Climate of Pakistan (1)

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Climate is a generalization of

the day to day weather

conditions over a long period

of time; usually thirty years

or more.

Example: It may take many

years for a desert to change

into a forest.

Weather refers to the

atmospheric conditions; like,

rainfall, snow, temperature,

pressure and wind; of any

place for a short period of time.

Example: Thunder and rain

are only for a short period of

time.



HIGHLAND ZONE:

Highland climate includes north, north-western and western highlands.

The winter are very long, cold and snowy

while the summers are very short and mild.LOWLAND ZONE:

Lowland climate includes the whole of theIndus Plains except the coastal areas.

The climate is arid and extreme with hotsummers, cool and dry winters and summer monsoon rainfalls.

The amount of rainfall differs from North toSouth.



COASTAL CLIMATE:

The coastal climate is located at the very coast of the river or sea.This region includes the southern coastal strip comprising of theIndus Delta, Karachi and the Makran coast. This kind of climatereceives sea breezes through out the year.

ARID CLIMATE:

The arid climate is found in the South-West Balochistan & the

south-eastern desert of Pakistan. Arid climate is described as themost dry and hot climate with hot dust wind prevailing fromMay to September. There is a large amount of scanty rainfall inthe areas with Arid Climate.

Coastal Climate

Ar id Climate



HIGHLAND C LIMATE

LOWLAND C LIMATE

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Pakistan consists of four main seasons:

Cool Winter ( mid-November to mid-March )

Early Summer ( April to June )

Late Summer ( July to September )

Post Monsoon ( October to mid-December)



P akistan's climate is varied because of the difference in altitude

from one end of the country to another.

During summer, the mountainous areas are pleasant and

temperate, but the Indus Valley swelter in temperatures of 100ºF (40ºC) or more.

In late summer the southern region experiences monsoons,

particularly along the coast.

In winter the low-lying areas cool down appreciably to average

temperature of 50ºF while the northern mountains ice up with the

air well below freezing.



The average temperature in Pakistan is23.9 °C. The average temperature range

is 21 °C.

The highest monthly average high

temperature is 41 °C in June.

The lowest monthly average low

temperature is 5 °C in January &

December.

Pakistan's climate receives an average of

489 mm of rainfall per year. On average there are 49 days per year

with more than 0.1 mm of rainfall

(precipitation) or 4 days with a quantity of

rain, sleet, snow etc. per month.





There are many types of flood that occur in

the country almost every year.

y M onsoon floods: They are common inPakistan. M onsoon rain can fill river basins

with much water coupled with melting snows.

Torrential rains from decaying monsoon low

pressure area can also produce river flooding.

y Urban floods: They occur in the major cities of

Pakistan, they are also common in the

monsoon season.



Flash floods: They also occur in P akistan, they are common in

the northern areas of the country and cause great loss of life

there. Floods due to the breaches of river: Embankments and canal

breaches are a frequent occurrence in all the districts of

P akistan.

Coastal floods: occur when a tropical storm makes landfall in thecoastal areas of the country. The South-Eastern Sindh and

the Makran coast bear the burnt of such floods.



Monsoon Winds

Western Depressions

Relief Rainfall

Tropical Cyclones

Hurricanes

Thunderstorms

Flood return nutrients tothe land.

Floods distribute rich

sediments and refresh streams.

Floods spread a layer of alluvium.

Floods increase the fish production.

Floods recharge ground water supplies.



The whole of Sindh, most of Balochistan, themajor part of the P unjab and central parts of

Northern Areas receive less than 250mm of

rainfall in a year. Northern Sindh, southern

P unjab, north-western Balochistan and the

central parts of Northern Areas receive lessthan 125 mm of rainfall.

True humid conditions appear after the rainfall

increases to 750 mm in plains and 625 mm in

highlands. There are two sources of rainfall inP akistan: the Monsoon and the Western

Depression.

The former takes place from July to September

and the latter, December to March.



Monsoon is traditionally defined as aseasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation.

Nowadays, it is used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea.

Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer tothe rainy phase of a seasonally-changing pattern, although technically there is also a

dry phase.



The 2010 Pakistan floods began in late July 2010 , resulting from heavy monsoon rains in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,

Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan regions of Pakistan and affected

the Indus River basin.

A pproximately one-fifth of P akistan's total land area was

underwater. According to Pakistani government data the floods

directly affected about 20 million people, mostly by destruction

of property, livelihood and infrastructure.

