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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
CO2 C t I d t i l S Gl b lCO2 Capture: Industrial Sources – Global Technology Roadmap for CCS in IndustryKlaas van Alphen Global CCS InstituteKlaas van Alphen - Global CCS Institute IEAGHG Summer School, Norway, August 2010
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
TODAY’S PRESENTATION: CO2 CAPTURE -INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Scene SettingSectoral Focus
High-purity CO sourcesHigh-purity CO2 sourcesCementIron and steel
fRefineriesBiomass-based industrial CO2 sources
UNIDO ROADMAP U O O
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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
SCENE SETTING• Industry accounts for approx. 40% of total energy-related CO2
emissions• The majority of industrial energy use and CO2 emissions takes place
in developing countries; • CCS is one of the few low-carbon options for energy-intensiveCCS is one of the few low carbon options for energy intensive
industries– Cement clinker making: no alternative !– Biomass + CCS = net negative emissions (backstopping option)
• Not considering CCS is expected to increase mitigation costs significantly (by about 70%) – (IEA Blue map scenario)g y ( y ) ( p )
• Half of the CO2 emission reduction potential from CCS is in industry• Lots of attention for CCS in the power sector, but limited for industry
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CCS APPLIED TO INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESREPRESENTS 45% OF CAPTURED CO2 BY 2050REPRESENTS 45% OF CAPTURED CO2 BY 2050
Global installed CCS by sector - 2050
0%8%
5% 3% 4%10 000
12 000
MtCO2/year
8%4%
21%6%
100%6 000
8 000
40%
8%100%
2 000
4 000
Pulp and paper
Coal power
Gas power
Synfuels + H2 (gas)
Biomass power
Synfuels + H2 (biomass)
Iron and steel
Cement Chemicals
Gas process.
Total0
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IndustryFuel Trans.Power
Source: EIA CCS Roadmap 2009, BLUE Map scenario (estimated data)
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
+50% OF CO2 CAPTURED FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES IN INDIA, CHINA AND NON-OECD COUNTRIESIN INDIA, CHINA AND NON OECD COUNTRIES
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Source: IEA, CCS Roadmap .
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES PROVIDE LOW COST OPPORTUNITIES FOR CCS
183%Fertilizer Avoided CO2 cost ($/tonne)
19
50
3%
1%Natural Gas
C t Kil
Avoided CO2 cost ($/tonne)
Production cost increase
50
52
36%
18%
Cement Kiln
Blast Furnace
66
81
60%
74%
Oxy‐combustion
IGCC
91
112
82%Post‐Combustion
NGCC 11243%NGCC
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
CURRENT CCS IN PROJECTS IN OPERATION RELATE TO ‘LOW COST’ INDUSTRIAL SOURCESTO ‘LOW COST’ INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Project N
District,C t
Capture f ilit
Capture t
Transport t
Storage t
Scale Year of tiName Country facility type type type operation
In Salah Ouargla, Algeria
Natural gasprocessing plant
Gas processing
14 km pipeline
Geological 1.2 Mtpa 2004
Sleipner North Sea, Norway
Gas processingplatform
Gas processing
Reinjection Geological 1 Mtpa 1996
SnOhvit North Sea, N
LNG plant Gas i
160 km i li
Geological 0.7 Mtpa 2008Norway processing pipeline
Weyburn Saskatche-wan,Canada
Great PlainsSynfuels plant
Pre-combustion
330km pipeline
EOR 3 Mtpa 2000
Gorgon Western Australia, Australia
LNG processingplant
Gas processing
pipeline Geological 3.4 Mtpa 2014
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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
WHY HIGH PURITY SOURCES? • 350-400 MtCO2 globally generated from high purity sources; i.e.
