MASS CLONAL MICROPROPAGATION OF TEAK PLUS TREES FOR HIGH YIELD AND

SUPERIOR QUALITY PLANTATIONS

Doreen K S Goh 1 & Olivier Monteuuis21 YSG Biotech Sdn Bhd, Yayasan Sabah Group, PO Box 11623, 88817 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

2CIRAD-BIOS, UMR AGAP, TA A-108/03 - Avenue Agropolis 34398 Montpellier cedex 5 - FRANCE

Teak is one of the most prized high value timberworldwide, but natural resources are dramatically shrinking, and have become more and more protected

i) Shortage in top grade quality timber and an increasingdemand

Rationale for planting high yield and super ior quality Teak

ii) Increasing land pressureiii) Shift to smaller scale and private plantations

iv) Maximizing the returns on investments in the shortest delays

Teak plantations have traditionally been established from seeds

` Insufficient availability` The longer the clear bole produced (thus, the

higher the commercial value), the more delayedthe onset of fruiting

` Highly unpredictable and generally low seedgermination rates (20 30%)

` High variability among individuals, even whengenetically related, affecting traits of major economical importance such as -

G R O W T H

DI A M E T E R

B O L E SH APE

W O O D C H A R A C T E RIST I CS

` Insufficient availability of seeds` The longer the clear bole produced (thus, the higher the commercial

value), the more delayed the onset of fruiting` Highly unpredictable and generally low seed germination rates (20

30%)` High variability among individuals, even when genetically related,

affecting traits of major economical importance such as -

` A lack of information regarding the geneticcontrol of most of the economically-important traits and of the genetic gain that can be expectedfrom sexual reproduction (seeds)

` the multiplication of unlimited individuals that are identical in every aspects to the selected original ortet, and this

` regardless of the seed production capacity of the individuals (whether too young or due to unsuitableenvironmental conditions)

For Research purposes: -genotype X site interactions-her itability studies-ex- situ conservation

For operational activities:-clonal seed orchards for

genetically improved seedproduction

- plantation establishments

1993:Development of efficient methods for mass propagating true-to-type rooted cuttingsor tissue culture selected teak trees of any age

At the nursery level, 450 to 500 rooted cuttings can be producedannually per m2 of stock plants from mature selected teakgenotypes applying the YSG-C irad protocols (av rainfall of 2500mm/yr without distinct dry season in Malaysia)

Requisites for cuttings production:

Reliable and good quality automatically-controlledmist System

Container-grown stock plants intensively managed(adapted pruning and pinching operations every 3 to 5 days)

Committed and exper ienced staff

L imiting factors:

Good stockplant responsiveness resulting from propermanagement

Requiring a number of container-grown stockplantsas well as space for stockplants

Staff competency

Climatic conditions (tropical humid without distinct dry season)

Time needed (1 to 2 yr) for reactivating-re juvenating themature selected genotypes

Further to the nursery method, efficient in vitro protocols were GHYHORSHGGXULQJWKHVE\

From shoot nodes

Mer istem (100m) culture-issued teak tree

18 months after planting 7 yr after planting(G irth: 55cm, ,Height: 25m)

Microcutting technique very cost efficient (1 sole culture medium)Exponential multiplication rate: 3-4n (n: number of subcultures every 6 weeks)

Ex-vitro acclimatization of plantlets: >95% success rate

Annual production capacity of more than 2 millions clonal plants

Evolution of Project into Commercial subsidiary in 2003

Advantages of the in vitro compared to nursery option:

High productivity all year round in limited space,regardless of the outside climatic conditions

Stock plant constraints avoided: quantity and relevant space, intensive management requirement

Rejuvenation can be achieved more efficiently, especially by meristematic culture with the possibility to remove endogenouscontaminants

This is the only way of exporting live plants to overseadestinations for international exchanges or markets

More profitable than the nursery option for large productions (> 100 000 plants/yr)

Worldwide exportation of Teak plantletsTM

Overseas plantation establishments of our clonal mater ials

INDONESIA TANZANIACOSTA RICA

AUSTRALIA BRAZIL MEXICO

E C U A D O R

BRAZIL(Mato Grosso) Comparison between clonal and seedling materials

2 year-old clonal plantation established in fertile soils and showing very good uniformity

INDONESIA

TANZANIA

COSTA RICA

AUSTRALIA

7 yr-old: H : 20.5 m, DB H : 25.4 cm and clear bole length of 17.5 m.

