ASIA PACIFIC CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY

©ASIA PACIFIC CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY P/1

CLASSIFICATION NOTES

3 Tooth Root Bending Strength

Marine Gears - Calculation of Load Capacity of

Involute Parallel Axis Spur and Helical Gears

January 2016

Marine Gears - Calculation of Load Capacity of Involute Parallel Axis Spur and Helical Gears

Section 1

Basic Principles - Introduction and General Influence Factors 1.1 Introduction

1 1.1 The following requirements are mainly based on the ISO 6336 standard (hereinafter also called "refer-ence standard ') for the calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears.

1.2 Scope and field of application

1.2 1 The following requirements apply to enclosed gears, both intended for main propulsion and for essential auxiliary services which accumulate a large number of load cycles (several millions), as required by the Rules.

1.2.2 These requirements deal with the determination of load capacity of external and internal involute spur and helical gears, having parallel axis, with regards to surface durability (pitting) and tooth root bending strength and to this purpose the relevant basic equations are provided in Sec.2 and 3.

1 2.3 The influence factors common to the equations in Sec.2 and 3 are described in this Section.

1.2 4 All influence factors are defined regarding their physical interpretation. Some of the influence factors are determined by the gear geometry or have been established by conventions. These 'factors are to be calculated in accordance with the equations provided. Other factors, which are approximations, may be calculated according to methods acceptable to the Committee.

1.3 Symbols and units

1 3 1 The main symbols used are listed below.

a .......................... centre distance, [mm]

b common facewidth, [mm]

b1.2 ................. facewidth of pinion, wheel, [mm]

d ........................... reference diameter, [mm]

d1,2 ................ reference diameter of pinion, wheel, [mm]

da 1.2.................... tip diameter of pinion, wheel, [mm]

dbl,2 ................ base diameter of pinion, wheel, [mm]

dfl.2 ....................... root diameter of pinion, wheel, [mm]

dw1,2 .................... working diameter of pinion, wheel, [mm]

Ft .......................... nominal tangential load, [N]

Fbt .................. nominal tangential load on base cylinder in the transverse section, [N]

h ........................... tooth depth, [mm]

mn ....................... normal module, [mm]

mt .......... .............transverse module, [mmj

nl.2 ....................... rotational speed of pinion, wheel, [revs/min]

P maximum continuous power transmitted by the gear set. [kW]

T1.2 ......................torque in way of pinion, wheel. [Nm]

u ........................... gear ratio, (-]

v ........................... linear speed at pitch diameter, [m/s]

*1.2 ...................... addendum modification coefficient of pinion, wheel, [-]

z number of teeth, [-]

z1.2 ....................... number of teeth of pinion, wheel, [-]

2n ........................ virtual number of teeth. [-]

<«n ...................... normal pressure angle at reference cylinder, f0]

«t . ..... .................transverse pressure angle at reference cylinder, [°]

"tw ........................ transverse pressure angle at working pitch cylinder, [°J

ft ........................... helix angle at reference cylinder, [°]

ftb ........................ helix angle at base cylinder, [°]

........................ transverse contact ratio. [-]

eft ......................... overlap ratio. [-J

cy .......................... total contact ratio, [-]

1.4 Geometrical definitions

1.4.1 For internal gearing z2, a. d2, da2 and dw2 are negative The pinion is defined as the gear with the smaller number of teeth, therefore the absolute value of the gear ratio, defined as follows, is always greater or equal to the unity:

u = Z2 dw2 = d2 Z1 dw1 dl

1 4 2 For external gears u is positive, for internal gears u is negative.

1.4.3 In the equation of surface durability b is the common facewidth on the pitch diameter

1 4.4 In the equation of tooth root bending stress b1 or b2 are the facewidths at the respective tooth roots. In any case, b1 and b2 are not to be taken as greater than b by more than one module (mn) on either side.

1 4.5 The common facewidth b may be used also in the equation of teeth root bending stress if significant crowning or end relief have been adopted.

