CLIL – CONTENT LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNINGpierluigistroppa.altervista.org/SITO STROPPA+... · CLIL – CONTENT LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING ... Galaxies are going far away from

ENGLISH 4UNG S UCLIL – CONTENT LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING

FCE – First Certificate in English

Teacher: Mr Stroppa Pierluigi

Tutor : Mrs Pieroni Mazzanti M. Teresa

FROM THE BIG BANG TO ?FROM THE BIG BANG TO ….?

BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE

Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution

FROM THE BIG BANG TO ….?

BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSEBy Newton, September 2007

Curiosity: why is the “big bang” called like that?called like that?

The astronomer Fred Hoyle, in 1949, pulled the leg to the astronomers who affirmed that the universe had come from a big explosion like a “big bang”.big bang .


What’s the big bang?What s the big bang?

It’s a big explosion which happened about 14 billion years ago. y g

• All the energy and the matter of the universe were generated from here.

Explosion


How to simulate the big bang and the i iuniverse expansion

Draw dots (as galaxies) on the g )balloon surface and then blow the dots then blow… the dots seem to race away f h thfrom each other.


Big Bang simulation with a balloon

I’m dog tired!!!

The teacher is blowing up a The teacher is blowing up a balloon..what an effort!!


Why the Big Bang?Why the Big Bang?

1. Because it explains the “red shift” phenomenathe red-shift phenomena

2 Because it explains the 2. Because it explains the “cosmic microwavebackground radiation”

3. Because it explains the amount of the universe chemical elements.


What Hubble sawFirst proof: the red shift

1) The expansion of the universe (Hubble, 1929)

By Newton, September 2007


What Hubble saw in 1929First proof: the red shift

What Hubble saw in 1929

Hubble fromHubble from Mount Wilsonobservatory

Galaxies are going far away from each other


First proof: the red shift

A red shift movie… in the classroomTh A i Ed i H bbl i 1929 f M t Wil Ob t th hift f th The American Edwin Hubble in1929 saw, from Mount Wilson Observatory, the shift of the galaxies spectrum light towards the red colour … that means the universe is expanding!!

Red shift simulation withstudents of 1D class , November 2008



First movie about RED SHIFT) Th l t ti th bl kb da) The electromagnetic wave on the blackboard

By Class 1A, October 2008 Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution


b) “bl hift” d “ d hift” ith

Second movie about RED SHIFTb) “blue shift” and “red shift” with a rope

By Class 1A, October 2008 Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution

Curiosity: the Doppler EffectFirst proof: the red shift

Curiosity: the Doppler Effect

Doppler Effect


The second proof of the Big Bang: the cosmic microwave background radiation

Second proof: the cosmic microwavebackground radiation

cosmic microwave background radiation

By NASA

N.B. listen for about 15 seconds..finally yyou’ll hear the sound of the cosmic microwave!

By MONDADORI


1. The cosmic microwave background radiation

Second proof: the cosmic microwavebackground radiation

1. The cosmic microwave background radiation

By CNR

This picture shows the universe evolution from the Big Bang up to the present day.


CURIOSITY: HOW TO OBSERVE THE PHOTONS OF 13 BILLION YEARS AGO

Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation

13 BILLION YEARS AGO

switch on your TV…

…. one dot on 100 could come from that time!

By tv


2. George Gamow suggested the cosmicb k d d


microwave background radiation existence

By INTRODUCING Stephen By INTRODUCING Stephen Hawking


The cosmic background microwave radiation discovery


The cosmic background microwave radiation discovery

In 1964 the Americans Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, while they were working with w e ey we e wo g w an horn antenna, accidentally discovered a wave of 7,3 cm coming from all directions of the space.At first they thought it was due to the pigeons..later on p gthey realized they were Gamow’s microwaves: thecosmic microwave background radiation!


By INTRODUCING Stephen Hawking

The cosmic microwave background radiation


The cosmic microwave background radiation

Th CMBR i t h l ith th fi t d t d t The CMBR movie at school with the first grade students of IPSAR (class 1B). We simulated different

f h itemperatures of the universe.By class 1B, November, the 14th, 2008 . The students of first line don’t The students of first line don t move at all! they rapresentthe absolute zero temperature = -273°C

But there is a place where the temperature is even temperature is even lower: the LHC in Geneva, its value is –271°C!!

Italy-Slovakia twinning 2008-09 Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution

The background cosmic microwave radiation hasSecond proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation

been measured

By Cobe (COsmic Background Explorer) satellite, in1989,

by Boomerang (Balloon Observation Of y g (Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation And Geophysics) test in 2005Geophysics) test, in 2005

b W (Wilki Mi A i t by Wmap (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) satellite, in 2006


Sky map of variations in the CMBRSecond proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation

Sky map of variations in the CMBR

These small fluctuations are believed to have formed the kernels of the later large-scale structure of the universe

By WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) satellite (2006)


Comparison between COBE and WMAP


Comparison between COBE and WMAP

COBE (1989). The red areas are hotter then the blue ones (by Astronomia- de Agostini)Astronomia de Agostini)

Difference of sensibility between COBE and WMAP experiments. In the second one p

(WMAP) there is an improvement of the image

WMAP (2006). By CNR


Comparison between BOOMERANG (2005) and WMAP (2006)


In these three points you can think that three new l dgalaxies were generated

By CNR.


