Name_____________________________________________PS______

EOC Review Packet - Interdependence

“Interdependence” is the relationship between one organism and another. This entire section is going to be discussing the impact that one organism has on the life of another.

1. Succession:

A) There are two types of Succession. One type of Succession, known as _____________ Succession, occurs in an area that has never supported life before. We know which areas have supported life before simply by the presence or absence of ___________. Over time, “mother nature” is going to try to go through the steps to eventually create a deciduous forest (called “succession”) on any and every surface, whether there is soil present or not. When it has to begin on rock, it of course takes longer. This process is known as _____________ succession. But, if ___________ is already present, that means that area has already supported life. Therefore, when “mother nature” begins to go through the steps of trying to create a deciduous forest, this would be a faster process because ____________ is already present.

B) Copy down the two types of Succession on your paper like shown below, and under each heading, write each step of each type of succession. Make sure to start with soil or rock, depending on the type of

succession.

Primary:

Secondary:

C) Succession can also occur in an aquatic (water-based) environment. A lake or pond can go through succession as well to, eventually, over a long time, become a field or forest. This occurs when _________________ settles on the surface of the pond and sinks to the bottom. This will occur over a long period of time and will eventually lead to a pond succeeding to form a field and, eventually, a forest.

D)

A) colonization of the pond by plants B) accumulation of sediment in the pondC) a change in water temperature of the pond D) increased activity of decomposers in the pond

A) Climate cooling in the area.B) Organic matter from producers.C) Breakdown of rocks by pioneer plants.D) Actions of roots by large trees in the area.

E)

F)

2. Food chains, pyramids and webs:

A) First, copy down the food pyramid shown above, label outside of each trophic level the 2 different names for each level. In the trophic levels inside the pyramid, label the percent of energy that each

receives from the original energy found in the producers.Secondly, inside each trophic level next to the percentages, place each of the following in the correct trophic level: wolf, lady bug, mouse, lion, zebra, phytoplankton, frog, lizard, zooplankton, oak tree

B) Don’t forget – when analyzing food chains and/or food webs, the arrow always points to __________ ______________ ___________!

A) Owl B) Grass C) Snake D) Grasshopper

C)

Use the above food pyramid for the following questions:

D) What organism gets their energy from the producers directly? _______________________________E) Who gets the least percentage of energy in this pyramid? ___________________________________F) If a non-native species of snake is brought into the ecosystem, name 2 ways this will impact this pyramid:

1. ____________________________________________________________________________2. ____________________________________________________________________________

G) If a large group of owls decide to emigrate from the ecosystem, how will this impact the pyramid and its trophic levels?

H)

I)

J)

3. Now, with the knowledge that you have of the different trophic levels, you can use this knowledge to help you with questions that are designed to get you to APPLY your knowledge of the food pyramid. Even if you don’t see a food pyramid in the question, if it’s a question related to “Interdependence,” it still may really help to draw one out.

K)

A)

B)

4. Often times, in the world of “Interdependence,” there are questions that just require common, sensible scientific knowledge. At times, they will ask you to read a few sentences and ask you something

simple from the passage, or to make a basic inference about what you’ve read. Quite often, these questions don’t require very much Biology knowledge, but instead just force you to think logically, like

the following questions:

A)

B)

C)

5. Native vs. Invasive Species: Native species are defined as species of plants or animals that live in an area naturally, without

any human intervention. Invasive species, on the other hand, are species of plants or animals that are non-native (or alien) to a given ecosystem. In other words, human interaction brought them into an area they would typically not reach naturally. Typically speaking, and ESPECIALLY when an invasive specie is in the same trophic level as a native specie, this can cause a major COMPETITION issue for the native specie, because they are typically competing for the same resources. One is typically a better competitor for that specific niche, and the other one is typically driven out or driven to extinction in that area (“localized extinction”).

A) Therefore, explain in the space below what happens to native species when non-native (a.k.a. “invasive”) species are brought in to the ecosystem.

B) What does it mean to be “native” to an area?

C) What does it mean to “invade” or be “invasive to” an area?

D)

E)

F)

D) The plant known as “Kudzu” or “Japanese Kudzu” was brought over from Japan in 1876 to serve as a beautiful shrub/bush that could be used for decoration and giving shade. However, about 4 decades later, ecologists began to notice that the Kudzu was giving a little too much shade; it was causing problems with other native plants because it was blocking so much sunlight that the plants that were already present were not able to photosynthesize, and they were dying.

i. Who would be the native species?

ii. Who would be the invasive (non-native) species?

iii. Describe the overall impact of introducing the Kudzu.

E)

F)

G)

6. Biodiversity: Biodiversity is defined as “the diversity of life;” in other words, the variety of different types of

life (species) in a given area. Having a high level of biodiversity is best for ANY ecosystem for multiple reasons:

1. There are different species filling many different niches.2. Because more niches are filled in more biodiverse areas, it is more efficient to be biodiverse. For example, instead of just one portion of a tree being used for food, shelter, etc., all portions of the tree are used (ex. different species of insects inhabiting the roots of a tree, the trunk, the body and the limbs).3. Each trophic level has multiple options for food, in case one specie of food is destroyed, removed, etc.

Increasing biodiversity is accomplished by maintaining the health of the ecosystem: making sure there is plenty of space, nutrients, niches, water, food options, etc.It is always the goal of an ecosystem to MAINTAIN BIODIVERSITY, which is accomplished by protecting

habitats.

A)

B)

7. Carrying Capacity:A) The carrying capacity of a population is the number of individuals an environment can support over a long period of time. Written slightly differently, the “carrying capacity” is the number of individuals an area is “capable” of “carrying.” For example, would we assume that for a 10-acre farm, that the carrying capacity for cows to be closer to 25 cows or 2,500 cows? _________. The carrying capacity is impacted by space, options/ opportunities for food, access to water, predators, nutrients, etc. As long as resources are plentiful and predators are few, the specie in the area will continue grow in number until the carrying capacity is reached. Now, for the cow example mentioned before, explain what the impact would be on the cow carrying capacity if a pack of wolves were introduced into the area? B) ______________________________________________________________________________Would their presence impact the carrying capacity of the cows in that area? C) _____________What would happen to the cows’ carrying capacity if a fungus swept through the producers (plants) that wiped out 80% of the producer population? D) ______________________________________________. Would the environment be able to support the same number of cows now? E)____________________What would happen to the carrying capacity of cows if the farm owner bought 10-15 horses to live off of the land? What would the impact be on the cow carrying capacity? F) ____________________________Why? G) _______________________________________________________________________ Finally, what would happen to the carrying capacity of the cow population if all predators were eliminated from the area, all parasites and diseases were eradicated, and nitrogen-rich fertilizers were added to the farm land? H) _____________________________________________________________.Would the farm land be “capable” of “carrying” more or less cows now? I) ______________________.Therefore, would this cause the cow carrying capacity to increase or decrease? J) ________________

K) In general, list 4 things below that would cause a specie of plant’s carrying capacity to decrease:1. ___________________________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________________________

L) In general, list 4 things below that would cause a specie of animal’s carrying capacity to increase:1. ___________________________________________________________________________________

C)

2. ___________________________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________________________

M)

N)

O)

A) Cattle B) Sheep C) Fallow Deer D) Nilgai Antelope

P)