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Climate Change and Health Paul R. Epstein, M.D., M.P.H. Center for Health and the Global Environment Harvard Medical School. http://www.med.harvard.edu/chge. TMINS: WINTERS & NIGHTS. HEAT ISLAND EFFECT. RESPIRATORY & CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Socioeconomic/emotional factors. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
Climate Change and Climate Change and HealthHealth
Paul R. Epstein, M.D., M.P.H.Paul R. Epstein, M.D., M.P.H.
Center for Health and the Global Center for Health and the Global EnvironmentEnvironment
Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard Medical Schoolhttp://www.med.harvard.edu/http://www.med.harvard.edu/chgechge
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
TMINS: WINTERS & NIGHTS
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
ASTHMA
2-3foldsince1980
RESPIRATORY & CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASERESPIRATORY & CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Indoor pollutants
Socioeconomic/emotional factors
Ground-level 0Ground-level 033
(T-dependant)(T-dependant)
FOSSIL FUEL-RELATED
Tree & Weed PollenTree & Weed Pollen
Diesel PM
Droughts, Fires & HazeDroughts, Fires & Haze
Floods & Fungi
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
Global Emergence, Resurgence & Global Emergence, Resurgence & Redistribution of Infectious Redistribution of Infectious
DiseasesDiseases30 DISEASES “NEW” TO MEDICINE SINCE 1976
HIV/AIDS Ebola
Legionnaires’ E. coli O157:H7
Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant Agents
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Lyme Disease Nipah Virus
Vibrio cholerae O139 Arenaviruses
RESURGENT & REDISTRIBUTING
Malaria, Dengue Fever, West Nile Virus
VECTORSVECTORSMosquitoesMosquitoes
TicksTicksRodentsRodents
BatsBatsTsetse FliesTsetse Flies
FleasFleasLiceLice
SnailsSnailsAlgaeAlgae
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
SARS-Severe acute respiratory syndrome
CORONAVIRUS
1. Mutation
2. Genetic recombination
3. Mouse hepatitis or chicken virus
4. (BT)
TRADE, TRAVEL, TOURISM
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL-CDC-CDC
WEST NILE VIRUS
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
WEST NILE VIRUS WEST NILE VIRUS HUMAN CASES & DEATHSHUMAN CASES & DEATHS
-Science 2002:297:1988
1999 2000 2001 2002 (17Sep)
1460
62 66 21
4161 cases
277 deaths
Feb ‘03
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
WNV: A DISEASE OF WILDLIFEWNV: A DISEASE OF WILDLIFE
230 SPECIES
INFECTED IN 2002
• 134 Bird spp., Raptors
• 14,045 Horses
• Zoo Penguins & Macaques
• Reptiles – Fla. Alligators
AVIAN FLYWAYSAVIAN FLYWAYS
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
-Lindgren & Gustafson. Lancet 2001;358:16-Lindgren & Gustafson. Lancet 2001;358:16
1980s 1990s
TICK DISTRIBUTION IN SWEDENTICK DISTRIBUTION IN SWEDEN
LYME DISEASE LYME DISEASE
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
CHANGES CHANGES IN IN
MONTANE MONTANE REGIONSREGIONS
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
CryosphereCryosphere
PlantsPlants
Mosquitoes
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
Range Expansion of Soybean Cyst Nematode in North America
Crop Pests Crop Pests Generations/YearGenerations/Year
From: Rosenzweig et al., GC & HH 2001;2:90
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
HURRICANE MITCHHURRICANE MITCHHURRICANE MITCH 1998
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
HURRICANE HURRICANE MITCHMITCH
IMPACTS ON HEALTHAND DEVELOPMENT
-- Malaria (>30,000 cases) -- Dengue fever (>1,000) -- Cholera (>30,000) -- Leptospirosis
DISEASE CLUSTERDISEASE CLUSTER
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
Poor Communities & Developing Nations Poor Communities & Developing Nations
Oil-related health consequences
Extraction: Nigeria, Ecuador, Mexico
Refining & benzene
Utility plants & mercury
Air pollution & inner city truck routes
Extreme weather events
Economic inequities
Vulnerabilities – coping, adaptation,
restoration, prevention,
public health infrastructure
But no nation is immune
Mozambique
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS & EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS & DISEASE CLUSTERSDISEASE CLUSTERS
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
WEATHER ANOMALIES, TRAVEL WEATHER ANOMALIES, TRAVEL HAZARDS HAZARDS
and TRAUMA and TRAUMA
Fog, Ice Storms & Road TravelFog, Ice Storms & Road Travel
Floods & MudslidesFloods & Mudslides
Ice Instability, Heavy Precipitation & AvalanchesIce Instability, Heavy Precipitation & Avalanches
Infrastructure Damage and Water Q&QInfrastructure Damage and Water Q&Q
HEALTH & ECONOMIC IMPACTSHEALTH & ECONOMIC IMPACTS
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
SST Anomalies October 14 SST Anomalies October 14 20022002
Freshening of the North Atlantic
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
Deep Ocean WarmingDeep Ocean Warming
Levitus et al. Science 2000; 287: 2225Levitus et al. Science 2000; 287: 2225
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
Hoerling and Kumar, Science 2003 ;299: 691Hoerling and Kumar, Science 2003 ;299: 691
FRESHENING FRESHENING OF THE OF THE
NORTH NORTH ATLANTICATLANTIC
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
Exploration
Extraction
Transport
Refining
Transport
Air Pollution
Acid Rain
Climate Change
EutrophicationNOxs
Warming OceansCoral ReefsSLREWEsMelting Polar Ice
Harm
Marine
Mammals
Shore birds
Fisheries
Consumers
Livelihoods
OIL OIL LIFE CYCLE LIFE CYCLE COSTSCOSTS
Spills
&
Leaks MERCURY
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASESEMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES HumansHumans
WildlifeWildlife TreesTrees
CropsCrops CoralCoral
Marine Marine LifeLife
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
Costs of Extreme Weather EventsCosts of Extreme Weather Events
UNEP Projections UNEP Projections
$150 Billion/yr w/in the Decade w/ Current Trends$150 Billion/yr w/in the Decade w/ Current Trends
CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
BENEFITS & OPPORTUNITIESBENEFITS & OPPORTUNITIES
•Energy Efficiency (EE)
•Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies
•“Green Buildings” & Smart Growth
•Transport and Transit Systems
•Ecological Reconstruction
•Retrofitting Infrastructure THE ENGINE OF THE ENGINE OF GROWTHGROWTH
for thefor the
2121stst CENTURY CENTURY
FINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL INCENTIVES& MARKET SIGNALS& MARKET SIGNALS
JOB
CREATION