Queensland, Australia (exports between 2002 2009)

The fact that Teak can be easily and clonally mass-propagated true-to-type (no C-effects) from mature

selected individuals using very cost-efficient conditions strongly justifies the clonal option

Wood quality improved

Losses can be reduced

It can be combined to other crops(agroforestry systems)

Rotations can be shortened, (part of the crop can be harvested earlier)

Productivity can be increased

Suitably selected Teak clones can be attractive to land owners providing:

Per ipheral planting of teak in oil palm plantations

` Strong intensity of selection

` Combining several selectioncr iter ia

` Avoiding too close genetically-related genotypes

Selection of CPT for mass clonal propagation

The usual phenotypic selection

Traits of fast growth, minimal branching, and bole straightness

10 year-old tree note high heartwood to sapwood ratio

LVIXUWKHUUHILQHGE\

Non-destructive core sample procedures

Board sampling(destructive method for genotypes represented by several individuals - clones)

Initial origin traceability

AccessionEMBL Database

AJ968929AJ968930AJ968931AJ968932AJ968933AJ968934AJ968935AJ968936AJ968937AJ968938AJ968940AJ968941AJ968943

Microsatellitelocus name

CIRAD1TeakA06CIRAD1TeakB03CIRAD1TeakF05CIRAD1TeakG02CIRAD1TeakH10CIRAD2TeakB07CIRAD2TeakC03CIRAD3TeakA11CIRAD3TeakB02CIRAD3TeakD09CIRAD3TeakF01CIRAD4TeakD12CIRAD4TeakH09

Alleles

215 227248 248268 276168 168228 228143 145280 280274 280237 251207 209217 229143 143226 228

Tracing of initial origin Genetic relatedness Clonal identification Property rights issues

Better character ization of our mater ials

Gather ing and further enriching our teak genetic resources to be wisely managed as base, and then breeding populations, has been, and remains, our priority

The company currently owns the ZRUOGV r ichest teak gene pool that canbe used for genetic improvement as well as for commercial transactions

After several decades of expectation, teak clonal forestryhas become a reality and is rapidly expanding.

This success is due to the development of efficient and simple nursery and in vitro methods adapted

to the true-to type mass clonal propagation of teak plus trees of any age.

RELEVANT PAPERS (CHRONOLOGICALLY LISTED)

Monteuuis O (1995) Recent advances in clonal propagation of teak. In: Proc. of the International Workshop of BIO-REFOR, Kangar,Malaysia, Nov. 28 - Dec. 1, 1994, 117-121

Monteuuis O, Vallauri D, Poupard C, Hazard L, Yusof Y, Wahap Latip A, Garcia C, Chauvire M (1995) Propagation clonale detecks (Tectona grandis) matures par bouturage horticole. Bois et Forts des Tropiques, 243, 25-39

Bonal D, Monteuuis O(1997) Ex vitro survival, rooting and initial development of in vitro rooted vs unrooted microshoots fromjuvenile and mature Tectona grandis genotypes. Silvae Genetica, 46 (5), 301-306

Goh D, Monteuuis O (1997) Vegetative propagation of teak. ITTO Tropical Forest Update, 7 (2), 13Monteuuis O, Bon M-C, Goh DKS (1998) Teak propagation by in vitro culture. Bois et Forts des Tropiques, 256:43-53Monteuuis O, Goh D (1999) About the use of clones in teak. Bois et Forts des Tropiques 261: 28-38Monteuuis O (2000) Propagating teak by cuttings and microcuttings. In: Proc. of the international seminar 6LWH technology and

productivity of teak SODQWDWLRQV FORSPA Publication N24/2000, Teaknet Publication N3, 209-222Goh D, Monteuuis O (2001) Production of tissue-cultured teak: the Plant Biotechnology Laboratory experience. In: Proc. of the

Third Regional Seminar on Teak: 3RWHQWLDO and opportunities in marketing and trade of plantation Teak: Challenge forthe New Millenium. July 31 Aug. 4, 2000, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 237-247

Goh DKS, Alloysius D, Gidiman J, Chan HH, Mallet B, Monteuuis O (2005) Selection and propagation of superior teak for qualityimprovement in plantations: case study of the ICSB/Cirad-Fort joint project. In: Proc. of the international symposiumheld in 2003 on Quality Timber Products of Teak from Sustainable Forest 0DQDJHPHQW (KM Bhat, KKN Nair, KVBhat, EM Muralidharan and JK Sharma eds), Kerala Forest Research Institute, India and International Tropical TimberOrganization, Japan. 390-399

Goh DKS, Monteuuis O (2005) Rationale for developing intensive teak clonal plantations, with special reference to Sabah. Boiset Forts des Tropiques 285:5-15

Goh DKS, Chaix G, Bailleres H, Monteuuis O (2007) Mass production and quality control of teak clones for tropical plantations: TheYayasan Sabah Group and Forestry Department of Cirad Joint Project as a case study. Bois et Forts des Tropiques293: 65-77

Monteuuis O, Matre HF (2007) Advances in teak cloning. ITTO Tropical Forest Update, 17 (3): 13-15Chaix G, Monteuuis O, Goh DKS, Bailleres H, Boutahar N (2008) Quality control and mass production of teak clones for tropical

plantations. In: Proc. of the international symposium held in 2007 on 3URFHVVLQJ and marketing of Teak woodproducts of planted IRUHVWV (KM Bhat, M Balasundaran, KV Bhat, EM Muralidharan and PK Thulasidas eds), KeralaForest Research Institute, India and International Tropical Timber Organization, Japan. 146-157.

Goh DKS, Monteuuis O (2009) Status of the

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