1

4:1.

168

)7-6(

velocity factor

3 x 10 8

RG-58 0.66LMR-4000.87

)1(1

0.95

1:

0.660.90

.150MHz2mRG-58)VF=0.66(2x0.66=1.32m

0.68m.

169

Cut off frequency

GHz)D + d(:

=7.5

(D + d)= F

Time delay

.

./nsec/feet )=10-9(.

Td:

300

.

170

)7-7(

Power Capacity (In watts 104°F, 40°C)

MHz:

30

50

150

220

450

900

1500

2000

#0985

LMR-100A 230

180

100

80

60

40

30

25

#2619

RG-58U 400

300

160

80

#3603

LMR-200 1020

790

450

370

260

180

140

120

#2910

RG-59 500

400

250

#2247

RG-8X 350

280

150

80

#3604

LMR-240 1490

1150 660

540

380

260

200

170

#3605

LMR-240 Ultra

1490

1150

660

540

380

260

200

170

#2929

RG-213 1800

1200 620

300

#0390

RG-214 1800

1200 620

300

#3606

LMR-400 2100

1700

1000

830

550

380

290

250

#3607

LMR-400 Ultra

2100

1700

1000

830

550

380

290

250

#0075

9913 2200

1700

900

450

280

200

160

Values indicated are approximate and for comparison purposes only.

Attenuation (dB per 100 feet)

MHz:

30

50

100

146

150

440

450

1000

2400

#2632

RG-174 5.5

6.6

8.8

13.0

25.0

30.0

75.0

#0985

LMR-100A 3.9

5.1

8.8

8.9

15.6

15.8

#2619

RG-58A/U 2.5

4.1

5.3

6.1

6.1

10.4

10.6

24.0

38.9

#3603

LMR-200 1.8

2.3

3.9

4.0

6.9

7.0

16.5

#2910

RG-59

2.4

3.5

7.6

12.0

#2247

RG-8X 2.0

2.1

3.0

4.5

4.7

8.1

8.6

21.6

#3604

LMR-240 1.3

1.7

3.0

3.0

5.2

5.3

12.7

#3605

LMR-240 Ultra

1.3

1.7

3.0

3.0

5.2

5.3

12.7

#2248

RG-8/U FOAM

1.2

1.8

7.1

#2929

RG-213 1.2

1.6

1.9

2.8

2.8

5.1

5.1

8.0

13.7

#0390

RG-214 1.2

1.6

1.9

2.8

2.8

5.1

5.1

8.0

13.7

#3606

LMR-400 0.7

0.9

1.5

1.5

2.7

2.7

6.6

#3607

LMR-400 Ultra

0.7

0.9

1.5

1.5

2.7

2.7

6.6

#0812

9086

1.4

2.8

2.8

#0075

9913 0.8

1.5

2.8

7.5

Values indicated are approximate and for comparison purposes only.

Send e-mail to dx@universal-radio.com

Copyright 2002-2006 Universal Radio, Inc.

171

Type of cables

RF,

507575300450600

:

)7- 8(

172

RG )(

RG )RG8/U(.

R=

Radio frequency

G=American Government 8=

/u=

RF.

)RG8A/U(RG8/U.

AWG"American Wire Gauge"

)(

173

174

Connectors type

.

1-N type

1GHz 1940

,11GHzHP

18GHz5075

RG-8RG-58

.)7-9(N type

2BNC

,RCA

50752GHz..

)7-10(BNC

3TNC

BNC 11GHz

wi fi 5075 .

)7-11( TNC

175

4-F Type

RG-6

RG-59

75 19501 GHz .

)7-12(F Type

5-SMA

18GHz 50 wi

fi .

)7-13(SMA

6-SMB SMA

3mm5075.

7-SMC50 75

10GHz .

8-TV Arial plug

1922

75,

. )7-14(TV Arial plug

176

9MCX 1980

506GHz .

)7-15(MCX

10-MMCX 1990

MCX 360 50

6GHz wi fi PCI . )7-16(

MMCX

11C connector

5075BNC.

