Civil Case Law Digest

8/8/2019 Civil Case Law Digest

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75. LBDBAGB @D WRUB\Z77. _/W EBZ@AL :9 LFZW7


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W\F\B UBWY@AWJEJHJ\Z \@ FG\ DFJUHZ69


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(b) jd tmb pfrty l`bs a`t pfy tmb luty fal pbafhty, tmb Gùrt wjhh mfvb t`

pfss fa `rlbr jcpùaljao tmb l`gucbat fal sbal tmb jastrucbat ja `rjojafh, t` tmb Ljstrjgt Ubojstrfr d`rebjao lbfht wjtm ja fgg`rlfagb wjtm hfw fs pbr Wbgtjà 7?(5) `d tmb Nfraftfnf Wtfcp Fgt. . \mblbdbrbagb ebtwbba Wbgtjà 7< `d tmb Nfraftfnf Wtfcp Fgt fal Wbgtjà fal tmbrb ebjao a` pbrsàfh


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Hbfsbs, à tmb `tmbr mfal, gfa eb `d ljddbrbat typbs. \mb gàsjlbrftjà d`r tmb hbfsb gfa eb (f) f prbcjuc j.b.,

f prjgb> (e) f rbat, bjtmbr ja gfsm `r ja njal> (g) càby flvfagbl, tmft js, f lbp`sjt `r flvfagb> (l) f

g`cejaftjà `d f, e fal g `r fay tw` `d tmbc.

Cbrbhy ebgfusb fa fcùat js flvfagbl fal p`ssbssjà js lbhjvbrbl, f trfasfgtjà wjhh a`t ebg`cb f

c`rtofob. Fs stftbl fe`vb, c`rtofob gàtbcphftbs tmb tfnjao `d f h`fa fal lbhjvbrjao p`ssbssjà t` sbgurbpfycbat `d tmb h`fa, tmb rbhftjàsmjp ebjao tmft `d f grbljt`r fal lbet`r. @a tmb `tmbr mfal, ja f hbfsb d`rcàby flvfagbl `r lbp`sjt cflb, tmbrb js a` rbhftjàsmjp `d lbet`r fal grbljt`r ebtwbba tmb hfalh`rl fal

tbafat. Ja sugm f trfasfgtjà, tmb tbafat wm` lbsjrbs t` tfnb tmb prbcjsbs à hbfsb, forbbs t` cfnb f Lbp`sjt,

jastbfl `d cfnjao f càtmhy pfycbat fs rbat, wjtm tmb ualbrstfaljao tmft tmb hfalh`rl wjhh gàtjaub t` m`hltmb sfjl flvfagb `r lbp`sjt s` hào fs tmb tbafat gàtjaubs ja p`ssbssjà fal mb smùhl rbdual tmb sfcb

wmba tmb tbafat vfgftbs tmb hbfsbl prbcjsbs. Jt cfy eb a`tjgbl tmft ja sugm f trfasfgtjà, tmb pr`pbrty js a`tojvba up sbgurjty d`r tmb fcùat flvfagbl. _mjhb tmb prjcfry trfasfgtjà ja f c`rtofob js flvfagjao `d f

h`fa fal sbgurjao tmb flvfagb ey fa jcc`vfehb pr`pbrty, ja f hbfsb fofjast lbp`sjt, tmb prjcfry jatbatjà jst` cfnb fvfjhfehb tmb prbcjsbs t` tmb tbafat fal rbgbjvb tmb gàsjlbrftjà tmbrbd`r ey wfy `d jatbrbst drbb

flvfagb.

Mfvjao jlbatjdjbl fal lbgjlbl à tmb afturb `d tmb l`gucbat, tmb abxt qubstjà tmft frjsbs d`r gàsjlbrftjà

js wmbtmbr jt wfs pr`pbrhy stfcpbl. Jd jt js f usudrugtufry c`rtofob, jt js suekbgt t` Wtfcp luty ft f rftbbqujvfhbat t` tmft `d f gàvbyfagb à tmb c`rtofob fcùat ualbr Frtjghb 7 (e) Jd tmb jastrucbat rbg`rls fa forbbcbat t` orfat f hbfsb jaduturb suekbgt t` f gàtjaobagy `r gàtjaobagjbs, tmba jt js f cbrb forbbcbat wmjgm l`bs a`t rbqujrb Wtfcp

luty ualbr Frtjghb 79 `d tmb Wtfcp Fgt, `r rbojstrftjà. Fa jastrucbat wmjgm rbg`rls fa forbbcbat t`

gàstrugt f eujhljao fal tmba orfat f hbfsb ey bxbgutjao f sbpfrftb lbbl wjhh eb f cbrb forbbcbat wmjgm gfaeb stfcpbl ualbr tmb rbsjlufry ghfusb `d Frtjghb 2 fal cfy a`t rbqujrb rbojstrftjà.Wuprbcb Gùrt ja tmb gfsb `d Ejpja Wmfatjhfh Yfagmfh v. Wtftb `d Ouk 5996 Grj HK 652< ; (FJU 5996 WG

662=) wmbrbja jt mfs ebba mbhl tmft, wmbrb flcjssjejhjty `d l`gucbat js èkbgtbl tmba tmb Gùrt smùhl

tbatftjvbhy cfrn tmb l`gucbat fs fa bxmjejt fal gfa lbtbrcjab tmb èkbgtjàs ft tmb hfst stfob ja tmb djafh

kulocbat. Eut, wmjhb m`hljao s`, tmb Fpbx Gùrt gfrvbl fa bxgbptjà rbofrljao flcjssjejhjty `d f l`gucbatwmbrb èkbgtjà js efsbl à lbdjgjbat stfcp luty, tmba tmb Gùrt mfs t` lbgjlb tmb èkbgtjà ebd`rb

pr`gbbljao durtmbr.

Ja tmjs rbofrl, rbhjfagb js phfgbl upà tmb kulocbat `d tmb Wuprbcb Gùrt rbp`rtbl jaFJU 6:44 WG 6476d`rtmb pr`p`sjtjà tmft a` fgt `d Gùrt smfhh mfrc f hjtjofat fal jt js tmb eùalba luty `d Gùrt t` sbb tmft jd f

pbrsà js mfrcbl ey f cjstfnb `d tmb Gùrt, mb smùhl eb rbst`rbl t` tmb p`sjtjà mb wùhl mfvb `ggupjbl.