R ain in 2010R ain in 2010R ain in January 2011



o Relief rainfall is related to the height of

land.

o It occurs where moist unstable air moves

up a mountain or scarp edge, and it is

chilled.

o This chilling causes heavy condensation

and precipitation, on the windward side.

o The lee slopes tend to receive sinking,

warming air, and a dry ³rain shadow´ area may lie leeward of the barrier.



At start of summer, hot air rises up which also

contains a high moisture content. When it

reaches the higher layers of the atmosphere,

condensation takes place.

This causes rainfall, often as thunderstorms.

Strong winds accompanying the storms may

pick up as well.

Only the northern and north-western areas of

Pakistan receive rainfall from convectional currents.

Southern Pakistan is deprived of convectional

rainfall due to a temperature inversion layer.



Tropical Cyclones bring heavy

rainfall and destructive wind to the

coastal areas for a few hours.

I t start¶s from the Arabian Sea but

it rarely reaches the coast of

Pakistan, usually once every few

years.

This source of rainfall is totallyunreliable both in terms of when

and where it will occour.

Cyclone in P akistan

N atur al Cyclone



Thunderstorms are common in thenorthern and north-western areasof Pakistan.

In Balochistan dust storms and

strong winds are also experienced. Stormy rainfall and hail also

occours as aresult of these windswhich causes destruction to apples pears etc.

Tropical cyclones from the ArabianSea can also affect the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan.

DUST STORMS

THUNDERSTORMS

TROP ICAL CYCLONES



HIGHLAND ZONE:-

ColdCold winterswinters andand mildmild toto warmwarm summerssummers characterisecharacterise thethe climateclimate inin northernnorthernandand northnorth westernwestern areasareas of of thethe highlandhighland zonezone..

InIn northernnorthern areasareas thethe growthgrowth of of treestrees isis retarded,retarded, grassgrass isis burriedburried under under snowsnowandand inin somesome placesplaces riversrivers alsoalso freezefreeze..

FarmingFarming isis notnot possiblepossible soso peoplepeople areare engagedengaged inin indoor indoor activitiesactivities suchsuch asascarpetcarpet weavingweaving emberoideryemberoidery work,poetrywork,poetry etcetc..

TranshumanceTranshumance isis alsoalso practicedpracticed ii..ee..movingmoving of of flocksflocks upup toto thethe cooler cooler highlandhighlandinin thethe summer summer andand returningreturning toto thethe plainsplains inin thethe coldcold winter winter..

LOWLANDLOWLAND ZONEZONE--SEMISEMI ARIDARID TOTO ARIDARID::--

TheThe fertilefertile plainplain of of Punjab,Punjab, draineddrained byby thethe IndusIndus andand itsits four four tributariestributaries hashas aaextremeextreme typetype of of climateclimate..

InIn daytimedaytime thethe summerssummers areare exremelyexremely hothot winterswinters areare cooledcooled toto mildmild..

ThereThere isis aa wellwell developeddeveloped CanalCanal IrrigationIrrigation systemsystem toto raiseraise cropscrops likelike wheatwheat

andand sugarcanesugarcane..

Lowland zone



Coastal Zone:

A cool area so people often come to visit.

Many house paints are damaged due to salty sea breeze.

Oxygenated Air and Dust.

High amount of P recipitation.

Clear sky.

Sandy areas.

Arid Zone: A dry and hot climate.

P eople move to cooler areas with their animals.

Hard to grow crops.

A rain in three years.

Karez is practiced.

In winter, cold and dry climate.

A deserted area.

Coastal zone

Coastal zone

Arid zone Arid zone



There are four types of Drought in Pakistan:

1. Permanent Drought: When crop cultivation is not possible without irrigation.

2. Seasonal Drought: Occurs in areas with rainy and dry seasons.3. Invisible Drought: The result of water deficiency that reduces crop yields.

4. Unpredictable Drought: The result of abnormally low rainfall and high

amount of humidity.



Climate & Weather.

Climatic Zones.

Seasons of Pakistan.

Climate of Pakistan.

Climatic Elements.

Temperature.

Floods.

Rainfall.

Cyclones

Storms

Drought

Climatic Effects.



www.google.com/images

www.wikipedia.com

The Environment of Pakistan by Huma Naz Sethi.



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Climate of Pakistan (1)