. )7-17(C

12

UHF OR PL259

.300MHzUHF

RG-8RG-58PL259

.)7-18(UHF

177

13MOTOROLA CONNECTOR

). (RG-58.

)7-19(

14-musa

50

.

)7-20(musa

15-Mini – Ultf

UHF.

16- QMA & QN SMA)

18ghZ (N-Type )11GHz (2003 ,

:-1-.2360 .

.

178

17APC-7

18GHz 18GHz

:-1-2-SWR

SWR1.04:1 18GHz .

18 EIA

)flange(RS225 50 RS259

75

)7-21(EIA

19-Hirose U.FL

RF 6GHz Hirose

wi fi PCI 50.

)7-22(Hirose U.FL

179

Power supply

.

AC OR DC:1Transformer type

.2-witching mod

.3-UPS.

1Transformer type 220v

5 -24 VAC 1A 20A

)bridge diode (full wave Center tapHalf wave.

)Filter(2000 f

1A 30 % ,

.

.

)volume(.

)7-23(

180

Switching mode - 2

)Computer(.100KHz

DC

50Hz)Filters(.

.

Filtercapacitor

220VAC

OscillatorDc to100kz

BridgeDiode

shotckyDiode

FerriteTransformer

Output

Block Diagram of switching mod. power supply

)7-24(

) 7-25(

181

3- UPS Uninterruptible power supply

.220VACUPS

)1200W(.

12V or 24V)Inverter(220VAC)Squire Wave(.)

()By pass(Inverter )Relay(

Inverter By pass.

)26-7(

)27-7(

182

Transformers

)Arc welding(

.

)Core(.

.)primary(

,)Secondary(.

.)(

) =x(= )x(.

50Hz60Hz)Main(

.

X.15%)

80%90( %.

.

.

183

)28-7(

Np =

Ns =VP =Vs =Ip =

Is =

= =N

N V

V

I

Ip

p

p

s s

s

184

C.TVa.c

C.TVa.c

C.T

Va.c

C.T

Va.c

Full- wave capacitive input filter

V d.c. = 1.41 x V a.c.I d.c. = 0.62 x I a.c.

Half- wave capacitive input filter

Full- wave Bridge capacitive input filter

Full- wave Bridge choke input filter

V d.c. = 0.71 x V a.c.I d.c. = 1.0 x I a.c.

V d.c. = 1.41 x V a.c.I d.c. = 0.28 x I a.c.

V d.c. = 0.90 x V a.c.I d.c. = 0.94 x I a.c.

I d.c

V d.c

I d.c

I d.c

I d.c

V d.c

V d.c

V d.c

)29-7()Rectifier(.

185

C.T

Va.c

C.T

Va.c

C.T

Va.c

C.T

Va.c

Full- wave choke input filter

V d.c. = 0.45 x V a.c.I d.c. = 1.54 x I a.c.

Half- wave Resistive Load

Full- wave Resistive Load

V d.c. = 0.90 x V a.c.I d.c. = 0.90 x I a.c.

V d.c. = 0.45 x V a.c.I d.c. = 1.27 x I a.c.

V d.c. = 0.45 x V a.c.I d.c. = 0.64 x I a.c.

Full- wave Bridge resistive load

V d.c I d.c

I d.c

I d.c

I d.cV d.c

V d.c

V d.c

)30-7()Rectifier(.

186

Batteries

)( .

.

.Ampere / Hour12V 10A/h12

101015)(

1045). (

5%60A/h

3A.

)(

H2SO4)2pbo()pb(

.2V12V.

)dry charge (

)2pbo()pb(

)24(.

1.3 )(,

1.11.3 .

187

1.3 )(full charge

1.2 )(half charge 1.1 )(empty charge

.

Discharge

)(

)(

Charge

188

)31-7(

..

Carbon Zinc

1.5

Alkaline 1.5

Lithium 3.0

Nickel Cadmium

1.2

Lead Acid 2.0

Nickel Hydride

1.2

X

Lithium Polymer

1.2

X

Sodium Sulfur

X

X

Zinc Air 1.5

Zinc Bromine

X

X