1.4.6 Following geometric proportions are to be used:

, . tan an tan at = —

cos ft

tan fib = tan ficos at

, mn d = z ----- -

cosft

Page No. 3 of 20 Classification Notes

mt cos•fi

calculations.

db = dcosat

= dwcosatw

a = 0.5 [dw 1 + dw2)

zn —^-------------------------

{cosjibcosfi)

m n invatw = invat + 2tgan-~] + ^21 y (z

1 +z2)

_ 0 5 ^dat 2 - db 12 ± 05Vda22 - c/b22 ~ a sinctfw- nmn cos at/cosfi

the positive sign is used for external gears, the negative sign for internal gears

for double helix, b is to be taken as the width of one helix

ey = e« + e/3

c/1,2nt,2

19099

1.5 Nominal tangential load, Ft

1.5.1 The nominal tangential load, Ft, tangential to the reference cylinder and perpendicular to the relevant axial plane, is calculated directly from the maximum continuous power transmitted by the gear set by means of the following equations:

Ft = 2000 7~1.2 cM.2

1.6 General influence factors

1.6.1 Application factor, KA

a) The application factor, accounts for dynamic overloads from sources external to the gearing.

b) Where the vessel, on which reduction gearing is used, is receiving an Ice Class notation, the Application Factor or the Nominal Tangential Force is to be adjusted to reflect the ice load associated with the contemplated Ice Class notation.

c) KA, for gears designed for infinite life is defined as the ratio between the maximum repetitive cyclic torque applied to the gear set and the nominal rated torque.

d) The nominal rated torque is defined by the rated power and speed and is the torque used in the rating

AP Class*

e) The factor mainly depends on:

characteristics of driving and driven machines;

- ratio of masses;

- type of couplings;

- operating conditions (overspeeds, changes in propeller load conditions, etc.)

When operating near critical speed of the drive system, a careful analysis of conditions must be made.

f) The application factor, KA, is to be determined by measurements or by system analysis acceptable to the Committee. Where a value determined in such a way cannot be supplied, the following values can be considered:

i) Main propulsion

ii) Auxiliary gears

1.6.2 Load sharing factor, Kv

a) The load sharing factor, K,. accounts for the maldistribution of load In multiple path transmissions (dual

tandem, epicyclic, double helix, etc.).

b) Ky is defined as the ratio between the maximum load through an actual path and the evenly shared load.

The factor mainly depends on accuracy and flexibility of the branches.

c) The load sharing factor, Ky, is to be determined by measurements or by system analysis. Where a value determined in such a way cannot be supplied, the following values can be considered for epicyclic gears:

1 6.3 Dynamic factor, Kv

a) The dynamic factor, Kv, accounts for internally generated dynamic loads due to vibrations of pinion and wheel against each other.

b) Kv is defined as the ratio between the maximum load which dynamically acts on the tooth flanks and the maximum externally applied load (Ft.KA.Ky).

c) The factor mainly depends on:

transmission errors (depending on pitch and profile errors):

diesel engine with hydraulic or electromagnetic slip coupling 1.00

diesel engine with high elasticity coupling 1.30

diesel engine with other couplings 1.50

electric motor, diesel engine with hydraulic or electromagnetic slip coupling 1.00

diesel engine with high elasticity coupling 1.20

diesel engine with other couplings 1.40

up to 3 planetary gears 1.00

4 planetary gears 1.20

5 planetary gears 1.30

6 planetary gears and over 1.40

- masses of pinion and wheel:

gear mesh stiffness variation as the gear teeth pass through the meshing cycle;

transmitted load including application factor; pitch line velocity;

dynamic unbalance of gears and shaft;

- shaft and bearing stiffnesses:

damping characteristics of the gear system.

d) The method of calculation of dynamic factor, Kv. given herein may be applied only to cases where all the following conditions are satisfied:

i) steel gears of heavy rims sections

ii) Ft/b > 150 [N/mm]

iii) zl < 50

«v) running speed in the subcritical range:

for helical gears (vz1)/100 < 14

for spur gears (v z1)/100 < 10. This method may be applied to all types of gears if (v z1)/100 < 3

e) For gears other than the above, reference can be made to method B outlined in the reference standard.

f) For helical gears of overlap ratio > unity Kv is obtained from Fig. 1.6.1. For spur gears Kv is obtained from Fig. 1.6.2. For helical gears of overlap ratio < unity Kv js obtained by means of linear interpolation between the values obtained from Fig. 1.6.1 and 1.6.2