C@U\OFOB

Bssbatjfh jaorbljbats `d f c`rtofob lbbl - \mbrb gfa eb a` trfasdbr `d jatbrbst ja jcc`vbfehb pr`pbrty jdprjagjpfh càby sbgurbl js c`rb tmfa àb mualrbl rupbbs, uahbss tmb c`rtofob js bddbgtbl ey f rbojstbrbl

jastrucbat sjoabl ey tmb C`rtofobr fal fttbstbl ey ft hbfst tw` wjtabssbs. Jd l`gucbats a`t rbojstbrbl, jt

gfaa`t eb sfjl tmb l`gucbats mfvb trfasdbrrbl fay jatbrbst ja jcc`vbfehb pr`pbrty. Ja sugm gfsbs hjfejhjtyd`r hbvy `d luty fal pbafhty, fs f c`rtofob lbbl frjsbs. Tfsulbv Yfalurfao v EfsfppfMfaucfatmfppf, JHU 6:=2 Nfr. 2


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Nfraftfnf Forjguhturfh Grbljt @pbrftjàs fal Cjsgbhhfabùs Yr`vjsjàs Fgt, 6:?< D`rc A`. 7, Lbghfrftjà @ddbrjao sbgurjty `d gbrtfja jcc`vfehb pr`pbrty d`r e`rr`wjao `d càby `r djafagjfh fssjstfagb

_mbtmbr tmb lbghfrftjà js f sjcphb c`rtofob d`r purp`sbs `d tmb Fgt _mbtmbr tmb Ubvbaub futm`rjtjbswbrb kustjdjbl ja gàghuljao tmft tmb lbdjgjt stfcp luty js t` eb pfjl0 F rbfljao `d tmb pr`vjsjà cfnbs jt ghbfr

tmft fay jastrucbat wmjgm d`r tmb purp`sb `d sbgurjao càby flvfagbl ey wfy `d h`fa `r t` eb flvfagbl ey

wfy `d h`fa `r àb pbrsà trfasdbrs `r grbftbs ja dfvùr `d fa`tmbr pbrsà f rjomt `vbr f spbgjdjg pr`pbrty jsgfhhbl f c`rtofob. Ja tmb prbsbat gfsb f rbfljao `d tmb lbghfrftjà wùhl cfnb jt ghbfr tmft tmb pfrty

gàgbrabl wùhl `ddbr gbrtfja pr`pbrty ey wfy `d sbgurjty d`r tmb pfycbat `d fcùat `d djafagjfh fssjstfagbfal tmb lbsgrjptjà `d tmb pr`pbrty js fhs` sbt d`rtm ja tmb sgmbluhb tmbrbt`. \mbrbd`rb jt js ghbfrhy f gfsb `dc`rtofob, ebgfusb tmbrb js e`rr`wjao `d càby fal `ddbr `d sbgurjty `d gbrtfja jcc`vfehb pr`pbrty ja tbrcs

`d Wbgtjà 5(h)(a) `d tmb Fgt ..... _mba tmft lbghfrftjà js rbqujrbl t` eb rbojstbrbl fal tmb lbghfrftjà jtsbhd

grbftbs jatbrbst ja rbspbgt `d tmb pr`pbrty ey wfy `d gmfrob `r sbgurjty ja tmb pr`pbrty ja qubstjà, jt smùhlgbrtfjahy eb mbhl t` eb f c`rtofob. Yfsfhu \mjccfppf fal @tmbrs v Nfraftfnf Fppbhhftb' \rjeuafh,Efaofh`rb fal @tmbrs, JHU 6::< NFU 674?.

G@ATBZFAGB- UBHBFWB

C.F. Tbanftfgmfhfpftmj vs Wtftb @d Cys`rb Fal @rs FJU 6:44 Cys 757 _mba f g`-`wabr sbhhs mjsualjvjlbl jatbrbst ja f g`ccà pr`pbrty t` fa`tmbr g`-`wabr, tmbrb js abgbssfrjhy f rbhbfsb `d tmb jatbrbst `dtmb trfasdbr`r g`-`wabr Eut tmjs àhy cbfas tmft bvbry trfasfgtjà `d sfhb ebtwbba tw` g`-`wabrs, js f

trfasfgtjà `d rbhbfsb fhs` kust fs bvbry trfasfgtjà `d pfrtjtjà ebtwbba tw` g`-`wabrs js, fs bxphfjabl ja

Afakualf Wbtty's gfsb 6:47(5) Cys HK ?2; (FJU 6:4< Cys 65< (DE), fhs` f trfasfgtjà `d cutufh rbhbfsb.. Bvbry sfhb cfy a`t jav`hvb f rbhbfsb. F sfhb ebtwbba tw` pbrsàs wm` mfl a` prj`r g`ccà

jatbrbst ja f pr`pbrty s`hl, wjhh a`t jav`hvb f rbhbfsb, f obabrfhhy spbfnjao, f rbhbfsb hjnb f pfrtjtjà, prb-supp`sbs tmb bxjstbagb `d g`ccà jatbrbst `d tmb pfrtjbs t` tmb trfasfgtjà (Tjlb Afakualf Wbtty's gfsb,

6:47(5) Cys HK ?2; (FJU 6:4< Cys 65


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pr`pbrty d`r mjcsbhd suekbgt t` tmb pfycbat `d `wbhty t` `tmbr smfrbrs ja rbspbgt `d tmbjr smfrb ja tmbpr`pbrty. \mbrbd`rb, pfrtjtjà fcàost tmb Mjalu G`-smfrbrs l`bs a`t fcùat t` f trfasdbr `d pr`pbrty `r fay

jatbrbst ja tmb pr`pbrty, tmùom jt cjomt rbsuht ja tmb wjpjao ùt `d tmb smfrbs `d `tmbr smfrbrs ja tmb pr`pbrty.

- Jt mfs ebba mbhl jaLFWFYYF WB\\Z v. NFHJ LFWFYYF WB\\Z,6:4=(6) Cys. H.K. 599tmft f pfrtjtjà jsa`t f trfasdbr ft fhh fal tmft f sfhb gbrtjdjgftb jssubl ualbr @rlbr 56, Uuhb :< G.Y.G. wfs a`t fa jastrucbat `d

sfhb fal tmb stfcp luty abbl a`t eb pfjl tmbrbà ualbr Wbgtjà 64< `d tmb Yfagmfyft Fgt. Ja FWM@NNWMZF v. WRLMF TFWJWM\, FJU 6:=? WG =


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forbbcbat fhtmùom jt wfs pbrcjttbl t` bstfehjsm f s`dtwfrb pfrn eut ey rbfsà tmbrb`d a` drbsm trfasfgtjàwfs batbrbl jat`. .... \mb sfjl hbfsb wfs o`vbrabl ey Wbgtjà 692 `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt, 6==5. Ey

rbfsà `d tmb supphbcbatfry forbbcbat, f rbstrjgtjvb g`vbafat mfs ebba fcbalbl ja tbrcs wmbrb`d tmbfppbhhfat mbrbja wfs pbrcjttbl t` gfrry à tmb eusjabss `d f \bgma`hòy Yfrn jastbfl `d cfaudfgturb `d

rbflycflb ofrcbats/hbftmbr ofrcbats. @ahy ebgfusb tmb afcb `d tmb g`cpfay wfs gmfaobl, tmb sfcb wùhl

a`t cbfa tmft f drbsm trfasfgtjà t``n phfgb. Mfvjao rbofrl t` tmb gmfaob ja tmb afcb `d tmb g`cpfay, tmbfppbhhfat's afcb wfs sùomt t` eb suestjtutbl ja tmb `rjojafh forbbcbat. \mb pbrj`l `d tmb hbfsb, tmb qufatuc

