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CLASSIFICATIONS OF PACKAGING
Prepared by Mrs.M.Janani
Department of Commerce (International Business)
Government Arts College, Coimbatore – 18.
Reference: Fundamentals of Packaging Technology
Authors: S.Natarajan
M.Govindarajan
V.Kumar
PACKAGING
• Packaging is the science, art and technology ofenclosing or protecting products fordistribution, storage, sale, and use.
• It refers to the process of design, evaluation,and production of packages
• Packaging can be described as a coordinatedsystem of preparing goods for transport,warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use
PACKAGING TYPES
Primary packaging is the material that first envelopsthe product and holds it. This usually is the smallestunit of distribution or use and is the package which isin direct contact with the contents.
Secondary packaging is outside the primary packagingperhaps used to group primary packages together.
Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling,warehouse storage and transport shipping. The mostcommon form is a palletized unit load that packs tightlyinto containers.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRIMARY PACKAGING
• Ampoules
• Vials
• Containers
• Dosing dropper
• Closures (plastic, metal)
• Syringe
• Strip package
• Blister packaging
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENCONDARY PACKAGING
• Paper and boards
• Cartons
• Corrugated fibers
• Box manufacture
PRIMARY PACKAGING MATERIALS
GLASS:
Glass has been widely used as a drug packagingmaterial.
Advantages of Glass:
• It allows easy inspection of the containers contents.
• It is available in variously shaped containers.
Disadvantages of Glass:
• It is fragile
• It is expensive when compared to the price of plastic.
TYPES OF GLASS CONTAINERS
BOTTLES:Used in the dispensary as either amber metric
medical bottles or ribbed (fluted) oval bottles.Available in sizes from 50ml to 500ml.• Amber metric medical bottles are used for
packaging a wide range of oral medicines.• Ribbed oval bottles attached are used to package
various product that should not be taken orally.• This includes liniments, lotions, inhalations and
antiseptic solutions.
DROPPER BOTTLES:
• Eye drop and dropper bottles for ear and nasaluse are hexagonal-shaped amber glasscontainer fluted on three sides.
• They are fitted with a cap, rubber teat anddropper as the closure. The bottles are used ata capacity of 10ml or 20ml.
PLASTICS
ADVANTAGES OF PLASTICS:• Flexible and not easily broken.• Low density and light in weight• Are cheapDISADVANTAGES OF PLASTICS:• They are not as chemically inert as Type-I glass.• They are not as impermeable to gas and vapour
as glass.• They may possess an electrostatic charge which
will attract particles.
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVC):
Used as rigid packaging material and maincomponent of intravenous bags.
POLY PROPYLENE:
It has good resistance to cracking whenflexed. Suitable for use in closures, tabletcontainers and intravenous bottles.
POLYSTYRENE:
It is also used for jars for ointments andcreams with low water content.
METALS
• Metals used such as tin-plated steel, mildsteel, stainless steel, tin-free steel, andaluminium and its various alloys.
• Metal is strong, opaque, and impermeable tomoisture, gases, odors, light, bacteria, etc. It isresistant to high and low temperatures.
TIN:
Tin is the most chemically inert of all tubemetals. It offers good appearance andcompatibility with a wide range of products.
TINPLATE:
Tinplate is basically a steel structure with athin layer of tin deposited on either one sideor both sides, gives the steel some protectionfrom corrosion.
ALUMINIUM:
• Aluminium lighter in weight and can be easierto shape.
• The thick rigid closures are used mainly forcans or aerosol containers, while the thinflexible material is used primarily for theclosure of bottles or thermoforms
• Blister packs use hard temper (so that thetablet can be pushed through the material).
Tubes can be supplied internally by
• Lacquered
• Wax coated
• Later line
PLASTIC TUBES
Flexible plastic tubes in a range of sizes dia.19mm, to 50 mm dia. And volume up to300ml.
• Orifice 2mm to 8mm (3mm Standard) Tubewall thickness with 400-500 micron.
LAMINATED TUBES
Multilayer tubes with Aluminium foil /nylon/polyester act as barrier against oxygen,moisture, aroma loss provide a glossy surfaceenhancing printing quality.
