Civil Rights VictimsGen/Age: ST: How? Why? Killer?

Did The Louisiana S.C’ s ruling violate the 14th Amendment?

Roberts v. City of Boston1848

Do You know?

13th Amendment?

14th Amendment?

15th Amendment?

1865

1868

1870

What does being a citizen guarantee you?

Access to …

• Public Education

• Hospitals

• Public Places (parks, malls, etc)

• Public Facilities (rest stops, gas stations,

etc)

• Public Transportation

• Police Protection

14th Amendment

“All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are

citizens of the U.S. and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the U.S.; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the

equal protection of the law…”

Segregation:So how did our nation become so divided?

Let me tell you a story…http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/neworleans/program/index.html

In Louisiana

Homer Plessy

Supreme Court of Louisiana Ruled…

• That “separate, but equal” was okay these laws would be nicknamed “Jim Crow”

laws

Ex: segregated buses and trains, schools, restaurants, etc.

Are there different types of segregation?

• De jure – segregation by law• De facto – segregation by custom and tradition.

Segregation in Effect

Is segregation a bad thing?Is segregation a bad thing?

Southern States will argue that Southern States will argue that the Federal Government had no the Federal Government had no

right to forces states to right to forces states to integrate…integrate…

The Fed Gov will argue The Fed Gov will argue segregation is harmful to segregation is harmful to

society.society.

The Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement really gathered strength after really gathered strength after

World War II. World War II.

Why do you think this was the Why do you think this was the case?case?

“All US Military shall be

desegregated”

President Truman

By 1950s = What needs to be integrated?

1.) Schools (education)

2.) Transportation & Public Facilities

3.) Voting

Part 1: Integrating the School system

Separate…yes; but Equal?

Web dubois

=

naacp

The Path towards Desegregation

•Plan is to attack the “separate but equal” ruling from Plessy vs. Ferguson – prove that separate is not equal•Earlier Supreme Court cases

-1949 Sweatt vs. Painter: Texas law school for blacks not equal to all-white law school-1950 McLaurin v. Oklahoma: black student not receiving an education equal to his white counterparts (kept apart from classmates in the classroom, cafeteria, and library)

•Combined law suits filed in four states and the District of Columbia into Brown (et al.) vs. Board of Education of Topeka (et al.)

Let me tell you a story…

Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka Kansas (1954)

• Who is involved?– Linda Brown = 8 year old defendant

• White school = 2 blocks• Black school = 21 blocks

-Thurgood Marshall = lawyer, would become 1st African American Supreme Court justice…appointed by LBJ

-Public Schools of Topeka Kansas = @ the time were segregated.

The RulingWarren Court ruled:

“Does segregation of children in public schools….deprive children of…equal

opportunities? We believe is does…to separate them…solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority…that may

affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.”

Ruling in Brown v. Board

• Desegregate the schools!

GOAL = 500 schools in 1 year

Possible Problems?“Southern Manifesto”: massive resistance to

integration“I now wish to present to the Senate a statement on behalf of 19

senators, representing 11 states, and 77 House Members, representing a considerable number of states likewise…”

We pledge ourselves to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to

prevent the use of force in its implementation.

In this trying period, as we all seek to right this wrong, we appeal to our people not to be provoked by the agitators and the

troublemakers invading our States and to scrupulously refrain from disorder and lawless acts.”

Harry F Bird

Bull Connor

Orval Faubus

Little Rock Nine, Arkansas (1957)

Daisy BatesNAACP

Segregation NOW!Segregation

TOMORROW!SegregationFOREVER!

Federal Law saysintegrate public

schools

The Little Rock 9Remembers…

Part 2: Integrating

Transportation & Public Facilities

Let me tell you a story…

December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama

12-1-1955

Rosa Parks

Arrested

12- 4-1955 MIA is formedMontgomery Improvement Association

MLK Jr = Leader

12-5-1955

Boycott Begins

Jan. 30, 1956King’s House is

fire bombedWith him, wife, and baby in it

12-21-1956S.C orders

integration of buses.13 months boycott

ends

382 Days!

Montgomery, Alabama

The Af Am communityorganized car pools

to help peopleget around.

Let me tell you another story…FEB 1960 – Woolworth’s

North Carolina

Organized by SNCCStudent Non-Violent Coordinating

Committee

1st Sit-In =Woolworth’s

(department store)

Freedom Rides:

• Supreme Court had banned segregation of public transportation and facilities.

• Goal of the Freedom Riders = ride through the South proving that they were not upholding the law.

Let me tell you yet another story…

May 1961 Bus leaves D.C.May 4, 1961

May 9, 1961Riders Attacked

SC

May 14, 1961Riders Attacked

Anniston AL

May 14, 1961Riders BirminghamNew Riders Show Up

May 20, 1961Riders Montgomery

Fed. MarshallSent to Escort Riders

May 24, 1961Riders Jackson

Mass arrests @bus terminal

Birmingham Children’s MarchBirmingham Children’s March(Alabama)(Alabama)

Part 3: Allow for all minorities to VOTE

without fear

- Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965- No discrimination or barriers can be used to

keep citizens from voting- Outlawed, literacy tests, poll taxes, “grandfather

clause”.