gas processing/refining; hydrogen/ammonia production (and f tili d ti f NH3) th ti f l d ti ( th tifertiliser production from NH3); synthetic fuel production (synthetic gas production/coal-to-liquids/gas-to-liquids);
• Capture of CO2 from dilute gas streams is the most expensive t f th CCS h icomponent of the CCS chain:
– Combustion plants (4-14% CO2) – must be concentrated to make transport & storage economic
– High temperature – must be cooled to avoid solvent degradation (postcombustion)
– Low pressure & partial pressure – must use chemical solvents– High-levels of impurities (SO2, particulates) – contaminate
solvents– High energy demand for flue gas treatments (increases costs)
• High purity sources avoid many of these issues
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CHARACTERISTICS
• All highly amenable to low cost capture (and compression)g y p ( p )• Several pathways to high purity CO2 process streams
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GAS PROCESSING PATHWAY
• New natural gas resources: challenges includeNew natural gas resources: challenges include increasing CO2 content
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GASIFICATION/REFORMER PATHWAY
SMR = Steam methane reforming; ATR = Auto thermal reforming; POX = Partial oxidation
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WAY FORWARD ON HIGH PURITY SOURCES• Need to work on data for all high purity sectors:
– Gas processing – gas demand + qualityp g g q y– Ammonia – need to understand projections for future
NH3 and fertiliser demandCtL tl l 1 ti l l t (S d– CtL – currently only 1 operational plant (Secunda, Sasolburg, RSA). Number of proposed projects (c. 30 worldwide in discussion))
– H2 – potential emergence for use in fuel cells and transportation
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CEMENT• Carbon capture at cement plants
– 0.6 – 1.0 tCO2/tonne of cement– CO2 emitted:
– 50% from calcination of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide CaCO3 CaO + CO2CaCO3 CaO + CO2
– 40% from fuel (Coal/Pet coke/Tyres/Waste/Oil/Solvents/ Sewage Sludge etc.)g g )
– 10% from electricity and transportation– Pre-combustion capture not viable (only PCC and Oxy)– Exhaust gases contain approx. 25% CO2 compared to
approx. 12% CO2 for coal-fired power plants and approx. 4% CO2 for gas-fired power plants4% CO2 for gas fired power plants
– 95% of calcination occurs in precalciner and 60% of fuel used in precalciner 12
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CEMENT: POST COMBUSTION CAPTURE • Advantages for cement plants
– The cement plant itself is unaffected– Except more stringent flue gas cleaning may be needed
– Retrofit to existing plants is possible• Disadvantages
– A substantial quantity of low pressure steam is needed for solvent stripping, requiring an on-site CHP plant
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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
CEMENT: OXYCOMBUSTION• Advantages for cement plants
– Low oxygen consumptionLow oxygen consumption– Compared to a coal fired boiler, 1/3 of the amount of
O2 is needed per tonne of CO2 captured• Disadvantages
– Retrofit would be more difficult than for post combustion capturecombustion capture
– Oxy-firing the precalciner only limits the amount of CO2 that can be captured
– For full oxy-firing, air in-leakage in mills and the kiln would have to be greatly reduced
Th i t f f ll fi i kil h i t t• The impacts of full oxy-firing on kiln chemistry etc are uncertain (More R&D is needed!)
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• CCS research programmes in the cement sectorCCS research programmes in the cement sector– ECRA CCS Project – Phase II complete– IEA GHG / BCA (now MPA) – complete( ) p– CO2CRC– WBCSD / CSI – Cement Technology Roadmap 2009– Cansolv– DVV / VDZ
Th E th I tit t t C l bi U i it– The Earth Institute at Columbia University (Zeman/Lackner) Institute of Energy Systems
• Pilot projectsPilot projects– CEMEX USA DOE project– ECRA Phase III, IV and V– LaFarge– Cansolv trial in California 15
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
STEEL AND CCS • there is no such technology as CCS for the steel industry• the only existing program where the construction of the y g p g
technology has been attempted is the ULCOS program• CCS is thus part of 3 process concepts, ULCOS-BF,
HIsarna and ULCORED which have reached variousHIsarna and ULCORED, which have reached various stages of development (demonstrator, pilot, modelling and lab).