• Transparent stretch polypropylene and PETtubes with dispenser caps are designed
• Different caps such as conical, flip-top, can becustom designed for an aesthetic look
BULK CONTAINERS
•For bulk drug and active pharmaceutical ingredient
packaging, bags and drum liners manufactured in a cGMP
- compliant environment. LDPE and foil laminate bags and
drum liners are custom-produced in a wide range of sizes
and constructions.
•cGMP - compliant with respect to quality systems,
complete traceability, change control, SOPs and
pharmaceutical grade housekeeping, and are registered
in Drug Master File.
BLISTER PACK:
Blister packs are commonly used as unit dosepackaging for pharmaceutical tablets, capsules orlozenges
• Blister packs consist of two principal components:1) a formed base web creating the cavity insidewhich the product fits and 2) the lidding foil fordispensing the product out of the pack.
• There are two types of forming the cavity into abase web sheet: thermoforming and cold forming
THERMOFORMING:
• In the case of thermoforming a plastic film orsheet is unwound from the reel and guidedthrough a pre-heating station on the blisterline.
• The temperature of the pre-heating plates(upper and lower plates) is such that theplastic will soften and become mouldable.
COLD FORMING
• In the case of cold forming, an aluminium basedlaminate film is simply pressed into a mold bymeans of a stamp.
• The aluminium will be elongated and maintainthe formed shape.
• Advantage of cold form foil blisters is that the useof aluminium is offering a near complete barrierfor water and oxygen, allowing an extendedproduct expiry date.
• The disadvantages of cold form foil blisters arethe slower speed of production compared tothermoforming and the lack of transparency ofthe package and the larger size of the blister card.
Example for cold forming method Diagram• Aluminium Foils for Blister Packing• Aluminium Foil suitable for blister packing of
Pharmaceutical Products such as Tablet,Capsules, etc.
STRIP PACKAGE:
• It is commonly used for the packaging of tablets andcapsules. A strip package is formed by feeding twowebs of a heat sealable flexible film through a heatedcrimping roller. The product is dropped into the pocketformed before forming the final set of seals. Acontinuous strip of packets is formed which is cut tothe desired number of packets in length.
• The materials used for strip package are cellophane,polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene,polyvinylchloride.
CLOSURES:Closures are the devices by means of which
containers can opened and closed. Proper closingof the container is necessary because
• It prevents loss of material by spilling orvolatilization.
• It avoids contamination of the product from dirt,microorganisms or insects.
• It prevents deterioration of the product from theeffect of the environment such as moisture,oxygen or carbon dioxide.
MATERIALS USED FOR MAKING OF CLOSURES
The closures for containers meant for storageof pharmaceutical products are generally madefrom the following basic materials.
• Cork
• Glass
• Plastic
• Metal
• Rubber
SECONDARY PACKAGING MATERIALS
PAPER:
This can be used as a flexible wrap forproducts, or as a closure material for jars.Most paper materials are used with a linerapplied either as a laminate or as a coating.
PHARMACEUTICAL CORRUGATED FIBERBOARD
• Corrugated fiberboard is a paper-basedconstruction material consisting of a flutedcorrugated sheet and one or two flatlinerboards. It is widely used in themanufacture of corrugated boxes.
CARTON
A carton is a type of suitable for food,pharmaceuticals, hardware, and many othertypes of products. Folding cartons are usuallycombined into a tube at the manufacturer andshipped flat (knocked down) to the packager.
SYMBOLS USED ON PACKAGES AND LABELS
• Many types of symbols for package labellingare nationally and internationallystandardized. For product certifications,trademarks, proof of purchase, etc.identification code.
TRENDS IN PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING
• Packaging of oral medicines generally conforms torequirements for easy dispensing, child resistance butsenior-friendliness, but packs must also be identifiable,functional and very often hermetically sealed to cutthe number of accidental poisonings .
Gentle handling is also essential and packs should behermetically sealed for higher product safety. Asolution to achieve hermetically sealed packs forblister, blow-fill-seal pouches, vials and other productsis to overwrap them into a horizontal flow wrap.
• New packaging lines will have to offer high flexibilitywhile maintaining production levels.
• To meet validation requirements, pharmaceuticalcompanies increasingly demand that machinery ismodularized and standardized. This includes astandardized operating interface and control systemsfor all components. Such systems also have monitoringsystems for maximum production safety.