Kv = Kv2 - e/i (Kv2 - Kv1)

where,

Kv1 is the Kv value for helical gears, given by Fig. 1.6 1

Kv2 is the Kv value for spur gears, given by Fig. 1.6.2

g) Kv can also be determined as follows:

Kv = 1 + 100

K1 values are specified in the Table 1.6.1

Fig. 1.6.2 : Dynamic factor for spur gear

Fig. 1.6.1 : Dynamic factor for helical gear

4 6 8

Y - Zj/lOO(ni/s) ----------------

1» 12 14 16

Note ISO grades of accuracy according to ISO 1328. In case of mating gears with different grades of

accuracy the grade corresponding to the lower accuracy should be used

1.6.4 Face load distribution factors KH/? and KF/?

a) The face load distribution factors, KH/? for contact stress. KF/? for tooth root bending stress, account for the effects of non uniform distribution of load across the facewidth.

b) KH/? is defined as follows:

tsujj _ maximum load per unit facewidth mean load per unit

facewidth

c) KF/? is defined as follows:

_ maximum bending stress at tooth root per unit facewidth

mean bending stress at tooth root per unit facewidth

d) The mean bending stress at tooth root relates to the considered facewidth b1, b2 respectively.

KF(i can be expressed as a function of the factor KH/i

e) The factors KH/? and KF/? mainly depend on:

gear tooth manufacturing accuracy; errors in mounting due to

bore errors;

- bearing clearances;

wheel and pinion shaft alignment errors;

elastic deflections of gear elements, shafts, bearings housing and foundations which support the gear elements;

thermal expansion and distortion due to operating temperature;

- compensating design elements (tooth crowning, end relief, etc.).

f) The face load distribution factors. KH/? for contact stress, and KF/? for tooth root bending stress, can be determined according to the method C2 outlined in the ISO 6336/1 standard. Alternative methods acceptable to the Committee may be applied.

i) In case the hardest contact is at the end of the facewidth KF/? is given by the following equations;

KF/? = KH/?N

N = _____ p/h ) 2 ______ i+(b/h) + (b/hf

••

Table 1.6.1 : Values of the factor K1 for the calculation of Kv

K1 ISO Grades Of Accuracy (See Note)

3 4 5 6 7 8

Spur gears 0.022 0.030 0.043 0.062 0.092 0.125

Helical gears 0.0125 0.0165 0.0230 0.0330 0.0480 0.0700

(b/h) = facewidth/tooth height ratio, the minimum of bl/h1 or b2/h2. For double helical gears, the facewidth of only one helix is to be used.

ii) In case of gears where the ends of the facewidth are lightly loaded or unloaded (end relief or crowning):

KFfi = KH/j

1.6.5 Transverse load distribution factors, KH« and KF«

a) The transverse load distribution factors KH« for contact stress and KFa for tooth root bending stress, account for the effects of pitch and profile errors on the transversal load distribution between two or more pairs of teeth in mesh.

b) The factors KH« and KFa mainly depend on:

- total mesh stiffness;

- total tangential load, Ft, KA, Ky, Kv, KH/i;

- base pitch error;

- tip relief;

running-in allowances.

c) The transverse load distribution factors. KHa for contact stress and KF(i for tooth root bending stress, can be determined according to method B outlined in the reference standard.

oHO = basic value of contact stress for pinion and wheel

(for external gears u is positive, for internal gears u is negative)

Section 2

Surface Durability (Pitting)

2.1 Scope and general remarks

2.1.1 The criterion for surface durability is based on the Hertz pressure on the operating pitch point or at the inner point of single pair contact. The contact stress oH must be equal to or less than the permissible contact stress CTHP.

2.2 Basic equations

2.2.1 Contact stress

oH = oHO 'J KAKy KvKHa KH/3 ≤ oHP

where,

where,

ZB = single pair mesh factor for pinion, see 2.3

ZD = single pair mesh factor for wheel, see 2.3

ZH = zone factor, see 2.4 ZE = elasticity factor,

see 2.5 Ze = contact ratio factor, see 2.6 Z(i =

helix angle factor, see 2.7

Ft = nominal tangential load at reference cylinder in the transverse section, See Sec.1

b = common facewidth d1 = reference diameter of pinion u = gear ratio

Regarding factors KA, Ky, Kv, KHa and KHfi, See Sec.1.

