ClassificationClassificationUnit 5Unit 5

Mr. TamashiroMr. Tamashiro

Binomial system of Binomial system of nomenclaturenomenclature

►Designed by Carolus Linneaus in 18Designed by Carolus Linneaus in 18thth century century►Based on idea that every species has a Latin Based on idea that every species has a Latin

name, made up of two partsname, made up of two parts►First part is the name of the First part is the name of the genusgenus►Second part specifies the Second part specifies the speciesspecies►Name should be printed in italics (underlined Name should be printed in italics (underlined

if hand written) and first part capitalizedif hand written) and first part capitalized

ExampleExample

Humans are Humans are Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

Hierarchical system of classificationHierarchical system of classification

►Organisms that Organisms that share share characteristics are characteristics are placed into similar placed into similar groupsgroups

► The more similar The more similar their characteristics, their characteristics, the closer the the closer the groupinggrouping

► The purpose of The purpose of classification is to:classification is to: Clearly identify an Clearly identify an

organism with a name organism with a name that is unique to the that is unique to the species and avoids species and avoids confusion with local confusion with local namingnaming

Show evolutionary linksShow evolutionary links

Allow us to predict Allow us to predict anatomical, physiological anatomical, physiological and genetic and genetic characteristics it may characteristics it may share with other share with other organismsorganisms

► The Hierarchical system has seven The Hierarchical system has seven levels called levels called taxons (plural: taxa)taxons (plural: taxa)

► Each taxon can contain one or more Each taxon can contain one or more of the sub-group below itof the sub-group below it

► The seven level hierarchies of taxa The seven level hierarchies of taxa are:are:

1.1. KingdomKingdom

2.2. PhylumPhylum

3.3. OrderOrder

4.4. FamilyFamily

5.5. GenusGenus

6.6. Species Species

Plant PhylaPlant Phyla

►Kingdom: PlantaeKingdom: Plantae►Characteristics:Characteristics:

►PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic►ChlorophyllChlorophyll►Cellulose cell wallCellulose cell wall►Permanent vacuolesPermanent vacuoles►Stores starchStores starch

►Classification of the major plant phyla is Classification of the major plant phyla is based on external observables based on external observables structuresstructures

►Need to know:Need to know:

-Bryophyta-Bryophyta - -angiospermophytaangiospermophyta

-Filicinophyta -Coniferophyta-Filicinophyta -Coniferophyta

Phylum: Bryophyta Phylum: Bryophyta (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts)(Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts)

► Small terrestrial plantsSmall terrestrial plants

► Do not have true roots, Do not have true roots, stems or leaves but stems or leaves but they must have they must have structures resembling structures resembling themthem

► Leaf-like structures are Leaf-like structures are often arranged in a often arranged in a spiralspiral

► Usually have live in Usually have live in clusters which act like clusters which act like sponges holding watersponges holding water

► No cuticleNo cuticle

► Reproductive Reproductive structures are called structures are called sporangium which is on sporangium which is on long stalks with long stalks with capsules on end.capsules on end.

Phylum: Filicinophyta Phylum: Filicinophyta (ferns)(ferns)

► Have true leavesHave true leaves

► New leaves unrollNew leaves unroll

►Divided leavesDivided leaves

► Have an underground Have an underground creeping stem creeping stem (rhizome)(rhizome)

►Height up to 20mHeight up to 20m

► Reproduction: Reproduction: sporangia (sori) sporangia (sori) contain contain reproductive sporesreproductive spores

Phylum: ConiferophytesPhylum: Coniferophytes (conifers & pines)(conifers & pines)

►All conifers are woody plants, most are All conifers are woody plants, most are trees with a single wooden trunk with trees with a single wooden trunk with side branchesside branches

►Leaves are waxy, long thin needles, Leaves are waxy, long thin needles, often arranged in spirals, often a dark often arranged in spirals, often a dark green colourgreen colour

►Produce seeds found in conesProduce seeds found in cones►Vascular system (tracheids)Vascular system (tracheids)

Phylum: AngiospermophytaPhylum: Angiospermophyta

(flowering plants and grasses(flowering plants and grasses))

► Have flowers, although Have flowers, although they may be small in they may be small in wind-pollinated wind-pollinated angiospermophytaangiospermophyta

► Seeds are ovaries Seeds are ovaries which become the fruitwhich become the fruit

► Leaves usually as leaf Leaves usually as leaf blade and leaf stalk, blade and leaf stalk, with veins visible on with veins visible on the lower surfacethe lower surface

► Leaves have waxy Leaves have waxy cuticlecuticle

► Vascular bundles Vascular bundles (veins) are made (veins) are made

up of xylem & up of xylem & phloemphloem

Animal phylaAnimal phyla►The kingdom of animals is classified The kingdom of animals is classified

according to these characteristics:according to these characteristics:►HeterotrophicHeterotrophic►No cell wallsNo cell walls►No vacuolesNo vacuoles►No chlorophyllNo chlorophyll►Store glycogenStore glycogen

► The ones selected are what might be called The ones selected are what might be called invertebrates (lack of a spinal cord)invertebrates (lack of a spinal cord)

► The six phyla are classified according to The six phyla are classified according to features such as:features such as: Number of layers in the body planNumber of layers in the body plan The opening for mouth and anusThe opening for mouth and anus Method of supportMethod of support

Phylogenic studies (evolutionary Phylogenic studies (evolutionary relationship) relies on more genetic studies relationship) relies on more genetic studies to support the modern classification of to support the modern classification of these groups.these groups.