`d tmb prbcjuc pfjl fal `tmbr tbrcs fal gàljtjàs rbcfjabl uafhtbrbl bxgbpt tmb rbstrjgtjà gàtfjabl jaghfusb 5(q) `d tmb sfjl lbbl, wfs rbc`vbl. Ey rbfsà `d cbrb gmfaob `d usbr dr`c gfrryjao à àb eusjabss t`fa`tmbr, jt js trub> f drbsm trfasfgtjà l`bs a`t tfnb phfgb. \mb tbrcs fal gàljtjàs `d tmb hbfsb gfa eb

gmfaobl ey cutufh gàsbat. Rahbss tmb bssbatjfh jaorbljbats tmbrb`d fs gàtfjabl ja Wbgtjà 692 `d tmb

\rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt frb a`t fhtbrbl, jt gfaa`t eb sfjl tmft tmb pfrtjbs t` tmb gàtrfgt batbrbl jat` f drbsmtrfasfgtjà. \mb tmjrl rbspàlbat cbrbhy rbsbrvbl uat` jtsbhd f rjomt `d rb-batry à bxpjry `d tmb sfjl pbrj`l

`d bhbvba ybfrs. Jt gùhl ja tbrcs `d tmb g`vbafat `d tmb hbfsb fhs` bxtbal tmb pbrj`l `d tbafagy `r tbrcjaftb

tmb sfcb. Rahbss tmb hbfsb jtsbhd gfcb t` fa bal, tmb tmjrl rbspàlbat ljl a`t mfvb fay rjomt t` rb-gàvby tmbpr`pbrty. Ey rbfsà `d cbrb gmfaob ja tmb afcb `d tmb g`cpfay "Yrfsfl Ofrcbats Yrjvftb Hjcjtbl" tmbbrstwmjhb hbssbb fhs` gfaa`t eb mbhl t` mfvb trfasdbrrbl jts hbfsbm`hl jatbrbst ja dfvùr `d tmb fppbhhfat

mbrbja..... Bxbgutjà `d fa jastrucbat wmjgm wùhl fttrfgt pfycbat `d stfcp luty ja tbrcs `d Frtjghb -2(l) `d

tmb Fgt cust jav`hvb trfasdbr `d tmb pr`pbrty `r `tmbrwjsb f rjomt `r hjfejhjty cfy jatbr fhjf eb grbftbl,trfasdbrrbl btg., fs bavjsfobl ja Wbgtjà 7 tmbrb`d. @agb jt js mbhl tmft tmb supphbcbatfry forbbcbat js abjtmbr

f lbbl `d hbfsb a`r f lbbl `d sfhb wjtmja tmb cbfajao `d Wbgtjà 692 `r Wbgtjà 2< `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrtyFgt, fs tmb gfsb cfy eb, Frtjghb 2(l) `d tmb Wgmbluhb t` tmb Fgt wjhh mfvb a` fpphjgftjà. Jd Frtjghb 2(l) mfs a`fpphjgftjà, jaljsputfehy tmb rbsjlufry ghfusb gàtfjabl ja Frtjghb 2(d)(j) wùhl mfvb. \mb fppbhhfat

flcjttblhy pfjl tmb stfcp luty ja tbrcs tmbrb`d.... Jt js a`w wbhh-sbtthbl tmft d`r tmb purp`sb `d hbvy `d stfcp

luty, tmb rbfh fal trub cbfajao `d tmb jastrucbat cust eb fsgbrtfjabl. .... Mfvjao rbofrl t` tmb dfgt tmft tmbbatjty `d tmb fppbhhfat gfaa`t eb sfjl t` eb t`tfhhy ljddbrbat dr`c Yrfsfl Ofrcbats Yrjvftb Hjcjtbl fal fs ey

rbfsà `d tmb supphbcbatfry forbbcbat, a` drbsm trfasfgtjà mfs ebba batbrbl jat`, tmb jcpuoabl kulocbat

gfaa`t eb sustfjabl, wmjgm js sbt fsjlb fgg`rljaohy. Yrfsfl \bgma`hòy Yfrn Yrjvftb Hjcjtbl,Efaofh`rb v Wue-Ubojstrfr, Nrjsmafrfkfpurfc, Efaofh`rb fal @tmbrs, FJU 5994 WG 49


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7(5) tmb gàtrfgt cust eb ja wrjtjao, sjoabl ey tmb trfasdbr`r, `r ey s`cbàb à mjs ebmfhd,

(7) tmb wrjtjao cust eb ja sugm w`rls dr`c wmjgm tmb tbrcs abgbssfry t` gàstrub tmb trfasdbr gfa eb

fsgbrtfjabl>( fal(4) tmb trfasdbrbb cust mfvb pbrd`rcbl `r eb wjhhjao t` pbrd`rc mjs pfrt `d tmb gàtrfgt.

Jd tmb gàljtjàs baucbrftbl fe`vb frb g`cphjbl wjtm, tmb hfw `d hjcjtftjà l`bs a`t g`cb ja tmb wfy `d f

lbdbalfat tfnjao phbf ualbr Wbgtjà 27F `d tmb Fgt t` pr`tbgt mjs p`ssbssjà `d tmb sujt pr`pbrty bvba tmùomf sujt d`r spbgjdjg pbrd`rcfagb d f gàtrfgt js efrrbl ey hjcjtftjà.

RAUBOJW\BUBL LBBL - W\FCY FAL YBAFH\Z.

Ey fa uarbojstbrbl l`gucbat wmjgm js dùal t` eb fa usudrugtufry c`rtofob lbbl, a` hbofhhy vfhjl trfasdbr `d

fay jatbrbst ja tmb pr`pbrty ja qubstjà gfa eb sfjl t` mfvb ebba cflb, fal wmba tmbrb js a` sugm hbofhhyvfhjl trfasdbr, tmb l`gucbat js a`t hjfehb t` stfcp luty fal fs sugm a` hbvy `d stfcp luty fal pbafhty gùhleb rlbrbl. Ourfppf Nfhfppf v Yfttfafjn, (6:?


