Classification

I. Carl LinnaeusA. Classification System

1. Taxonomy – the science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups

a. Similar structural characteristics

b. Similar functions & behaviors

2. Taxa – different levels of classificationDOMAIN (3 largest groups – Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)a. Kingdom – Animalia b. Phylum – Chordata c. Class – Mammalia d. Order – Carnivora e. Family – Felidae f. Genus – Felis g. Species – Domesticus

B. Naming System1. Binomial nomenclature – two-part scientific name

2. Made up of the organism’s genus and species names

3. House cat – Felis domesticus (if typed) or Felis domesticus (if written)

a. Whole name is in italics or underlined

b. Genus is capitalized; species is lowercase

II. Taxonomy TodayA. Taxonomy & Phylogeny

1. Phylogeny – evolutionary history

2. Species that are closely related by evolution are grouped together

3. Homologous structures – classify more closely together

(Human arm & whale flipper)

4. Analogous structures – similar structures that develop separately in organisms not closely related – classified further apart

(Bat wing & butterfly wing)

B. Biochemical Taxonomy1. Compare nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA

2. Compare amino acid sequence in proteins

3. Similar sequences? Classify together

III. Six Kingdom Classification SystemA. Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea)

- Prokaryotic- Unicellular- Auto/Hetero- Some are mobile (flagella)- Methanogens (make methane - found in harsh environments)

Halophiles (love salt – Dead Sea)Thermophiles (love heat – hot

springs, thermal vents)

Examples of halophilic

(salt loving) bacteria

http://filebox.vt.edu/users/chagedor/biol_4684/Microbes/natrono.html

http://minst.org/images/23899A.jpg

B. Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria)

- Pro

- Uni

- Auto/Hetero

- Some are mobile (also by us!)

- In your yogurt, on your hands, E. coli in your large intestine, disease-causing like Strep

Escherichia coli (E. coli)http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2144.jpg

Bifidobacteria (the kind in your yogurt)

http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/gnn_images/news_content/10_02/bifido/bifido_1.jpg

Streptococcushttp://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t028/T028362A.jpg

C. Protista

- Eu

- Uni (multi – colony)

- Auto/Hetero

- Yes (cilia or flagella)

- Amoeba, paramecium, euglena

Amoebahttp://greggsutter.com/mt/archives/freelivingameoba.jpg

Parameciumhttp://upsidedownhippo.com/archives/Paramecium.jpg

http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/euglena.JPG

Euglena

D. Fungi

- Eu

- Multi

- Hetero

- Not mobile

- Mushrooms, ringworm, athlete’s foot, mold

Mushroomhttp://www.seattle.net/media/mushroom-thumb.jpg

Microsporum canis (Causes athlete’s foot)

www.provlab.ab.ca/mycol/image/derm/mcanmic.jpg

Microsporum gypseum (Causes ringworm)http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/Photography/Images/POD/r/ringworm-fungus-522315-lw.jpg

E. Plantae

- Eu

- Multi

- Auto (photosynthesis)

- Not mobile

- Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

F. Animalia

- Eu

- Multi

- Hetero

- Yes

- Sponges, worms, insects, mammals, etc.