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Brain & Spinal Cord

Protection of CNS Bone Blood-Brain Barrier

least permeable capillaries in body (allows only water, glucose, and a.a. to pass thru)

Useless against fat-soluble molecules (alcohol, nicotine, anesthesia, etc)

CSF Ventricles - 4 chambers filled w/CSF CSF – surrounds exposed surfaces of

CNS, cushions and supports, transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products

Meninges – series of layers covering CNS Protects against shock, infection, friction Delivers O2 and nutrients to meninges, 3

Layers Dura Mater Outermost, Tough fibrous layer Fused to periosteum of skull

Subdural space – lymph fluid Arachnoid

Subarachnoid space - CSF Pia Mater Bonds to underlying neural tissue Extensive circulatory supply

Main Parts of the Brain

Cerebral Hemispheres

Diencephalon

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

Cerebral Brain Structures

Gyrus – elevated ridges

Sulcus – shallow groves

Fissure – deep groove that separates large regions of the brain (ex. Longitudinal fissure separates L/R hemispheres)

Cerebral Structure

Cerebral cortex - gray matter

Cerebral White matter – nerve fibers

Corpus Callosum – connects the cerebral hemispheres

Ganglia Bodies – islands of gray matter

Cerebral Cortex

Primary sensory, motor, and association cortex

Sensory – initial site for conscious

sensation Motor

conscious control of skeletal muscles (damage causes paralysis)

Association Integrates all sensory

inputs allowing conscious perception and planning of responses

Cognition – attention, language, social behavior and other higher processes

Cerebral Hemispheres

Frontal LobeParietal LobeTemporal LobeOccipital Lobe

Frontal Lobe Functions

Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movements, emotions, problem solving

4 functionally distinct areas Primary motor cortex

(most posterior) Arousal/motivation

(medial frontal) Social behavior (orbital

frontal) Language comprehension

(inferior lateral) Working memory

(dorsolateral)

Broca’s Area – ability to speak

Parietal Lobe Functions

Posterior to central sulcus

Integrates sensory information (sensory homunolculi)

Visual spatial processing

Calculating, writing, right/left orientation

Naming and word recognition

Drawing

Temporal Lobe

Auditory Perception

Receptive component of language

Declarative and visual memory

EmotionsOlfactory areaArea of Wernicke

– speech area

Occipital Lobe

Primary visual cortex

Responsible for visual processing

Diencephelon (Interbrain)

Thalamus Relay station and controls

sensory inputs to cerebral cortex

Acts w/brainstem to control state of arousal

Participates in coordination of movements

Hypothalamus (floor) Homeostasis regulation,

body temperature, appetite, thirst

Control of autonomic nervous system

Regulates secretion of hormones including control of pituitary gland

Epithalamus (roof) Houses pineal body CSF is formed here

Brain Stem

3 Parts: Midbrain

Reflex centers for vision and hearing

Pons “Bridge” – fiber tracts Nuclei involved in control of

breathing Medulla Oblongata

Merges w/spinal cord Fiber tract area Regulates hr, bp, breathing,

swallowing, and vomiting

RAS (Reticular Activating System) – gray matter thru brain stem controls consciousness and wake/sleep cyles

Cerebellum

Coordination and accuracy of complex movements and balance

Procedural memory

The Spinal Cord

Controls spinal reflexes Diameter decreases as it

descends Except at cervical

enlargement And lumbar enlargement

Central canal – filled w/ CSF

Gray matter – glial cells, cell bodies of neurons Horns extend out into horns

White matter – myelinated and unmyelinated axons

Ascending tracts – sensory info to brain

Descending tracts – motor commands to spinal cord

What is the general name that describes the pons, medulla and

midbrain?

A. DiencephalonB. CerebellumC. CerebrumD. Brain stem

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

A. DiencephalonB. CerebellumC. CerebrumD. Brain stemE. Frontal Lobe

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

In terms of volume, the largest part of the brain is

A. Frontal LobeB. Parietal LobeC. Temporal LobeD. Occipital LobeE. CerebellumF. Brain Stem

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

Which lobe is primarily responsible for somatosensation?

A. Frontal LobeB. Parietal LobeC. Temporal LobeD. Occipital LobeE. CerebellumF. Brain Stem

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

A. Frontal LobeB. Parietal LobeC. Temporal LobeD. Occipital LobeE. CerebellumF. Brain Stem

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

Damage to which lobe can produce disruptions to social and emotional behavour?

A. Frontal LobeB. Parietal LobeC. Temporal LobeD. Occipital LobeE. CerebellumF. Brain Stem

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

The auditory cortex is found in the:

A. Cerebrospinal fluid; external pressure

B. Cerebrospinal fluid; infection

C. Ventricular fluid; external pressure

D. Blood; infection and external pressure

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

The fluid found in the brain's cavities is called ______; this principally protects the brain from ______.

A. MeningesB. BoneC. Gray matterD. White matterE. Blood-brain barrier

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

The _________________ serves as a protective filter that regulates the entrance of certain substances into the brain from the

bloodstream.

A. coordination of complex muscular movements

B. coordination of endocrine and nervous responses

C. control of digestion, circulation, and breathing movements

D. center of consciousness

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

What is the primary function of the cerebellum? .

A. CerebrumB. CerebellumC. Spinal cordD. Medulla Oblongata

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

You just finished running and your heart rate is fast as is your breathing. The part of the brain controlling basic body functions such as heart rate and blood

pressure is the _______.

A. connection between speech and hearing

B. motor coordinationC. control of many of

the endocrine glandsD. integration and relay

of information

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

The thalamus is responsible for which of the following functions?

A. intelligence and memory

B. reflex actions and communication between the brain and spinal nerves

C. controlling muscle activity and maintaining balance

D. speech, smell, taste, hearing and vision

Diencephalo

n

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain st

em

25% 25%25%25%

The primary functions of the spinal cord involve __________.