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fdtbr bxbgutjà js fa jrrbhbvfat cfttbr d`r tmb purp`sb `d lbtbrcjajao tmb qubstjà wmbtmbr tmb l`gucbat jsgmfrobfehb t` luty ualbr tmb Fgt. Wjcj-hfrhy, dfjhurb t` ètfja tmb prbvjùs sfagtjà `d tmb G`hhbgt`r d`r tmb

trfasdbr wmjgm javfhjlftbs tmb trfasdbr mfs a`, ebfrjao à tmb qubstjà `d tmb hjfejhjty `d tmb l`gucbat t`Wtfcp Luty ualbr tmb Fgt.Faaf Uf v Efalbppf, FJU 6:?6 Cys. 47 (DE).

UBLRG\J@A @D W\FCY LR\ZA`tjdjgftjà Jssubl d`r Wjagb gàgbssjà ualbr a`tjdjgftjà lftbl 5=-:-6::< js àhy d`r hfal purgmfsbl d`r

gàstrugtjà `d luhy fppr`vbl abw gjabcf tmbftrb, lbajfh `d gàgbssjà d`r purgmfsb `d hfal wjtm gjabcftmbftrb fhrbfly bxjstjao tmbrbà, js vfhjl. Mbhl; \mb a`tjdjgftjà lftbl 5=-:- 6::< pr`vjlbs d`r bxbcptjà falgàgbssjà àhy d`r tmb hfals purgmfsbl d`r gàstrugtjà `d tmb luhy fppr`vbl abw gjabcf tmbftrb fal tmb

sfjl O`vbracbat @rlbr js a`t fpphjgfehb t` tmb hfals wjtm bxjstjao gjabcf tmbftrb. Ja tmb prbsbat gfsb tmb sfhb

lbbl lftbl 67-5-6::? ljsgh`sbs tmb bxjstbagb `d Tjafyfnf gjabcf tmbftrb fs fal tmbrbd`rb ft tmb tjcb `d tmbbxbgutjà `d sfhb lbbl tmb gjabcf tmbftrb wfs fhrbfly ja bxjstbagb. \mbrbd`rb, tmb `rlbr pfssbl ey tmb

Ljstrjgt Ubojstrfr fal Lbputy G`ccjssjàbr `d Wtfcps, \ucnur Ljstrjgt js kustjdjfehb àb fal jt js ja

fgg`rlfagb wjtm hfw fal jt gfaa`t eb jatbrdbrbl wjtm ey tmjs \rjeuafh ja tmjs fppbfh. N.E. Afobalrf falFa`tmbr v \mb Lbputy G`ccjssjàbr d`r Wtfcps fal Ubojstrftjà, \ucnur Ljstrjgt, \ucnur fal

Fa`tmbr, JHU 5992 NFU 5692.

W@GJB\Z YU@YBU\Z \UFAWDBUUBL \@ \URW\

L`gucbat lbsgrjebl fs Lbbl `r \rust ey Yrbsjlbat `d Aftjàfh Blugftjà W`gjbty - _mbtmbr tmb l`gucbat js flbbl `d trust `r sbtthbcbat lbbl - \brcs `d lbbl - W`gjbty ebg`cbs f trust - Yr`pbrty obts trfasdbrrbl faltmbrb js g`cphbtb gmfaob ja tmb stftus - A` pr`vjsjà ja W`gjbtjbs Ubojstrftjà Fgt t` gmfaob gmfrfgtbr `d

s`gjbty t` trust - \rfasfgtjà ja bddbgt fcùats t` trfasdbr `d pr`pbrty fal js gmfrobfehb t` stfcp luty fs

sbtthbcbat. Mbhl; Raljsputblhy tmb pr`pbrty ebhàobl t` tmb s`gjbty rbojstbrbl ualbr tmb W`gjbty UbojstrftjàFgt fal tmbsb pr`pbrtjbs frb sùomt t` eb trfasdbrrbl fal vbstbl ja tmb abwhy grbftbl \rust. \mb s`gjbty

bxjstbl fs sbpfrftb hbofh batjty, fal tmb Jastrucbat ja qubstjà sbbns t` gàvbrt tmb s`gjbty jat` f trust fal

trfasdbr fal vbst fhh tmb pr`pbrtjbs ja tmb trust. \mbrb js a` pr`vjsjà ja tmb W`gjbtjbs Ubojstrftjà Fgt t`gàvbrt tmb pr`pbrtjbs `d f s`gjbty jat` f \rust Yr`pbrty. Ralbr tmbsb gjrgucstfagbs, h``njao t` tmb vbrytbrcs `d tmb Jastrucbat ja qubstjà, tmb l`gucbat dfhhs wjtmja tmb cbfajao `d sbtthbcbat fs lbdjabl ualbr

Wbgtjà 5(h)(q)(jjj) `d tmb Fgt fal fs sugm jt js hjfehb t` luty ualbr Frtjghb


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smùhl jaghulb tmb flljtjàfh stfcp luty hbvjbl fal g`hhbgtbl ualbr Wbgtjà 7-E `d tmb Fgt. Jd tmft wbrb a`t tèb tmb gfsb, tmba tmbrb wfs a` `ggfsjà t` usb tmb w`rls "t`tfh stfcp luty pfyfehb". ... Jt gfaa`t eb sfjl tmft

bxtbaljao `d tmb a`tjdjgftjà lftbl 64-4-6::: t` eb fpphjgfehb t` hbvy `d luty fs wbhh fs flljtjàfh stfcp lutyjs ja tmb afturb `d f hjebrfh jatbrprbtftjà `d tmb a`tjdjgftjà `r fcùats t` bahfrojao tmb fpphjgftjà `d tmb

a`tjdjgftjà. A` sugm bxbrgjsb js bjtmbr abgbssfry `r jaluhobl ja, wmba tmb w`rljaos `d tmb a`tjdjgftjà jtsbhd js

h``nbl jat`. \mb a`tjdjgftjà jtsbhd fgmjbvbs tmb g`rb èkbgt `d orfatjao bxbcptjà upt` 29% à bvbaflljtjàfh stfcp luty pfyfehb fal t` tmb ghfss `d trfasfgtjàs rbdbrrbl tmbrbja. . . . \mb tmrbb trfasfgtjàs

ebjao ghbfrhy g`vbrbl ey tmb a`tjdjgftjà lftbl 64-4-6::: ebjao `d tmb afturb `d trfasfgtjàs rbdbrrbl t`tmbrbja fal fhs` orfatjao bxbcptjà upt` 29% `d tmb t`tfh stfcp luty pfyfehb ja rbspbgt `d tmb trfasfgtjà,tmb stfal `d tmb pbtjtjàbr ghfjcjao bxbcptjà dr`c hbvy `d stfcp luty bvba ja rbspbgt `d pfycbat `d

flljtjàfh stfcp luty ualbr Wbgtjà 7-E `d tmb Fgt js pbrdbgthy kustjdjbl fal ja gàsàfagb wjtm tmb

a`tjdjgftjà. \mb lbcfal rfjsbl gfhhjao upà tmb pbtjtjàbrs t` pfy tmb ljddbrbagb `d luty `vbr fal fe`vbwmft jt mfl pfjl, js a`t sustfjafehb ja hfw fal fgg`rljaohy tmbsb lbcfal a`tjgbs frb hjfehb t` eb qufsmbl-

\ftf Gàsuhtfagy Wbrvjgbs, Cucefj v Wtftb `d Nfcftfnf fal Fa`tmbr, JHU 599< NFU 4?< KustjgbL.T.Wmyhbalrfnucfr.

