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Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes Timothy K. Kratz 1 , Jereme W. Gaeta 1 , Gretchen J. A. Hansen 3 , Noah R. Lottig 1 , Jordan R. Read 2 , Emily H. Stanley 1 , John F. Walker 2 , and Carl J. Watras 3 1 University of WisconsinMadison 2 USGS 3 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

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Page 1: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes

Timothy K. Kratz1, Jereme W. Gaeta1, Gretchen J. A. Hansen3, Noah R. Lottig1, Jordan R. Read2, Emily H. 

Stanley1, John F. Walker2, and Carl J. Watras3

1University of Wisconsin‐Madison2USGS3Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Page 2: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Thanks to:

• North Temperate Lakes Long‐Term Ecological Research Project

• Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts• Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company• National Science Foundation• Co‐authors:

Page 3: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Outline

• Dynamics of lake levels• Ecological response to changes in lake levels

– Crayfish and cobble– Fish and dead trees

• Projections of future lake level change

Page 4: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Historic Lake Levels: Vilas and Oneida Counties

Buffalo LakeCrystal Lake

Watras, C.J., J.S. Read, S. Morgan, Z. Liu, and E.H. Stanley. 2014. Decadal oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the upper Great Lakes region of North America: hydroclimatic implications. Geophysical Research Letters 41:456‐463.

Page 5: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Lakes Michigan/Huron and Superior show similar patterns

Page 6: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Lake Level Response to DroughtSeepage lakes have larger response than drainage lakes

Data courtesy of North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research project; UW-Madison

Page 7: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Trout Lake

Rusty Crayfish:  a story from two lakes

Rusty Crayfish

Hansen, G.J.A., A.R. Ives, M.J. Vander Zanden, and S.R. Carpenter. 2013c. Are rapid transitions between invasive and native species caused by alternative stable states, and does it matter? Ecology 94:2207‐2219

Page 8: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Rusty crayfish cause decline in aquatic plants

Page 9: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Rusty crayfish cause decline in aquatic plants

Page 10: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Rusty Crayfish (#/trap)

Sunfish (#/net)

Sparkling Lake, Wisconsin

Rusty crayfish abundance in a seepage lake

Removal starts

Removal ends

Page 11: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Drought conditions reduce cobble habitat

Page 12: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the
Page 13: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the
Page 14: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Fish, woody habitat,people and climate

Photo: Michele Woodford

Gaeta, J.W., G.G. Sass, and S.R. Carpenter. 2014. Drought‐driven lake level decline: effects oncoarse woody habitat and fishes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences71:315‐325.

Page 15: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Residential development has caused loss of woody habitat in shallow waters of lakes

Residential Development(buildings/km of shoreline)

Woo

dy Habita

t(lo

gs/km of sho

reline)

Page 16: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Woody habitat influences growth and composition of fish communities

Largemouth bass

Page 17: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Lower water levels effectively remove woody habitat from lakes

Photo by Jereme GaetaPhoto by Dick Lathrop

Page 18: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Modeling Future Lake Level Dynamics

• Scenarios A1, A1b, and B2 from IPCC 4th Assessment• Downscaled using WICCI protocols* • Average of 6 GCM outputs• Coupled with regional hydrologic model for northern 

Wisconsin

• Predicts: – Regional temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration– Lake specific groundwater, surface water and lake stage

*WICCI. 2011. Wisconsin’s Changing Climate: Impacts and Adaptation. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin‐Madison and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Madison, Wisconsin. 217 p.

Page 19: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Historic Lake Levels: Upper Midwest 

Buffalo LakeCrystal Lake

Page 20: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Modeled Water Level Crystal Lake, WI

Met

ers

Abo

ve S

ea L

evel

2000 2040 2060 20802020

498

499

500

501

502

Scenario A1

Scenario B2

Scenario A1b

Page 21: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Summary

• Lake levels show significant decadal‐scale variability.

• Quality of shallow water habitat important for aquatic organisms is affected by lake level change.

• Lake level changes are likely to have ecological consequences such as reduced growth or abundance of key species.

• Climate projections predict lower lake levels, but not until end of this century.

Page 22: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Lake level over timeLittle Rock Lake, WI

>‐1.1m

Gaeta, J.W. et al. in review

Page 23: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

‐76%

Lake level

Corresponding change in woody 

habitat

Gaeta, J.W. et al. in review

Page 24: Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern ... · Climate Change, Water Levels and the Ecology of Northern Wisconsin Lakes ... oscillation of lakes and aquifers in the

Modeled Net Precipitation (P‐E)Northern Wisconsin

40

20

0

‐20

Centim

eters

20202000 2040 2060 2080

Scenario A1

Scenario B2

Scenario A1b