• Standardisation that is sufficient to produce highefficiencies. The entire packaging process needs to beharmonised and there is a huge optimisation potentialin this area.
EVALUATION OF PRIMARY PACKAGING MATERIAL:
• Leakage test
• Hydrolytic resistance
• Collapsibility
• Residue on Ignition
• Light Transmission
• Water Vapour Permeation
• Heavy Metals & Non Volatile Residue
EVALUATION OF SECONDARY PACKAGING MATERIAL
Testing of paper and board
• Air permeability: Permeability is the main airflow through unit area under unit pressuredifference in unit time under specificconditions expressed in ----
• Tensile strength: both wet and dry. Themaximum tensile force per unit width thatappear or board will withstand beforebreaking.
COBB TEST:
This measures the mass of water absorbedby 1cm2 of the test piece in a specified timeunder a head of 1 cm of water. It isdetermined by weighing before and afterexposure to the water, and usually quoted ing/m2
SPECIFIC TESTS FOR CARTONS
• Compression: Assessment of the strength of theerected package, thereby estimating the degreeof protection that it confers on the contents.
• Crease stiffness: Also called the crease recoverytest. This involves testing carton board piece andfolding it through 90°. It will then try to recoverits former position when the bending force isremoved. This increase and decrease in theinherent board stiffness after folding is measured.
Primary package
• The first wrap or containment that directlyholds/envelops product for sale.
• E.g. Bottle, can, tube, fiber drum.
Secondary package
• Any outer wrappings that help to store, transport,inform, display and protect the product.
• E.g. Decorated carton or gift box.
Tertiary package• Distribution package (shipper).Grouping of product for bulk handling, warehouse
storage, transportation & shipping.• E.g. Corrugated brown carton, large pallets of shrink-
wrapped boxes.Unit load• A group of distribution packages assembled into a
single unit for the purpose of mechanical handling,storage & shipping.
• E.g. contena.
Primary Packaging
Primary packaging is the packaging in directcontact with the product itself and is sometimesreferred to as consumer or retail packaging. Themain purpose of primary packaging is to protectpackaging is to protect and/or preserve, containand inform the consumer.
There are various examples of primarypackaging and there can sometimes be severalcomponents for one product. For example forbeer, the bottle containing the liquid and thelabel are both classed as primary packaging.Corrugated primary packaging is often used forgift and luxury products such as in the tech andcosmetic industry.
Example: For beer the primary packaging wouldbe a can or bottle.
Secondary PackagingSecondary packaging’s main purpose is for branding
display and logistical purposes. As well as protectingand collating individual units during storage and areoften used by the beverage, food and cosmetic sectorsfor displaying primary packs on shelves and aresometimes also referred to as grouped or displaypackaging. Secondary packaging also includespackaging purposely made to display multiple productunits for sale which speeds restocking from storeroomto shelf, this packaging includes retail-ready packaging(RRP), shelf-ready packaging (SRP) or counter-topdisplay units(CDUs).
Secondary packaging is predominantlycorrugated cardboard packaging print finishedto a high standard, such as being litho printedwith well thought out branding and design,due to the integral part it has to play in themarketing funnel.
Example: Secondary packaging for beerincludes beer carry packs or can packs.
Tertiary packaging
Tertiary packaging facilitates theprotection, handling and transportation of aseries of sales units or secondary packaging inorder to group everything into unit loadsduring transit. This type of packaging is rarelyseen by the consumer.
CONSUMER PACKAGING
Consumer packaging means all packagingproducts made of any material, orcombination of materials, for thecontainment, protection, marketing orhandling of consumer products.
Consumer packaging means any container ofvapour that is of an appropriate size for sale toa consumer.
Consumer packaging, broadly defined, as theproduct packaging that a consumer interacts withon a daily basis. Most of the time consumerpackaging is primary packaging and comes indirect contact with the product. Other times,consumer packaging is secondary packaging,which the consumer receives as part of theproduct’s packaging. Here is an example ofconsumer packaging in its primary packaging(bottles inside) and secondary packaging (boxoutside) form.
This, however, is just at a conceptual level. Ifpractical scenarios are to be consideredconsumer packaging is much more than theouter layer that protects a product and is indirect contact with a consumer. Consumerpackaging is anything that facilitates:
Convenience
While making a decision to buy a product,consumer packaging makes a difference. If thepackaging benefits the consumer, they arecompelled to buy it more. For example, Heinzintroduced the upside-down ketchup bottlefor user convenience. This packaginginnovation was able to drive Heinz tomatoketchup sales by 6% in just a year.