C@LB @D GFAGBHHF\J@A @D G@RU\ DBB W\FCY YFYBUWA` pfrtjguhfr c`lb js prbsgrjebl bjtmbr ualbr fay stftutb `r fay ruhbs drfcbl ualbr stftutb Yr`vjsjà

rbqujrjao gfagbhhftjà wùhl eb luhy g`cphjbl wjtm jd bvjlbagb `d gfagbhhftjà js sugm tmft sfcb smbbt gfaa`teb fpphjbl t` fay `tmbr jastrucbat Ubkbgtjà `d phfjat à tbgmajgfh orùal tmft pfrty `r mjs Gùasbh mfs

a`t fddjxbl mjs sjoafturb à bfgm fal bvbry smbbt, js hbofhhy uatbafehb, wmba bfgm fal bvbry smbbt js gfagbhhbley typjao tmbrbà gfusb tjthb `d sujt. Mbhl; \mb sujt `d tmb phfjatjdd js t` rbg`vbr f muob fcùat `d Us.67,7:,7


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smùhl lbtbrcjab lbdjgjt Wtfcp luty fal pbafhty pfyfehb fal ljrbgt pfrty t` pfy sfcb fal flcjt l`gucbatfdtbr pfycbat js cflb Jd pfycbat js a`t cflb, Gùrt mfs t` jcpùal l`gucbat fal sbal sfcb t` Ljstrjgt

Ubojstrfr d`r mfvjao lbfht wjtm ja fgg`rlfagb wjtm hfw fs pbr Wbgtjà 7?(5) `d Nfraftfnf Wtfcp Fgt.

F g`cejabl rbfljao `d Wbgtjàs 77, 7 (e) Fdtbr mbfrjao, jd tmb Gùrt g`cbs t` tmb gàghusjà tmft tmb l`gucbat mfs ebba luhystfcpbl, jt smfhh pr`gbbl t` flcjt tmb l`gucbat jat` bvjlbagb> (g) à tmb `tmbr mfal, jd tmb Gùrt g`cbs t`

tmb gàghusjà tmft tmb l`gucbat js a`t stfcpbl `r jasuddjgjbathy stfcpbl, jt smfhh pfss fa `rlbr m`hljao tmft

tmb l`gucbat js a`t luhy stfcpbl fal lbtbrcjab tmb Wtfcp luty/lbdjgjt stfcp luty fal pbafhty t` eb pfjlfal djx f lftb t` bafehb tmb pfrty wm` pr`lugbs tmb l`gucbat t` pfy tmb Wtfcp luty/lbdjgjt Wtfcp luty phus

pbafhty> (l) Jd tmb pfrty pfys tmb luty fal pbafhty tmb Gùrt smfhh gbrtjdy tmft pr`pbr fcùat `d luty fal

pbafhty mfs ebba hbvjbl fal rbg`rl tmb afcb fal fllrbss `d tmb pbrsà pfyjao tmb sfjl luty fal pbafhty faltmba flcjt tmb l`gucr f ja bvjlbagb fs pr`vjlbl ualbr Wbgtjà fal tmb Gùrt smfhh sbal fafutmbatjgftbl g`py `d tmb jastrucbat t` tmb Ljstrjgt Ubojstrfr tòbtmbr wjtm f Gbrtjdjgftb fal tmb fcùat

g`hhbgtbl fs luty fal pbafhty, fs pr`vjlbl ualbr Wbgtjà 7?(h)(b). Jd tmb pfrty l`bs a`t pfy tmb luty fal

pbafhty, tmb Gùrt wjhh mfvb t` pfss fa `rlbr jcpùaljao tmb l`gucbat fal sbal tmb jastrucbat ja `rjojafh,t` tmb Ljstrjgt Ubojstrfr d`r ebjao lbfht wjtm ja fgg`rlfagb wjtm hfw fs pbr Wbgtjà 7?(5) `d tmb Nfraftfnf

Wtfcp Fgt.L`gucbat jasuddjgjbathy stfcpbl fal l`gucbat rbqujrjao rbojstrftjà eut a`t rbojstbrbl Yr`vjsjàs `de`tm Fgts efr sugm l`gucbats ebjao rbgbjvbl ja bvjlbagb Ubofrljao jasuddjgjbathy stfcpbl l`gucbat, efr

js fes`hutb, suekbgt t` pr`vjsjà bafehjao Gùrt t` g`hhbgt lbdjgjt Wtfcp luty fal pbafhty Ubofrljao

uarbojstbrbl l`gucbat efr js a`t s` fes`hutb, fs uarbojstbrbl jastrucbat cfy eb rbgbjvbl fs bvjlbagb `dgàtrfgt ja sujt d`r spbgjdjg pbrd`rcfagb `r fs bvjlbagb `d pfrt pbrd`rcfagb `d gàtrfgt `d sfhb `d jcc`vfehb

pr`pbrty `r fs bvjlbagb `d g`hhftbrfh trfasfgtjà a`t rbqujrbl t` eb bddbgtbl ey rbojstbrbl jastrucbat. Mbhl;

\mb ljddbrbagb ebtwbba Wbgtjà 7< `d tmb Nfraftfnf Wtfcp Fgt fal Wbgtjà


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rbfsàs stftbl suprf, tmb Wue-Ubojstrfr smùhl a`t mfvb rbdusbl t` rbojstbr tmb l`gucbat wmba jt wfsprbsbatbl d`r rbojstrftjà. Fs gàtbcphftbl ualbr tmb pr`vjsjàs `d Wbgtjà 72 d tmb Ubojstrftjà Fgt `d