2.2 Permissible contact stress

2.2.1 The permissible contact stress crHP is to be evaluated separately for pinion and wheel as under:

V(

dal \

dbl)

da2]2 db2 - 1 - («T - 1)

oHP = uHlinMzLZvZRZWZX on

where,

oHIim = endurance limit for contact stress, see 2.8

ZN - life factor for contact stress, see 2.9 ZL -

lubrication factor, see 2.10 Zv = speed factor, see

2.10 ZR = roughness factor, see 2.10 ZW =

hardness ratio factor, see 2.11 ZX - size factor for

contact stress, see 2 12 SH = safety factor for

contact stress, see 2.13

2.3 Single pair mesh factors. ZB and ZD

2.3 1 The single pair mesh factors. ZB for pinion and ZD for wheel, account for the influence on contact stresses of the tooth flank curvature at the inner point of single pair contact in relation to ZH.

2.3.2 The factors transform the contact stresses determined at the pitch point to contact stresses considering the flank curvature at the inner point of single pair contact.

2.3.3 The single pair mesh factors, ZB for pinions and ZD for wheels, can be determined-g,s follows:

For spur gears, e/i = 0 .

ZB - M1 or 1 whichever is the larger value

ZD = M2 or 1 whichever is the larger value

Ml = ____________________________ tgnarw __________________________ •

For helical gears when c(i ≥ 1

ZB = ZD = 1

2.3.4 For helical gears when q8 < 1 the values of ZB, ZD are determined by linear interpolation between ZB,

ZD for spur gears and ZB, ZD for helical gears having rji ≥ 1.

Thus:

ZB = M1 - f />' (M1 -1) and ZB > 1

ZD = M2 - eft (M2 - 1) and ZD > 1

_ -y/ pcos/fo cos

2.4 Zone factor. ZH

2 4 1 The zone factor. ZH. accounts for the influence on the Hertzian pressure of tooth flank curvature at pitch point and relates the tangential force at the reference cylinder to the normal force at the pitch cylinder

2 4 2 The zone factor, ZH, can be calculated as follows:

ZH cos nt sin utw

2.5 Elasticity factor, ZE

2 5 1 The elasticity factor. ZE. accounts for the influence of the material properties E (modulus of elasticity) and r (Poisson's ratio) on the Hertz pressure

2.5.2 The elasticity factor. ZE. tor steel gears (E = 206000 (N/mm2]. t- = 0 3) is equal to:

ZE 189.8 (N,/2/mm)

2.5.3 In other cases, reference can be made to the reference standard.

2.6 Contact ratio factor. Z<

2.6.1 The contact ratio factor Z< accounts for the influence of the transverse contact ratio and the overlap ratio on the specific surface load of gears

2.6 2 The contact ratio factor. Zr. can be calculated as follows

Spur gears:

Z F - V ^

Helical gears: for efi < 1

Zr = V-4—' (1 -r/f) +eJt ° v ' r«

for efi > 1

2.7 Helix angle lactor, Zf>

2.7 1 The helix angle factor, ZJI, accounts for the influence of helix angle on surface durability, allowing for such variables as the distribution of load along the lines of contact Z/f is dependent only on the helix angle.

2.7.2 The helix angle factor, Zji. can be calculated as follows:

Z/f = v COSft

where />' is the reference helix angle.

2.8 Endurance limit for contact stress, aHlim

2.8.1 For a given material. aHlim is the limit of repeated contact stress which can be permanently endured. The

value of oHKm can be regarded as the level of contact stress which the material will endure without pitting for at

least 50.106 load cycles.

2.8.2 For this purpose, pitting is defined by:

2.8.3 The aHlim values are to correspond to a failure probability of 1 per cent or less

2 8 4 The endurance limit mainly depends on:

- material composition, cleanliness and defects.

- mechanical properties;

- residual stresses;

hardening process, depth of hardened zone, hardness gradient;

- material structure (forged, rolled bar, cast).

2.8.4 The endurance limit for contact stress aHlim, can be determined, in general, making reference to values

indicated in ISO 6336/5, quality MQ.

2.9 Life factor, ZN

2.9.1 The life factor. ZN. accounts for the higher permissible contact stress in case a limited life (number of

cycles) is required.

2.9.2 The factor mainly depends on:

- material and hardening;

- number of cycles;

- influence factors (ZR. Zv, ZL. ZW, ZX).