Brand Awareness
The packaging acts as a brand ambassador of theproduct. Every brand relates to a particular colour, fontand that translates on the packaging. This makes itstand apart from other brands on the shelf and attractsa consumer’s attention. Smart phones, retail,cosmetics, and other products now come in individualpackaging that heavily reflects on a brand’s identity.With unboxing video trends taking over the digitalworld, consumer packaging is now being perceived asan experience.
Communication
Consumer packaging also plays an interactive rolewith customers. For example, PepsiCo’s Kurkure --a savoury snack brand shares a recipe on itspackaging. Different flavours of Kurkure have adifferent recipe to drive purchase for otherproducts of the same brand. Apart from thatconsumer packaging is also used to provide theuser with information like manufacturing details,product content etc.
Here are some detailed examples of howconsumer packaging plays a major role atevery stage of a consumer’s journey.
I. Role of Packaging Before Reaching theCustomer
Is your potential customer aware of yourbrand? Here is how packaging can help inspreading brand awareness.
Packaging for Brand AwarenessPackaging acts as a brand ambassador for spreadingbrand awareness. A customer might or might be not inthe need of your product. Even then, if your packagingis standing out on the shelf, there is a greater chancethat the consumer might think of buying it.If you see, in the offline retail stores and e-commercewebsites, the products are arranged in categories, i.e.retailer places similar products together. Hence, if youare launching a product in the market, then packagingplays an important role in grabbing consumer’sattention.
Following are the factors influencingpackaging for brand awareness.
1. Package Shape
Simple shapes never go out of fashion. Whiledetermining the shape for your packaging,you should also consider its durability whileshipping.
For example, the packaging for Sesamis Bar-ahomemade chocolate company is square, yetdistinguishable.
2. Package PrintYou can be selective for colour, images, and fontson the package but the print on the packageshould be readable.Colours on the packaging influence theconsumers a lot. For example, yellow isconsidered a happy colour and is suitable forpackaging meant for children’s products.Look how Small & Wild Limited, a herbal teacompany for kids has designed its package withattractive images, font, and colour.
3. Package Size
Right-sized packaging is also important forconvenience sake. The packaging should notbe oversized that it cannot accommodate theshelf. It should neither be too small to getoverlooked by the user.
II. Role of packaging in motivating consumers to buyyour product
The quality of the product is, of course, the firstpreference of the consumers. But, he seeks moreinformation for validation. You can differentiateyour product by providing relevant information inthe packaging.
Given a choice between two products of thesame quality, which product will the consumerchoose?
The consumer is more likely to go for the productwith impressive packaging. Some of the keyfactors to influence consumers are:
• Packaging design with practical utility
• Reusable packaging like glass jars, PET tubs, etc.
• Refill packaging
• Informative packaging
• Convenient to carry
For example, Heinz introduced upside-downketchup bottle for user convenience. Thispackaging innovation was able to drive Heinztomato ketchup sales by 6% in just a year.
III. Role of Packaging When the Consumer has Madea Purchase
When the consumer has made a purchase, thework isn’t over yet. The manufacturers also haveto consider how the user interacts with thepackaging.
For instance, if the consumer purchased yourproduct because of attractive packaging, butwhile opening finds spills or product damage, it iscertainly not a good impression on the user.
So, what does the consumer expect from the packaging?1. Product Safety
The consumer is trusting the packaging for the safety ofthe product inside. One should never compromise thepackaging design against product safety. The elementsof safe product packaging are:
• Right –sized box• Padding and fillers• Locking and sealing• The durable outer packaging material• Moisture resistant
2. Convenient PackagingConsumers want to cherish the products without much effort inopening the package. Quicker the package opens, happier is theconsumer. Following are the psychological factors associated withconvenience:
• No need for additional tools to open the package• Fewer fillers and tapes• Lightweight packaging• Easy to carry• Less waste
Amazon has introduced Frustration-Free Packaging meant forsaving the environment and increasing consumer’s ease-of-accessibility.