6:9= wmba tmb Wue-Ubojstrfr mfs rbdusbl t` rbojstbr tmb l`gucbat prbsbatbl ebd`rb mjc, mb mfs t`d`hh`w tmb pr`gblurb fs pr`vjlbl ualbr Wbgtjà ?6 `d tmb Fgt, 6:9= tmb `rlbr `d rbdbrbagb `d tmb uarbojstbrbl

l`gucbat cflb ey tmb Wue-Ubojstrfr t` tmb Lbputy G`ccjssjàbr fcùats t` rbdusfh t` rbojstbr tmb

l`gucbat d`r wmjgm tmb Wue-Ubojstrfr wfs stftut`rjhy èhjoftbl t` fssjoa mjs rbfsàs d`r mjs rbdusfh t`rbojstbr tmb l`gucbat. Rpà sugm `rlbr tmb pbtjtjàbr mfs o`t f stftut`ry rbcbly ualbr Wbgtjà ?5 `d tmb Fgt,

6:9=. \mbrbd`rb, tmb fgtjà `d Wue-Ubojstrfr ja a`t rbojstbrjao tmb l`gucbat fal rbdbrrjao tmb l`gucbat t`tmb Lbputy G`ccjssjàbr d`r bxfcjajao fs t` wmbtmbr tmb stfcp luty pfjl à tmb l`gucbat js suddjgjbat `ra`t js efl ja hfw. \mbrbd`rb, tmb `rlbr pfssbl ey tmb Lbputy G`ccjssjàbr à tmb rbdbrbagb js a`t ja

gàd`rcjty wjtm bjtmbr tmb pr`vjsjàs `d tmb Nfraftfnf Wtfcp Fgt `r Jaljfa Ubojstrftjà Fgt. \mbrbd`rb, tmb

jcpuoabl `rlbr pfssbl ey mjc js wm`hhy uasustfjafehb ja hfw. . . . \mb phfja rbfljao `d sue-sbgtjàs (5) fal(7) `d Wbgtjà


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"èkbgtjà, fhh`wbl suekbgt t` èkbgtjà", ghbfrhy jaljgftbs tmft wmba tmb èkbgtjà wfs rfjsbl jt wfs a`tkuljgjfhhy lbtbrcjabl fal tmb l`gucbat wfs cbrbhy tbatftjvbhy cfrnbl fal ja sugm f sjtuftjà Wbgtjà 74

wùhl a`t eb fttrfgtbl".

Ja MJALRW\FA W\BBH H\L. vs. LJHJY G@AW\URG\J@A G@., FJU6:4: WG 657=, jt mfs ebba mbhl fs d`hh`ws;-"\mb Wtfcp Fgt js f djsgfh cbfsurb bafgtbl t` sbgurb rbvbaub d r tmb Wtftb à gbrtfja ghfssbs `d jastrucbats. Jt

js a`t bafgtbl t` frc f hjtjofat wjtm f wbfpà `d tbgmajgfhjty t` cbbt tmb gfsb `d mjs `ppàbats. \mb strjaobatpr`vjsjàs `d tmb Fgt frb gàgbjvbl ja tmb jatbrbst `d tmb rbvbaub. @agb tmft èkbgt js sbgurbl fgg`rljao t` hfw,tmb pfrty stfnjao mjs ghfjc à tmb jastrucbat wjhh a`t eb lbdbftbl à tmb orùal `d tmb jajtjfh lbdbgt ja tmb

jastrucbat."

G@RU\ WM@RHL FYYHZ J\W CJAL \@ \MB VRBW\J@A @D FLCJWWJEJHJ\Z BTBA JD \MBUB JW A@@EKBG\J@A

A`tmjao à rbg`rl t` sm`w tmft Gùrt fpphjbl jts cjal t` tmb qubstjà `d flcjssjejhjty a`r tmb fgt `d cfnjaobal`rsbcbat mfs ebba cflb Mbagb qubstjà `d flcjssjejhjty `d l`gucbat `d bvjlbagb nbpt `pba t` eb

lbgjlbl ey \rjfh Gùrt ft tmb tjcb `d djafh lbgjsjà. Mbhl; \mbrb js a`tmjao à rbg`rl t` sm`w tmft tmb Gùrt

mfs fpphjbl jts cjal t` tmb prj`r fgt `d bxfcjajao wmbtmbr tmb l`gucbat Bx. Y-h js flcjssjehb ja bvjlbagb. \mbsbgàl fgt afcbhy cfrnjao tmb bal`rsbcbat ualbr @rlbr 67, Uuhb t` eb f c`rtofob, (`tmbrtmfa lbp`sjt `d tjthb lbbls), rbojstrftjà js g`cpuhs`ry. Jt wfs mbhl; "Jd àb js t` eb oujlbl àhy ey tmb

hfaoufob `d tmb l`gucbat, jt cfy pbrmfps eb p`ssjehb t` sfy tmft s`cb sbgurjty wfs jatbalbl t` eb ojvba

ualbr tmb l`gucbat. Eut, d`r tmb purp`sb `d tmb Wtfcp Fgt, f c`rtofob lbbl smùhl eb f l`gucbat ualbrwmjgm àb pbrsà trfasdbrs `r grbftbs t` `r ja dfvùr `d fa`tmbr pbrsà f rjomt `vbr ja rbspbgt `d spbgjdjbl

pr`pbrty d`r tmb purp`sb `d sbgurjao càby flvfagb, `r t` eb flvfagbl ey wfy `d h`fa, `r fa bxjstjao `rduturb lbet, `r tmb pbrd`rcfagb `d fa forbbcbat. \mb bssbagb `d tmb lbdjajtjà js tmft tmb l`gucbat smùhl

bddbgt f trfasdbr."

YFHR-YF\\J NFUFU RA UBOJW\BUBL \@ WM@_ WBTBUFAGB @D W\F\RW

Yr`lugtjà `d bfrhjbr Yfhu-pfttj Nfrfr, a`t luhy stfcpbl fal rbojstbrbl, àhy t` pr`vb fs t` wmba k`jat stftusst``l sbvbrbl - Mbhl, Yfhu-pfttj Nfrfr flcjssjehb ja bvjlbagb> @rlbr `d \rjfh Gùrt ljrbgtjao pfycbat `d lutyfal pbafhty à tmb l`gucbat sbt fsjlb Ja tmjs Gùrt wmft mfs ebba gàtbalbl js tmft àgb tmb Gùrt gfcb t`


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tmb fddjlfvjt js rbgbjvbl tmrùom tmb wjtabss, tmb Gùrt smfhh gfhh upà tmb wjtabss wmbtmbr mb/smb mfs fay

l`gucbatfry bvjlbagb t` tbalbr fal jd tmb wjtabss tbalbrs fay l`gucbatfry bvjlbagb, tmb sfcb smfhh ebrbgbjvbl ey tmb Gùrt suekbgt t` èkbgtjà rfjsbl ey tmb `pp`sjtb pfrty> (l) Jd èkbgtjàs frb rfjsbl, tmb Gùrt

smùhl kuljgjfhhy lbtbrcjab tmb qubstjà wmbtmbr jt gfa eb flcjttbl ja bvjlbagb `r a`t, tmba fal tmbrb jd tmb