• in the "short" term (until 2020), the ULCOS-BF ought to be validated at demonstrator scale;Ulcos is a consortium of 48 European based companies• Ulcos is a consortium of 48 European-based companies and organisations that have launched a cooperative R&D initiative to enable drastic reduction in CO2 emissions from steel production.
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ULCOS-BLAST FURNACETop Gas Recycling Blast Furnace: blast furnace with “in-process” capture replacing pre-heated air with oxygen and decarbonated off gases (recirculated). PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) with g ( ) S ( S g p )Cryogenic process enables separation and purification of CO2 stream, from a concentration of roughly 35% of CO2 up to a very pure (>95%) stream.
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BIOMASS BASED CO2 SOURCES
• CCS at biomass-based CO2 sources potentially leads to negative CO2 emissions i e CO2 uptake fromnegative CO2 emissions, i.e. CO2 uptake from atmosphere by natural CO2 sequestration in biomass
• Indispensable for low GHG stabilisation levels in the longer term (after 2050)
• A relatively pure CO2 stream is always produced duringbi t bi f l i ( t• biomass-to-biofuel conversion processes (capture-ready)
• Low incremental cost for CO2 capture drying,Low incremental cost for CO2 capture drying, compression, transport and storage
• Large potential for developing nations• Possibly more positive public perception than fossil CCS
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FUTURE CO2 CAPTURE POTENTIAL
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WHICH BIOMASS BASED SOURCES CAN BE CONSIDERED INDUSTRIAL • Bio-chemical biomass conversion:
– Ethanol• Thermo-chemical biomass conversion:
– Substitute Natural Gas (SNG)– Fischer-Tropsch Dieselp– Alcohols– Gasoline– Hydrogen
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BIOMASS BASED SOURCES -SCHEME
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ETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSE
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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS (SNG)( )
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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
WHAT DO WE KNOW?• 1st generation ethanol (IEA, 2008):
– Brazilian ethanol production (2007): 18.0×109 literBrazilian ethanol production (2007): 18.0 109 liter– USA ethanol production (2007): 24.4×109 liter– Roughly translates to 32 Mt CO2, being vented from– fermentation operations in Brazil and the USA alone– Average plant size USA: 200 Mliter/a ~140 kt CO2/a– Estimated GHG emission reduction w/o CCS in Brazil:
2.6-2.7 kg CO2 eq./liter 47 Mt CO2 (Macedo, 2004) Including CCS 61 Mt CO2Including CCS 61 Mt CO2
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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED REGARDING BIOMASS + CCS
• Which sources have the largest potential forWhich sources have the largest potential for application in developing countries?
• What is the anticipated minimum plant size atWhat is the anticipated minimum plant size at which CO2 should be captured? What are the scale issues?
• What CO2 capture from biomass-based industrial sources can be considered “low-hanging fruit”?
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GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
Most of the material in this slide pack are based upon
Objective of this Roadmap
p pthe Global Technology Roadmap for CCS in Industry
To advance the global uptake of low-carbon technologies in industry, particularly by involving developing countries and transition economies, by developing a Global Technology Roadmap for CCS in Industry and building the analytical foundationTechnology Roadmap for CCS in Industry and building the analytical foundation allowing to identify early opportunities for pilot/demonstration projects
Expected outcomes
To provide relevant stakeholders with a vision of industrial CCS up to 2050
To strengthen the capacities of various stakeholders with regard to industrial CCSCCS
To inform policymakers and investors about the potential of CCS technology
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Report due in Q4 2010 – one expert workshop held in Abu Dhabi 30 June – 1 July 2010.
GLOBAL CCS INSTITUTE
Global Technology Roadmap for CCS in IndustryFunders
Global CCS Institute
gy p y
Ministry of Petroleum and Energy
Implementing Agency
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Partners
International Energy Agency
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Host of the sectoral workshop
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Host of the sectoral workshop
MASDAR - Abu Dhabi National Energy
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www.globalccsinstitute.com