IV. Role of Packaging for Consumer Retention
More time the consumer spends withpackaging (in a productive way), hisprobability of buying the product againincreases. Following are some of thesuccessful consumer retention techniquesthrough packaging.
1. Informative Packaging
Relevant information on the packaging helps in increasing consumer interaction with the product. Also, as mentioned before, informative packaging validates the consumer’s choice for the product.
For example, PepsiCo’s Kurkure-a savoury snack brand shares a recipe on its packaging. Different flavours of Kurkure have a different recipe to drive purchase for other products of the same brand. This strategy also illustrates the role of packaging for marketing.
2. Quality of Packaging Material
Quality of packaging material is also a bigfactor in consumer retention. The packagingmaterial should be odourless and chemicallynon-reactive with the product.
V. Role of Packaging Post Consumption
This is the last stage of packaging in theconsumer’s journey and by now the consumerhas an impression of the product.
Now, packaging plays an important role indetermining the brand impact. Like we saidbefore, the consumer will choose yourproduct over the competitors’ when he issatisfied with the ease-of-accessibility.
Another way to look at the role of packaging for acustomer post consumption is the ease-of-disposal. The consumers today are well aware ofthe environmental concerns with the use ofplastic in packaging. To set a positive impressionof your brand, you can incorporate some of thefollowing packaging strategies:
• Recycled and recyclable packaging• Reusable packaging• Minimalist packaging• Compostable packaging
For example, American Cinema brand-Cinemark distributed reusable popcornbuckets to the customers. These buckets tothe refilled and can act as a storage containerat homes. The packaging adheres to the ‘3Rs’-100% reducible, reusable, and recyclable.
VI. Bonus: Role of Packaging in Winning Consumer’sSentimentsOne cannot ignore the role of packaging to a customerfor winning his sentiments. The consumers feel goodabout their positive contribution to the environmentby using products with sustainable packaging.According to a report from the Environmental Leader,“59% of millennials (the generation born between1980 and 2000), consider packaging sustainability to beimportant throughout the entire value chain. And 44%of millennials are willing to pay a premium for productswith sustainable packaging”.
TRANSPORT PACKAGING
• Transport packaging is designed to protect goods that are intransit, especially products that are shipped by truck ortrain. However, the supply chain often includes othermodes of transportation as well. Therefore, transportpackaging needs to be designed for both the localconditions and the export conditions if the goods are sentfrom one country to another.
• Reusable Transport PackagingImplementing a reusable packaging system means that youreplace a one-ay packaging with a returnable solution.Once they arrive at final destination, these boxes must becollected and sent back to the distribution point.
SHRINK PACKAGING
• Among the specialised plastic packaging systems, shrink packaging orcommonly known as shrink wrapping and stretch wrapping are verycommon and widely used. Though there are some apparent similarities inthe two systems, in overall analysis, they are considered to be totallydifferent in terms of material and operation.
• In the case of shrink wrapping, shrink film is used as the basic material andheat forms an important part of the operation, whereas, in the case ofstretch wrapping, stretch film is used as the basic material and no heat isapplied during the operation. Shrink Wrapping is done in 3 or 4 stages,namely:– wrapping (sleeve wrapping or over-wrapping)– sealing (necessary only for over-wrapping)– shrinking (with application of hot air), and– cooling Stretch wrapping is done only in two stages, namely, wrapping and
sealing (most of the time even without a sealer).
• Plastics used for Shrink / Stretch Wrapping Shrink and stretch wrapping can bequite complex in their structure. Most of the packaging films that are used forshrink and stretch wrapping are from the polyolefin range. These are materialsproduced from oil based chemicals by what is called a polymerization process,which basically means getting the right molecules and atoms to club together in away that is required Shrink Pack 342 or desirable for a particular application. Themost common plastic materials are polyethylene, polypropylene and poly vinylchloride.
• Polypropylene is comparatively less used in shrink and stretch wrapping, because itis slightly harder than the other commonly used materials. It has a higher meltingtemperature and is less stable when shrinking. However, many over-wrappingmachines use polypropylene and some can be put through a shrink tunnel to givea slight tightening effect. PVC is a dense material. As most polymers are sold byweight and there has been ecological pressure in Europe and America against itsuse, sometime use of PVC is restricted. However, it is still considered to be acommon material in India, when clarity is an important selection criterion,particularly for consumer packaging.