2.9.3 The life factor, ZN, can be determined according to method outlined in the ISO 6336/2 standard.

2.10 Influence factors on lubrication film, ZL, Zv and ZR

2.10.1 The lubricant factor. ZL, accounts for the influence of the type of lubricant and its viscosity, the speed factor, Zv, accounts for the influence of the pitch line velocity and the roughness factor, ZR. accounts for the influence of the surface roughness on the surface endurance'capacity.

2.10.2 The factors are to be determined for the softer material where gear pairs are of different hardness.

2.10.3 The factors mainly depend on: viscosity of

lubricant in the contact zone;

- the sum of the instantaneous velocities of the tooth surfaces;

- load;

for non surface hardened gears pitted area > 2 per cent of total active flank area

for surface hardened gears pitted area > 0.5 per cent of total active flank area, or > 4 per cent of one particular tooth flank area.

ZL = CZL +

CZL = 0.08 + 0.83

I oHIim - 850

{ 350 + 0.85

- relative radius of curvature at the pitch point; surface roughnesses of teeth flanks;

- hardness of pinion and gear.

2.10.4 The lubricant factor, ZL, the speed factor, ZV, and the roughness factor ZR can be calculated as

follows:

a) Lubricant factor. ZL

The factor, ZL, can be calculated from the following equation:

4(1.0 - CZL)

(1.2 -1- 134/i< 40)2

In the

range 850

[N/mm2] < oHIim < 1200 [N/mm2], CZL can be calculated as follows: I oHIim — 850

350

If oHIim < 850 [N/mm2], take CZL = 0.83 If

oHIim > 1200 [N/mm2], take CZL = 0.91

where, p

t’40 = nominal kinematic viscosity of the oil at 40°C, [mm Is]

b) Speed factor, Zv

The speed factor, Zv. can be calculated from the following equations:

In the range 850 [N/mm2] < oHIim < 1200 [N/mm2], CZv can be calculated as follows:

CZv =

If oHIim < 850 [N/mm2], take CZv = 0.85 If

oHIim > 1200 [N/mm2], take CZv = 0.93

c) Roughness factor, ZR

The roughness factor, ZR. can be calculated from the following equations:

where,

„ R zi + R z2 R Z ~

2

The peak-to-valley roughness determined for the pinion RZ1 and for the wheel RZ2 are mean values for the

peak-to-valley roughness R2 measured on several tooth flanks (R2 as defined in the reference standard).

ZW= 1.2 HB - 130

1700

Relative radius of curvature:

P1 P2 pred = - '

pi + P2

wherein:

pi.2 = 0.5 . dtn,2 tanafw (also for internal gears, db negative sign)

If the roughness stated is an Ra value (= CLA value)(= AA value) the following approximate relationship can be applied:

Ra = CLA = AA = Rz/6

In the range 850 [N/mm2] ≤ uHlim ≤ 1200 [N/mm2], CZR can be calculated as follows:

CZR = 0.32 - 0.0002 rrHIim

IfaHlim < 850 [N/mm2], take CZR 0 150

IfaHlim > 1200 [N/mm2], take CZR = 0.080

2.11 Hardness ratio factor, ZW

2.11.1 The hardness ratio factor, ZW, accounts for the increase of surface durability of a soft steel gear

meshing with a significantly harder gear with a smooth surface.

2.11.2 The factor ZW applies to the soft gear only and mainly depends on: hardness of the soft gear;

- alloying elements of the soft gear;

- tooth flank roughness of the harder gear.

2.11.3 The hardness ratio factor. ZW, can be calculated as follows:

where,

HB Brinell hardness of the softer material

For HB. < 130. ZW = 1.2 is to be used.

For HB > 470, ZW = 1.0 is to be used.

2.12 Size factor. ZX

2.12.1 The size factor, ZX, accounts for the influence of tooth dimensions on permissible contact stress and reflects the non-uniformity of material properties.

2.12.2 The factor mainly depends on: material and heat treatment;

Page No. 15 of 20 Classification Notes

Indinn Register of Shipping

- tooth and gear dimensions;

- ratio of case depth to tooth size.

- ratio of case depth to equivalent radius of curvature.