Types of symmetryTypes of symmetry

►About Symmetries of the Plane

Phylum: Porifera Phylum: Porifera (sponges)(sponges)

► No body layer, rather No body layer, rather there is an aggregate there is an aggregate of different cell typesof different cell types

► Support is from Support is from either silica or either silica or calcium based calcium based spicules which link spicules which link together to provide together to provide some supportsome support

► Body plan is built Body plan is built around water canals around water canals that circulate that circulate nutrients through nutrients through the sponge for the sponge for ingestion by ingestion by specialized cellsspecialized cells

► There is no mouth There is no mouth or anusor anus

Phylum: Cnidaria Phylum: Cnidaria (Jelly fish, Sea anemones, Corals)(Jelly fish, Sea anemones, Corals)

► They have two layers They have two layers in the body planin the body plan

► There is radial There is radial symmetrysymmetry

► Jelly fish are mobile Jelly fish are mobile organisms. Sea organisms. Sea anemones are sessile anemones are sessile organismsorganisms

► Single entrance that Single entrance that serves the cavity that serves the cavity that functions as functions as circulation of circulation of respiratory gases and respiratory gases and nutrientsnutrients

► These organisms These organisms are secondary are secondary consumers and consumers and posses stinging cells posses stinging cells with toxins called with toxins called nematocysts to nematocysts to disable preydisable prey

► Corals secrete a Corals secrete a CaCOCaCO33 skeleton skeleton

Phylum: Platyhelminthes Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)(flatworms)

►3 layers in the body plan3 layers in the body plan►One entrance to “gut” which can have One entrance to “gut” which can have

many folds to increase surface area.many folds to increase surface area.►Largely parasitic, includes flukesLargely parasitic, includes flukes

Phylum: Annelida Phylum: Annelida (segment worms)(segment worms)

► 3 layers to the body 3 layers to the body planplan

► Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry

► Body is divided into Body is divided into ringed segments ringed segments with some with some specialization of specialization of segmentssegments

►Mouth is connected Mouth is connected via gut to a separate via gut to a separate anusanus

► Skin surface is used Skin surface is used for gas exchangefor gas exchange

►Many marine forms Many marine forms but also terrestrial but also terrestrial species, usually soil species, usually soil burrowingburrowing

Phylum: MolluscaPhylum: Mollusca (Snails, Slugs, Octopus)(Snails, Slugs, Octopus)

► Bilateral symmetry with significant modificationBilateral symmetry with significant modification► Body plan has three major featuresBody plan has three major features

Foot, a muscular structure used for movement and Foot, a muscular structure used for movement and burrowingburrowing

Central visceral mass, contains all the organ Central visceral mass, contains all the organ structures (separate mouth & anus)structures (separate mouth & anus)

Mantle, a folded membrane structure that can Mantle, a folded membrane structure that can surround other tissues and create a cavity containing surround other tissues and create a cavity containing ag ill. The mantle frequently secretes a calcareous ag ill. The mantle frequently secretes a calcareous shell.shell.

Phylum: ArthropodaPhylum: Arthropoda(Insects, Crustaceans, Spiders, (Insects, Crustaceans, Spiders,

Scorpions, Millipedes)Scorpions, Millipedes)

► 3 layer body plant with 3 layer body plant with bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry

► Hard exoskeleton Hard exoskeleton composed of chitincomposed of chitin

► Jointed body segmentsJointed body segments

► Jointed appendages to Jointed appendages to each segmenteach segment

► At least 3 pairs of At least 3 pairs of jointed legsjointed legs

► Some flying organisms Some flying organisms in the class Insectain the class Insecta

► Separate mouth and Separate mouth and anusanus

► Many free-living but Many free-living but also some parasiticalso some parasitic

Dichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys

► Each questions divides the group of organisms into Each questions divides the group of organisms into two smaller groups based on a pair of alternative two smaller groups based on a pair of alternative characteristicscharacteristics

► Subsequent groups may focus on more minor detailsSubsequent groups may focus on more minor details► In most cases the characteristic will be readily In most cases the characteristic will be readily

observed or measurableobserved or measurable► It is better to choose characteristics that are It is better to choose characteristics that are

uninfluenced by environmental variationuninfluenced by environmental variation► Shape and number are often good characteristics on Shape and number are often good characteristics on

which to base alternative pairingswhich to base alternative pairings► A complete key will have each type of organisms A complete key will have each type of organisms

being classified separated with a final identifying being classified separated with a final identifying namename

Pamishan CreaturesPamishan Creatures

Go to the following link this shows how Go to the following link this shows how the same creatures you had a close the same creatures you had a close

encounter with last year (Allien Periodic encounter with last year (Allien Periodic Table) finally made it to earth so now we Table) finally made it to earth so now we are trying to classify them and to do so are trying to classify them and to do so

we use a Dichotomous Key:we use a Dichotomous Key:Pamishan Creature Taxonomy