BARCODES
• GS1 barcodes
• Barcodes are symbols that can be scannedelectronically using laser or camera-based systems.
• They are used to encode information such as productnumbers, serial numbers and batch numbers. Barcodesplay a key role in supply chains, enabling parties likeretailers, manufacturers, transport providers andhospitals to automatically identify and track productsas they move through the supply chain.
• GS1 manages several types of barcodes. Each isdesigned for use in a different situation.
• EAN/UPC barcodes• Instantly-recognisable, EAN/UPC barcodes are printed on virtually
every consumer product in the world. They are the longest-established and most widely-used of all GS1 barcodes.
• DataBar family• Compact 1D barcodes that can hold additional product attributes
such as the weight of fresh foods.• One-dimensional (1D) barcodes used exclusively in general
distribution and logistics• Versatile 1D barcodes used to represent ID keys and attributes in a
distribution environment.• Two-dimensional (2D) barcodes• Compact, high-capacity 2D symbols suitable for representing all GS1
keys and attributes.
EDI
• In today’s business environment, B2B integration is a key to success;in fact, many companies will no longer do business with you if youcan’t do business electronically. While many businesses haveincorporated emails and faxes into their B2B communication, theseprocesses still involve human handling and are thus slow and proneto error. Although they provide improvements over postal mail-based processes, they lack the power and functionality of e-commerce.
• As you can see, this manual process involves a lot of paper, people,and time. Mail can be slow and paper documents can be misplacedor lost. Once received, mailed and faxed documents must bemanually entered into a computer application, a process thatfrequently results in errors. And even though an email is sentelectronically, it too must be entered manually, because thecomputer application has no way of knowing where each piece ofdata needed is located within the email.
• Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the computerto-computer exchange of business documents, such aspurchase orders and invoices, in a standard electronicformat between business partners, such as retailersand their suppliers, banks and their corporate clients,or car-makers and their parts suppliers.
• The most common documents exchanged via EDI arepurchase orders, invoices, and advance ship notices.But there are many others, such as bills of lading,customs documents, inventory documents,shippingstatus documents, and payment documents.
• Just as two speakers of different languages cannot hold aconversation, two business systems, each with its own proprietaryformat rather than a common format, cannot exchange data witheach other. Thus, a common, standard format is the language bywhich businesses communicate with each other via theircomputers.
• EDI standards have been developed by organizations of concernedbusinesses to identify needs, create plans to meet those needs, andcome to an agreement on the proposed standards. Subcommitteescontinually meet to propose new standards or changes in responseto evolving business requirements. There are several EDI standardsin use today. The most common cross-industry standards are ANSI,primarily used in the United States, and EDIFACT, primarily used inEurope and Asia. In addition, there are standards for specificindustries, such as SWIFT for banking and RosettaNet for high-tech.
UPC
• The Universal Product Code is a barcode symbology that is widelyused in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand,and other countries for tracking trade items in stores.
• UPC (technically refers to UPC-A) consists of 12 numeric digits thatare uniquely assigned to each trade item. Along with therelated EAN barcode, the UPC is the barcode mainly used forscanning of trade items at the point of sale, per GS1 specifications.The UPC-A barcode is visually represented by strips of bars andspaces that encode the UPC-A 12-digit number. Each digit isrepresented by a unique pattern of 2 bars and 2 spaces. The barsand spaces are variable width, i.e. 1, 2, 3, or 4 modules wide. Thetotal width for a digit is always 7 modules; consequently, UPC-A 12-digit number requires a total of 7×12 = 84 modules.
• A complete UPC-A is 95 modules wide: 84 modules forthe digits (L and R sections) combined with 11 modulesfor the S (start), M (middle), and E (end) guardpatterns. The S (start) and E (end) guard patterns are 3modules wide and use the pattern bar-space-bar,where each bar and space is one module wide. The M(middle) guard pattern is 5 modules wide and uses thepattern space-bar-space-bar-space, where each barand space is also one module wide. In addition, a UPC-A symbol requires a quiet zone (extra space of 9modules wide) before the S (start) and after the E (end)guard patterns.
SYMBOLS USED ON PACKAGES AND LABELS
SYMBOLS USED ON PACKAGES AND LABELS
SYMBOLS USED ON PACKAGES AND LABELS
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