The following elements were formed in the first three

Third proof: the amount of chemical elements

gminutes of the universe life:

H = 75%4He 24%4He = 24%2H = 0,1%3He = 0,01%7Li = 0,0000001%Li 0,0000001%

Th b bl d h f The above table corresponds to the amount of chemical elements present in the universe today.


The destiny of the universeThe destiny of the universe

The destiny of the universe

The first destiny shows the endless expansion of the universe.

d f d “ ld d h” b hIt is definid “cold death” because the stars are going to switch off.

The end of the universe according to the “cold death”

The second destiny shows the repeating universe, with an alternation between big bang and big crunch.I i d fi id “h d h” b h

Th d f th i di t th “h t d th”

It is definid “hot death” because the universe will begin again.

By Newton, September 2007 Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution

The end of the universe according to the “hot death”

The Big FreezeThe destiny of the universe

The Big Freeze

The “big cold” is also called the “big freeze”.


The end of the universe according to the “cold death”g

If the universe expansion continues it’ll become colder If the universe expansion continues, it ll become colder and colder.


An additional hypothesis: The Big RipThe destiny of the universe

If the universe expansion increases faster, there will be a big rip!!

Universe explosion (big rip)

Universe expansion

p ( g p)

Poor Lorenzo: the balloon has b t t!!burst out!!

On the right a neutron

By class 1B, January 2009

(or a proton). The innerof the atom will explodeat the moment of the big g

rip!

Clil – The Universe: birth and evolutionThe gluons are the particles that join the neutrons one another

to the protons

Th Bi C h d th ti i

The destiny of the universe

The Big Crunch and the repeating universe

If the universe expansion stops and all the galaxies come back to the beginning, there will be a big crunch and maybe a further big bang!


The end of the universe according to the “hot death”


The Big Crunch in the classThe destiny of the universe

g

The big crunch with a balloon. Here the balloon is deflating and it represents the Big Crunch.


Another picture of the repeating cycles The destiny of the universe

Another picture of the repeating cycles

Here the expansion is at the maximun level


THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSEThe shape of the universe

THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSE

OPEN Big Freeze or Big Rip

N T

HE

BET

WEE

FLAT

Big freeze

TAN

CE

BA

XIES

The point where

NOW TIME

DIS

TG

AL

CLOSED

Big Crunch

the three different coloured lines

meet represents NOW TIME


the big bang event

THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSEThe shape of the universe

THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSEI thi i t h id b t th diff t h f th iIn this picture you can have an idea about the different shapes of the universe

The open universe is similar to an horse saddle

The flat it looks like a carpetThe flat it looks like a carpet

The closed universe it looks like the upper part of a parachute


parachute

OPEN UNIVERSE

The shape of the universe

The open universe theory doesn’t follow Euclide’s principle. In fact the sum of the UNIVERSE

By class 1C, February the 14th, 2009

p pinternal angles of a triangle is less than 180° .

Mah!2009

Where is Where is Mary?

Did you understand?understand?

α < 180°By Compact CosmosClil – The Universe: birth and evolution

FLAT UNIVERSEThe shape of the universe

The flat universe theory follows Euclide’s principle: the sum of theFLAT UNIVERSE

By class 1C, February the 14 h 2009

Euclide s principle: the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is 180°

14th, 2009

α = 180°

By Compact Cosmos


THE CLOSED UNIVERSE: MAYBE THE BEST ONE FOR US

The shape of the universe

MAYBE THE BEST ONE FOR USThe closed universe theory doesn’t follow Euclide’s principle In fact theBy class 1C, February, the

14th, 2009

follow Euclide’s principle. In fact the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is more than 180° .

By Compact Cosmos

α > 180°By Compact Cosmos


The universe compositionConclusions

The universe composition

Today we know just 4.6% of y jthe universe composition. We know that the dark matter exists but not directly; as the universe is still expanding (against the Newton’s gravity force) we can suppose that some forms of dark energy exist.


The dark matterConclusions

The dark matter

How can we demonstrate that the dark matter exists?

Scientists have noted that the speed of the stars on the border of the Milky Way (our galaxy) is higher than the supposed one.

This means that some matter i t th !


exists there!

Maybe dark energy doesn’t exist?Conclusions

Maybe dark energy doesn t exist?

M1xM2F = G

Below the classic Newtonian formula of Gravitation which it is always attractive.

F = G --------------d2

Th d f l l i th t th N t i F ld b l i hThe second formula explain that the Newtonian Force could be repulsive when distances become very great...this could be the answer to the universe expansion!

M1xM2F = - G --------------

d2For big distances (in my opinion):


ConclusionsConclusions

The destiny and the shape of the universe depend not only on the density of the visible matter, but also on the so called “dark matter”, the one we can’t see yet.

In addition we have to consider the dark energy that represents the counterpart of Newton’s gravity. In fact it is repulsive, not attracting.

In Gran Sasso lab and in the LHC of Geneva they are trying to calculate how much dark matter and how much dark energy there are in the universe.


Documents

CLIL – CONTENT LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNINGpierluigistroppa.altervista.org/SITO STROPPA+... · CLIL – CONTENT LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING ... Galaxies are going far away from