2.12.3 For through-hardened gears and for surface-hardened gears with adequate casedepth relative to tooth size and radius of relative curvature, Z* = 1. When the casedepth is relatively shallow then a smaller value of Zx should be chosen.

2.13 Safety factor for contact stress, SH

2.13.1 The safety factor for contact stress, SH, would be assumed by the Committee taking into account the type of application based upon the following guidance:

2.13.2 For gearing of duplicated independent propulsion or auxiliary machinery, duplicated beyond that required for class, a reduced value may be assumed at the discretion of the Committee.

r --------- ------------------------------------- ------- --------------------------------------------------------------------

1 Main propulsion gears 1.20-1.40

| Auxiliary gears 1 15-1.20

Section 3

Tooth Root Bending Strength

3.1 Scope and general remarks

3.1.1 The criterion for tooth root bending strength is the permissible limit of local tensile strength in the root fillet The root stress oF and the permissible root stress a FP are to be calculated separately for the pinion and the wheel.

3.1.2 c/F must not exceed oFP

3.1.3 The following requirements apply to gears having rim thickness greater than 3.5 mn.

3.2 Basic equations

3.2.1 Tooth root bending stress for pinion and wheel

°F = YF YS Yp KA Ky Kv KFa KF/i ≤ oFP

where,

YF = tooth form factor, see 3.3 YS = stress correction

factor, see 3.4 Yji = helix angle factor, see 3.5 For definitions of

b. Ft. KA. Ky, Kv, KF«. KF/j see Sec.1.

3.2.2 Permissible tooth root bending stress for pinion and wheel

uFP = — Y d r e l T YRrelT YX

where,

aFE = bending endurance limit, see 3.6

Yd = design factor, see 3.7 YN = life

factor, see 3.8

YdrelT = relative notch sensitivity factor, see 3.9

YRrelT = relative surface factor, see 3.10 YX =

size factor, see 3.11

SF = safety factor for tooth root bending stress, see 3.12

YF =

qs

3.3 Tooth form factor. YF

3,3.1 The tooth form factor. YF, represents the influence on nominal bending stress of the tooth form with load applied at the outer point of single pair tooth contact. YF is to be determined separately for the pinion and the wheel. In the case of helical gears, the form factors for gearing are to be determined in the normal section, i.e. for the virtual spur gear with virtual number of teeth zn.

3.3.2 The tooth form factor, YF, can be calculated as follows:

6— cosaFen

mn

where.

hF bending moment arm for tooth root bending stress for application of load at the outer point of single tooth pair contact, [mm]

sFn tooth root chord in the critical section, [mm]

«Fen = pressure angle at the outer point of single tooth pair contact in the normal section, [°]

3.3.3 The result of rating calculations made by following this method are acceptable for normal pressure angles up to 25“ and reference helix angles up to 30°. For larger pressure angles and larger helix angles, the calculated results should be confirmed by experience as by method A of the reference standard.

3.4 Stress correction factor, YS

3.4.1 The stress correction factor. YS. is used to convert the nominal bending stress to the local tooth root stress, taking into account that not only bending stresses arise at the root.

3.4.2 YS applies to the load application at the outer point of single tooth pair contact and is to be determined separately for the pinion and for the wheel and can be determined with the following equation (having range of validity: 1 ≤ qs < 8):

___ i

YS = (1.2+0.13L)qs1-21+;!51

where,

sFn 2,>F

qs - notch parameter

pF= root fillet radius in the critical section, [mm]

2

cosan

Marine Gears - Calculation of Load Capacity of Involute Parallel Axis Spur and Helical Gears Page No. 18 of 20

JL 120

See Fig. 3.4.1 for hF and sFn. For the calculation of hF the procedure outlined in the reference standard can be used.

3.5 Helix angle factor, Yfi

3.5.1 The helix angle factor. Y/f. converts the stress calculated for a point loaded cantilever beam representing the substitute gear tooth to the stress induced by a load along an oblique load line into a cantilever plate which represents a helical gear tooth.

3.5.2 The helix angle factor, Yji, can be calculated as follows:

Y/i = 1 - rfi

where.

ji = reference helix angle in degrees.

One (1 0) is substituted for eji when eft > 1.0. and 30° is substituted for when ji > 30°.