èkbgtjà rbhftbs t` jasuddjgjbagy `d stfcp luty> (b) Jd tmb Gùrt lbgjlbs t` flcjt tmb l`gucbat, tmba jt smfhhd`hh`w tmb pr`gblurb prbsgrjebl ualbr @rlbr 67, Uuhb


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bvba t` sbt up f phbf `d tbafagy wùhl eb bxtrbcbhy dfr-dbtgmbl. \mb forbbcbat àhy gàdbrrbl f hjgbagb d`r fpbrj`l `d twbhvb càtms fal a`tmjao bhsb fal durtmbr c`rb, wmft abbls t` eb tfnba gòajzfagb `d js tmb dfgt

tmft tmb forbbcbat fal jts bxbgutjà jtsbhd frb uagmfhhbaobl. Ja tmbsb gjrgucstfagbs, tmb pbtjtjàbr mbrsbhdwùhl eb vjrtufhhy bst`ppbl dr`c bvba phbfljao fay stftus `tmbr tmfa tmft `d f hjgbasbb. Ralbr tmbsb

gjrgucstfagbs, tmb rbspàlbats wm` frb tmb futm`rjty ja-gmfrob `d tmb prbcjsbs wùhl eb kustjdjbl ja

rbc`vjao faye`ly jaghuljao tmb pbtjtjàbr, jd sugm pbrsàs g`cb ja tmb wfy `d tmb pfrty t` wm`c tmbgàtrfgt mfs ebba fwfrlbl dr`c duagtjàjao tmbrb. Wct. Yrftmjcf W. Emft v Rppjafaoflj OrfcfYfagmfyftm, Rppjafaoflj, Yuttur \fhun, L.N. fal Fa`tmbr, 6::2(4) Nfr. HK. 674.

\mb D`rbst Lbpfrtcbat mbhl fa fugtjà ja rbspbgt `d vfrjùs jtbcs `d d`rbst pr`lugb fal tmb fugtjà a`tjgb

rbqujrbl purgmfsbrs t` g`cphy wjtm sfhbs tfx fal stfcp hfw. \mb fugtjà forbbcbats wbrb d`r f pbrj`l `d

ajab t` tba càtms fal tmb purgmfsbrs wbrb cbrbhy orfatbl tmb rjomt t` gut fal gfrry fwfy tmb d`rbstpr`lugb. Mbhl, tmb purgmfsbrs ljl a`t fgqujrb fay jatbrbst ja tmb s`jh eut cbrbhy f rjomt t` gut tmb d`rbst

pr`lugb fal tmbrbd`rb tmb forbbcbats wbrb ja tmb afturb `d hjgbagbs fal a`t hbfsbs s` fs t` fttrfgt Frtjghb 76

(b) `d tmb (Jaljfa) Wtfcp Fgt. F stuly `d tmb lbdjajtjà `d 'jcc`vfehb pr`pbrty' ja Wbgtjà 7{54) `d tmb ObabrfhGhfusbs Fgt, Wbgtjà 7 `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt, Wbgtjà 5(4) `d tmb Wtfcp Fgt fal Wbgtjà 5(?} `d tmbWfhb `d O``ls Fgt sm`ws tmft jt js tmb grbftjà `d fa jatbrbst ja jcc`vfehb pr`pbrty r f rjomt t` p`ssbss jt tmft

ljstjaoujsmbs f hbfsb dr`c f hjgbagb. A` rjomts `vbr tmb bfrabst lbp`sjts cflb ey ejllbrs pbaljao fugtjà

wbrb grbftbl ja dfvùr `d tmb Wtftb O`vbracbat fal mbagb tmb sbgurjty lbp`sjts wbrb a`t ja tmb afturb `dc`rtofobs fal tmb purgmfsbrs gùhl a`t eb gfhhbl upà t` pfy stfcp luty ualbr Wbgtjà 72(g) `d tmb Wtfcp

Fgt. E`frl `d Ubvbaub v F.C. Fasfrj, FJU 6:?4 WG6=67

Wbgtjà 692 Bfsbcbats Fgt, 6==5, Wbgtjà 25 Nfraftfnf Ubat Gàtr`h Fgt, 6:46, Wbgtjàs 56 fal 76

Hbfsb `r hjgbagb Wujt d`r bvjgtjà `d tbafat fdtbr tbrcjaftjà `d tbafagy ja eujhljao bxbcptbl dr`c

`pbrftjà `d Ubat Gàtr`h Fgt G`cpr`cjsb lbgrbb ualbr wmjgm tbafat mfalbl `vbr p`rtjà `d sujt eujhljaot` hfalh`rl fal pr`cjsbl t` vfgftb rbcfjajao p`rtjà ebd`rb spbgjdjbl lftb fal fhs` forbbl t` pfy "rbat" tjhh

lftb `d vfgftjao Forbbcbat ualbr g`cpr`cjsb lbgrbb, mbhl, ljl a`t grbftb drbsm hbfsb bvba tmùom w`rl

"rbat" js usbl \bafat mfs ebg`cb hjgbasbb G`cpr`cjsb lbgrbb gfa eb bxbgutbl wmba hjgbasbb mfserbfgmbl mjs pr`cjsb t` vfgftb sujt eujhljao Drbsm `rlbr `d bvjgtjà ualbr Wbgtjà 56 `d Ubat Gàtr`h Fgt A`t abgbssfry bvba tmùom bxbcptjà dr`c `pbrftjà `d Ubat Gàtr`h Fgt ja rbspbgt `d sujt eujhljao mfs

sjagb ebba rbc`vbl. Mbhl.\mb lbgrbb wfs pfssbl à 56-


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cbrgy `d tmb hfalh`rl. Mbagb, p`ssbssjà `d tmb tbafat ft wjhh, wmbrb a`tjgb t` qujt mfs a`t ebba jssubl, js a`tà ebmfhd `d tmb hfalh`rl fal tmb hfalh`rl gfaa`t t` eb ja nmfs p`ssbssjà wjtmja Wbgtjà 4 `d tmb Ejmfr Hfal

Ubd`rcs Fgt. \mb rjomt t` tfnb p`ssbssjà js a`t nmfs p`ssbssjà. F tbafat ft wjhh batbrs p`ssbssjà wjtm tmbgàsbat `d tmb hfalh`rl fal tjhh mjs tbafagy js lbtbrcjabl, mb js ja hfwduh p`ssbssjà fal gfaa`t eb styhbl fs f

trbspfssbr. Ufcbsm Ebk`y v Yfsmupftj Ufj, 6:?:(5) Nfr. HK. Wm. A. :? (WG).

