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Class 2
• Nervous System, cont.• Spinal Cord• Brain
Development of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Development of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Repair of Neurons
PNS• Slow and/or non-existent• Cell body can’t be
damaged• Axon must be able to find
Schwann cellsCNS
• Rare• Non-ideal environment• Some evidence in
laboratories
Protective Coverings of the Central Nervous System
Bone: hard, fibrous tissue
Skull and Spinal Column
Meninges of the brain
Subdural space
Skull
Pia mater
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Cerebrum:
Gray matter
White matter
Subarachnoidspace
Cerebrospinal spinal fluid
Protective Coverings of the Central Nervous System
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Clear fluid found in and around the brain and spinal cord
• Formed by choroid plexus in ventricles• Absorbed into bloodstream by arachnoid villi
• CSF provides these functions:– Buoyancy– Protection– Chemical stability
Spinal Cord
Gray Matter and White Matter
The Brain
Cerebrum (The “Higher” Brain)
• Left and Right Hemispheresseparated by the Corpus Callosum
•bridge of neurons that allow hemispheres to communicate.
Surface Convolutions:•Gyrus
•a ridge, ie. Central Gyrus•Sulcus
•a shallow groove•Fissures
•a deep groove, ie. Longitudinal Fissure and Transverse Fissure
Cerebrum
4 Lobes:
Frontal Reasoning, Long-Term Memory,Analysis, Movement,
TemporalSpeech, Memory, Hearing
ParietalIntegration of Sensation
OccipitalVisual processing center
Note: Corpus callosum
Cerebrum
Cross Section(Gross)
Coronal Section(MRI Study)
White matter tracts
Cerebrum
Basal Nuclei (aka. Basal Ganglia)
Functions:•Conscious Awareness•Reasoning•Memory•Interpretation of Senses•Initiates Voluntary Motor Responses
Functionally Divided: •Sensory Areas•Cortex of Parietal Lobe
•Motor Areas•Cortex of Frontal Lobe
•Association Areas•Cortex of all Lobes
Cerebrum
Hemisphere Communication and Lateralization
Basal Nuclei (aka. Basal ganglia)
Basal Nuclei (aka. Basal Ganglia)
Diencephalon
Thalamus• Relay station of sensory input except for sense of smell
Hypothalamus• regulates autonomic function and major link between the nervous and endocrine systems
Epithalamus• CSF is made here. •The Pineal gland
•Creates hormone melatonin.
Limbic System
Limbic System
• Includes centers for both gratification and aversion– gratification – sensations of pleasure or reward– aversion – sensations of fear or sorrow
Corpus callosum
Olfactory bulb
•Hypothalamus
•Cingulate gyrus
•Amygdala•Hippocampus
Thalamic Nuclei
Brain Stem
Brain Stem• Midbrain
– The midbrain connects the diencephalon to the pons
– CN’s III and IV • Pons
– Connects cerebrum to the cerebellum
– Connects midbrain to medulla
– CN’s V, VI, VII• Medulla
– Connects brain to spinal cord
– Regulates basic body functions
– CN’s VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
CerebellumFunction: •Involved with vestibular and eye movement functions•Controls proprioception related to muscle tone•Fine tunes and coordinates movements
Thank goodness!!!