3.6 Bending endurance limit, crFE

3.6.1 For a given material, crFE is the local tooth root stress which can be permanently endured and the number of 3 106 cycles is to be regarded as the beginning of the endurance limit

3.6.2 (JFE is defined as the unidirectional pulsating stress with a minimum stress of zero (disregarding residual stresses due to heat treatment). Other conditions such as alternating stress or prestressing etc. are covered by the design factor Yd.

3.6.3 The «FE values are to correspond to a failure probability of 1 per cent or less

3.6.4 The endurance limit mainly depends on:

- material composition, cleanliness and defects;

- mechanical properties:

- residual stresses;

hardening process, depth of hardened zone, hardness gradient;

material structure (forged, rolled bar. cast).

3.6.5 The bending endurance limit, CTFE, can be determined, generally in accordance the values indicated in ISO 6336/5. quality MQ.

3.7 Design factor, Yd

3.7.1 The design factor, Yd, takes into account the influence of load reversing and shrinkfit prestressing on the tooth root strength, relative to the tooth root strength with unidirectional load as defined for aFE

3.7.2 The design factor, Yd, for load reversing, can be determined as follows:

Yd = 1.00 in general;

0.9 for gears with occasional part load in reversed direction, such as main wheel in reversing gearboxes;

0.7 for idler gears

3.8 Life factor, YN

3.8 1 The life factor, YN, accounts for the higher tooth root bending stress permissible in case a limited life (number of cycles) is required.

The factor mainly depends on:

. - material and hardening:

- number of cycles;

- influences factors (YdrelT, YRrelT, YX).

3.8.2 The life factor, YN. can be determined according to method B outlined in ISO 6336/3 standard.

3.9 Relative notch sensitivity factor, YdrelT

3.9.1 The relative notch sensitivity factor, YdrelT. indicates the extent to which the theoretically concentrated stress lies above the fatigue endurance limit.

3.9.2 The relative notch sensitivity factor, YdrelT, mainly depends on material and relative stress gradient and can be determined as follows:

3.10 Relative surface factor. YRrelT

3.10.1 The relative surface factor, YRrelT, takes into account the dependence of the root strength on the surface condition in the tooth root fillet, mainly the dependence on the peak to valley surface roughness. 3.10.2 The relative surface factor, YRrelT. can be determined as follows:

for notch parameter values (see 3.2) included in the range 1 5 < qs < 4

YRrelT = 1.0

for notch parameter outside the above range YRrelT can be calculated as outlined in the reference standard.

ASIA PACIFIC CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY

where.

Rz =- mean peak to-valley roughness of tooth root fillets. [/<m]

CTB - tensile strength in [N/mm2].

3.10.3 The method applied here is only valid when scratches or similar defects deeper than 2 Rz are not present

3.10.4 If the roughness staled is an Ra value (= CLA value) (= AA value) the following approximate relation-ship can be applied:

Ra = CLA = AA Rz/5

3.11 Size factor, YX

3 111 The size factor. YX. takes into account the decrease of the strength with increasing size.

3.11.2 The factor mainly depends on: material and heat treatment:

- tooth and gear dimensions; ratio

of case depth to tooth size.

3 12 1 The safety factor for tooth root bending stress, SF. may be assumed by the Committee taking into account the type of application

3.12.3 For gearing of duplicated independent propulsion or auxiliary machinery, duplicated beyond that required for class, a reduced value may be assumed at the discretion of the Committee.

Rz < 1 1 < Rz < 40

1.120 1.675 - 0.53 (Rz + 1)01 case hardened steels through - hardened steels (aB

≥ 800 [N/mm2])

1.070 5.3 -4.2 (Rz + 1)0 01 normalized steels (aB < 800 [N/mm2])

1.025 4.3-3.26 (Rz 1 1)0 005 nitrided steels

3.11.3 The size factor, YX. can be determined as follows:

YX - 1.00 for mn < 5 generally

!YX - 1.03 - 0 006 mn for 5 < mn < 30 normalized and through hardened steels

; YX = 0.85 for mn > 30

I YX = 1 05 - 0 010 mn for 5 < mn < 25 surface hardened steels

YX = 0 80 for mn > 25

3.12 Safety factor for tooth root bending stress. SF

3.12.2 The following guidance values may be adopted:

Main propulsion gears 1.55 - 2.00

Auxiliary gears 1 40 — 1.45