Obstruction to Voting• Poll tax (fees paid in order to vote) • Literacy tests (must pass in order to vote)

– 3 parts: questions about Constitution, written questions, and state and national gov’t questions

• Grandfather clause (denied the right to vote from freed black slaves)

• Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965- No discrimination or barriers can be used to keep

citizens from voting- Outlawed literacy tests, poll taxes, “grandfather

clause”.

1963 - MLK’s mug shot from arrest at Birmingham jail

•Spends 11 days in jail, where he writes his famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

•trying to get JFK to support the Civil Rights Movement

•defending non-violent protests

•Insisting that injustice has to be exposed before it can be cured

•March on Washington to lobby Congress and build public support

Martin Luther King, Jr.

March on Washington

• 1964

• 200,000 blacks and whites marched from Washington Memorial to Lincoln’s Memorial

• MLK gave his “I Have a Dream Speech”

• Goal? Show Congress that Americans supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964

March on Washington

• Civil Rights Act of 1964• Outlawed discrimination of any person

based on their race, ethnicity, religion, or gender.

Non-Violence turns to Aggression

Towards the end of the 1950s, some African Americans felt change was not

happening fast enough. They were tired of being beaten and threaten.

The Watts Riot

• Race riot broke out in Watts, a black neighborhood in L.A. – 5 days after President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act

• Riot lasted for six days– Required over 14,000 members of the National Guard and 1,500

law officers to restore order– Rioters burned and looted entire neighborhoods– $45 million in property destroyed, 34 people killed, 900 wounded

• More riots broke out between 1965 and 1968, worst in 1967 in Detroit– 43 dead; 1,000 wounded; $250 million in damage

1966: Top left to right: Elbert "Big Man" Howard; Huey P. Newton (Defense Minister), Sherman Forte, Bobby Seale (Chairman). Bottom: Reggie Forte and Little Bobby Hutton (Treasurer).

The Black Panthers

Black Panthers

• political party founded in CA in 1966 by Bobby G. Seale and Huey P. Newton

• Urged blacks to arm themselves for the self-defense of black people

• Invaded CA state legislature to protest a gun-control bill in May 1967

• Used armed rebellion if necessary to achieve its goals• At its peak in 1967-1968, membership was as large as

5,000• Suspected of terrorist acts and ties to alien powers

contrary to US interests in late 1960s by US gov’t

"If we are to proceed toward true liberation, we must cut ourselves off from white people..... [otherwise] we will find ourselves entwined in the tentacles of the white power complex that controls this country." – Stokely

Carmichael

Black Power

• 2 different meanings – 1) Self defense and violence acceptable in

defense of one’s freedom • Rejection of Dr. King’s nonviolence philosophy

– 2) African Americans should control the social, political, and economic direction of their struggle

– Show pride in racial heritage rather than assimilate (adapt to dominant culture)

Black Self-DeterminationThe charge may be made that we are

"racists," but whites who are sensitive to our problems will realize that we must determine our own destiny.

In an attempt to find a solution to our dilemma, we propose that our organization (SNCC) should be black-staffed, black-controlled, and black-financed. We do not want to fall into a similar dilemma that other civil rights organizations have fallen into. If we continue to rely upon white financial support we will find ourselves entwined in the tentacles of the white power complex that controls this country. It is also important that a black organization (devoid of cultism) be projected to our people so that it can be demonstrated that such organizations are viable. (quote from Black Panthers)

Rules of Black Panther Party 8 Points of Attention

• 1. Speak politely. • 2. Pay fairly for what you buy. • 3. Return everything you borrow. • 4. Pay for anything you damage. • 5. Do not hit or swear at people. • 6. Do not damage property or crops of the poor, oppressed

masses. • 7. Do not take liberties with women. • 8. If we ever have to take captives do not ill-treat them.

3 Main Rules of Discipline• 1. Obey orders in all your actions. • 2. Do not take a single needle or piece of thread from the

poor and oppressed masses. • 3. Turn in everything captured from the attacking enemy.

MLK Assassination

• MLK went to Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike of black sanitation workers in March 1968

• Supported the Poor People’s Campaign– Plan to lobby the federal government to

commit billions of dollars to end poverty and employment in the US

• Assassinated by a sniper on April 4, 1968 on his hotel balcony

After MLK’s Death

• Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968– Outlawed discrimination in housing sales and rentals to African

Americans

• Poor People’s Campaign did not achieve any of their major goals

• A Class Divided – Jane Elliot, elementary teacher in Iowa– Changed her lesson plan to one about discrimination the day

after MLK was assassinated

Malcolm X

• Chicago leader Fred Hampton

• lead five different breakfast programs

• helped create a free medical center, and initiates a door to door program of health services which test for sickle cell anemia, and encouraged blood drives.

• reached out to local gangs to clean up their acts, get them away from crime and bring them into the class war.

Helped or Hurt?1920s?

Helped or Hurt?Early 1930s?

Helped or Hurt?Late1930 - 1940s?

Helped or Hurt?1950s

Helped or Hurt?1960s

The Warren Court1953-1969

Chief Justice Earl Warren

• Accomplishments:1.) banned prayer in schools

2.) limited town’s abilities to censor books, etc.

3.) Miranda Rights

4.) Reapportionment=redrew election lines to reflect new populations in suburbs and cities (what does this mean?)

5.) Brown v. Board of Education!! (1954)