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Classification. Vertebrates Pg. 779. Subphylum Vertebrata of the Phylum Chordata 3 Distinguishing Characteristics: 1. Vertebrae 2. Cranium 3. Endoskeleton. Biology Chapter 39 Pg 779 Vertebrate Phylum. 3 Classes of Fish : - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Classification
Vertebrates Pg. 779
• Subphylum Vertebrata of the Phylum Chordata• 3 Distinguishing Characteristics:
1. Vertebrae 2. Cranium3. Endoskeleton
• 3 Classes of Fish:1. Jawless – hagfish, 783, detritivores
lamprey, 784, some parasites external fertilization2. Chondrichthyes – skeleton cartilage, internal fertilization, sharks, rays3. Osteichthyes – bony fish, external fertilization, fins 788, swim bladder and two chambered heart 790
Fish Homeostasis Pg 782
Freshwater fish – hypertonic, more salt in body than water, gain water, lose ions
Saltwater fish – hypotonic, less salt in body than water, lose water, gain ions Pg 795 #5,6
Sensory FunctionPg 783
Olfactory Sacs – smellLateral Line – sense vibrations in water
Chapter 40: Amphibians Amphibian-
Cold blooded Vertebrate Comes from Greek words meaning:
Double Life- Part of its life is spent on land and the other is spent in the waterBorn in water and have gills Adults live on land
Pg. 801 Know the List!!
Skin of Amphibians 2 Important Function: Respiration and
Protection Moist- Mucous Glands that supply a
lubricant Permeable- H2O, CO2, O2
Foul secretion for protection
Quiz Your Brain When are most amphibians active? At Night Why is this important? Reduces the amount of water loss by
evaporation Since frog usually stay wet, how do
frogs in the desert survive?
The Heart- Pg. 805 3 Chambered Heart 1 Ventricle that does not divide like ours What affect does this have on the
blood?
Respiration- Pg. 806 Pulmonary Respiration- respiration through
the lungs. Small surface area in the lungs Cutaneous Respiration- respiration through
the skin Dart Frog- Native to the tropical Rainforests of Central and South America
Sense Organs: Sight, Smell, and Hearing are well
developed Why is sight important? Nictating Membrane- transparent,
moveable membrane that covers the eye
Nictare means “to wink” Sound- detected by the inner ear- No
external ear Flat ear drum (Tympanic Membrane)
Quiz Your Brain Identify an advantage and a
disadvantage to the permeability of amphibian skin.
Explain the path of blood flow through the heart.
What is the purpose of the nictating membrane?
Hormones Circulate through the bloodstream. Thyroxine- Hormone that helps tadpoles
go through metamorphosis to become frogs.
Chapter 41: Reptiles Eggs- Leathery, Resemble chicken eggs
on the inside Called Amniotic Eggs Image on Pg. 823 Decreases H2O loss Allows for gas exchange
Heart Pg.825-826 Septum- tissue that divides the
ventricle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
rarely mix. Pumping blood to the lung uses a lot of
energy. Save energy by pumping blood directly
to the body and skipping over the lungs. No O2 needed while under water
Trivia How long can an alligator stay
underwater? 30 minutes up to an hour
Respiration Alveoli- sacs in the lungs that increase
surface area. Why is this important? Reptiles lungs are large. Breathe similar to how a human
breathes.
Thermoregulation Ectotherms- warms its body by
absorbing heat from the sun Endotherms- generate heat my
metabolic processes Body temperature remains close to its
surrounding environment. Do reptiles normally live in hot or cold
climates? Why?
Reproduction Oviparity- females reproductive
tract encloses each egg with a tough shell.
Eggs are deposited in an ideal environment
Do reptiles take on any parental responsibilities/ duties?
Make a nest for the eggs Cover them to keep the warm Guards the nest Breaks open the nest and carries
the babies to the water.
Quiz Your Brain Explain how crocodilians swallow prey
under water. Reptiles have _____ in their lungs that
helps increase the surface area. List some characteristics of eggs of
reptiles.
Class Aves – Birds Ch 42 Pg 841 Ornithology – study of birds Birds and Bats are the only living vertebrates that can fly. Down feathers for warmth
Conserve body heat Contour feathers for flying Pg 859
Provide lift for flight- Special on wings and tail
Class Aves: Birds Rigid hollow bones for lightweight strength-
fused together Large keel sternum & pectoral muscles for
flying Pg 845
Endothermic – warmblooded, controlled steady body temp, requires more energy/oxygen
Class Aves: Birds Air Sacs that store oxygen Pg 847 High efficient respiratory system Travel at high altitudes at low pressures Nine air sacs Makes up most of the abdominal and chest
cavity
Lightweight due to one ovary and no rectum No urinary waste is stored Urine and feces pass through the cloaca
Crop in esophagus that stores & moistens food Do birds have teeth?
Stomach- 2 Part Proventriculus- enzymes and acids begin to break
down food Gizzard in stomach to grind food Pg 846
Four chambered heart to supply required energy and oxygen
Pg 865 Precocial – can
walk and swim after hatching, ducks, chickens
Altricial – hatched blind and helpless, tree nesters
Pg 849
Class Aves: Birds
Compare Wing Structures Predict the type of habitat. How does the shape of the wings relate
to the birds niche? How would the shape of the wings make
a bird unsuccessful if introduced into a different environment?
Class - Mammals Pg 861EndothermicHair
◦Insulates against heat loss Mammary glands
◦Females produce milk to feed their offspring
◦Located in thorax or abdomen
Class: Mammals4 chambered heart Pg 865Single jawbone Pg 882 #25
◦Mammalian fossils are often identified using the lower jaw bone
Specialized teeth Pg 883 #6◦Front used to bite, cut, or hold prey◦Back used to grind, crush, or slice
Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863
1. Monotremes ◦ Oviparous- lay
eggs◦ Platypus-
water proof fur, leathery flat bill, wetlands
◦ Echidna- dry woodlands, spines, long snout, sticky tongue
◦ Australia, Pg 869
Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863
1. Marsupials ◦ Pouch◦ Viviparous- giving live birth to an
animal that was developed inside the mother
◦ kangaroo◦ Opossum
Orders of the Mammal Class Pg 863Placental – viviparous in uterus
w/ placenta
Orders of PLACENTAL Mammals Pg 870
1. Toothless – anteaters, armadillos, sloths
2. Rodent-like – rabbits3. Rodents – squirrels, mice,
porcupine4. Flying – bats5. Insectivores – shrew,
hedgehog, mole6. Carnivores – dogs, cats, seals,
sea lions
7. Even-toed hoof – deer, giraffe, pig
8. Odd-toed hoof – horse, rhino
9. Swimming – whales and dolphins
10. Manatees11. Trunk nosed –
elephants12. Primates –
monkeys, humans
KNOW PRIMATE CHARACTERISTICS PG 875!!!