_mbrb tmb hbfsb gàtfjabl f spbgjdjg gàljtjà tmft tmb tbafat smfhh ojvb up p`ssbssjà `d tmb mùsb ft tmb wjhh

`d tmb hfalh`rl wjtmùt lbcur fal a` lbdjajtb pbrj`l wfs djxbl ja tmb hbfsb, tmb tbafagy js àb ft wjhh. Wugmtbafagy gfa eb lbtbrcjabl bjtmbr ey lbcfal t` ojvb up p`ssbssjà `r ey `pbrftjà `d hfw ft tmb lbftm `d tmbhbss`r. Emjcfaoùl v O`hfaoùlf, 6:=7(6) Nfr. HK. Wm. A. 57.

F UJOM\ \@ GFUUZ @A CJAJAO @YBUF\J@AWbgtjà 692 Bvbry jatbrbst ja Jcc`vbfehb pr`pbrty `r f ebabdjt frjsjao ùt `d hfal wjhh eb jcc`vbfehb

pr`pbrty d`r tmb purp`sb `d Wbgtjà 692 `d \.Y. Fgt. F rjomt t` gfrry à cjajao `pbrftjà ja hfal t` bxtrfgt f

spbgjdjbl cjabrfh fal t` rbc`vb fal fppr`prjftb jt, js f rjomt t` bak`y jcc`vbfehb pr`pbrty wjtmja Wbgtjà692 `d \.Y. Fgt, c`rb s` wmba jt js gùphbl wjtm f rjomt t` eb ja jts bxghusjvb mfs p`ssbssjà d`r f spbgjdjblpbrj`l, Wmrj Wmrj \fnbsmwfr Wj` \mfnur Kju v Mfrj Lfss. 6:?:(6) Nfr. H.K, Wm. A. ?6 (WG).

\BAFA\ LJBW \MB HBOFH UBYUBWBA\F\JTB MFW A@ MBUJ\FEHB UJOM\ \@ \MB \BAFAGZMùsbs fal Ubat Wtftut`ry tbafat tbrcjaftjà `d tbafagy \mb hbofh rbprbsbatftjvb mfs a` rjomt t`

jambrjt tmb tbafagy. \mb rbhftjàsmjp `d hfalh`rl fal tbafat js rbouhftbl ey tmb Yr`vjsjàs `d tmb \.Y. Fgt àgbsjagb rbhftjàsmjp, wmjgm js Gàtrfgtufh, js tbrcjaftbl ualbr Wbgtjà 666 `d tmb \.Y. Fgt, tmb tbafat, jd mbgàtjaubl ja p`ssbssjà `d tmb prbcjsbs js gfhhbl stftut`ry tbafat, Wjagb tbafagy gfa eb tbrcjaftbl àhy ey

mfvjao rbgùrsb t` tmb Ubat Gàtr`h Fgt. _mba tmb Gùrt pfssbs fa `rlbr `d bvjgtjà, tmb tbafagy stfals

tbrcjaftbl. Jd suesbqubathy, tmb tbafat ljbs tmb hbofh rbprbsbatftjvb mfs a` mbrjtfehb rjomt t` tmb tbafagy Uflmbsmyfc C`lj v Kfluaftm Cfmfpftrf, FJU 6::6 @rj. ==.

YBUYB\RFH HBFWB_mbtmbr pbrpbtufh `r d`r tbrc Yr``d @aus \mùom tmbrb js a` prbsucptjà ja hfw fofjast pbrpbtufhhbfsb, uafcejouùs hfaoufob js rbqujrbl t` jadbr sugm hbfsb wmjgm mfs bddbgt `d lbprjvjao `wabr `d mjs rjomt t`

bak`y pr`pbrty d`r bvbr Cbrb dfgt tmft hbfsb js d`r :: ybfrs ft uajd`rc djxbl rbat, wjtm stjpuhftjà d`r

rbabwfh ualbr sfcb tbrcs fal gàljtjàs ft `ptjà `d hbssbb fal dfgt tmft hbfsb js ejaljao à mbjrs,flcjajstrft`rs, bxbgut`rs, suggbss`rs fal hboftbbs `d e`tm hbss`r fal hbssbb fal durtmbr dfgt tmft hbssbb mfs

cflb gàstrugtjàs à hbfsbl pr`pbrty ft mjs `wa g`st, wùhl a`t rfjsb prbsucptjà tmft hbfsb js pbrpbtufhhbfsb @aus `d pr`vjao tmft hbfsb js pbrpbtufh js à hbssbb Ja fesbagb `d pr`vjsjà d`r rbabwfh ft `ptjà `d

hbssbb d`r jalbdjajtb hbaotm `d tjcb fal dr`c obabrftjà t` obabrftjà, hbfsb js t` eb mbhl tbrc hbfsb àhy wjtm`ptjà d`r rbabwfh d`r àhy àgb. Mbhl; \mùom tmbrb js a` prbsucptjà fofjast pbrpbtufh hbfsb, ghbfr fal

uafcejouùs hfaoufob js rbqujrbl t` jadbr sugm f hbfsb. Jd tmb hfaoufob js fcejouùs, a`t ghbfr fal flcjts `d

s`cb lùet, tmb Gùrt js rbqujrbl t` `pt d`r fa jatbrprbtftjà rbkbgtjao tmb phbf `d f pbrpbtufh hbfsb. \mjs jsabgbssfry ebgfusb jd tmb Gùrt hbfas ja dfvùr `d f pbrpbtufh hbfsb ja tmb fesbagb `d tmb hfaoufob ebjao ghbfr

fal uafcejouùs, tmb bddbgt `d sugm jatbrprbtftjà wùhl eb t` lbprjvb f `wabr `d mjs rjomt t` bak`y tmbpr`pbrty d`r bvbr. \mbrb js a` prbsucptjà ja dfvùr `d tmb pbrpbtufh hbfsb fal tmb Gùrts frb rbqujrbl t`hbfa fofjast pbrpbtufh hbfsb ja tmb fesbagb `d stjpuhftjàs ja tmft ebmfhd ebjao uafcejouùs `r ghbfr. .

. . .\mb hbfsb js d`r f pbrj`l `d :: ybfrs. \mbrbd`rb, tmbrb gfaa`t eb fay lùet tmft wmba f pbrj`l `d :: ybfrs js

djxbl ja tmb hbfsb lbbl, jt js f tbrc hbfsb. \mb rbabwfh, bvba jd làb ft tmb `ptjà `d tmb hbssbb, fofja gùhl ebd`r f tbrc `d :: ybfrs àhy. _mbtmbr jt eb lurjao tmb `rjojafh pbrj`l `d hbfsb `r bvba ja tmb rbabwbl pbrj`l,

tmb `ptjà js ojvba t` tmb hbssbb t` surrbalbr ft mjs ljsgrbtjà. \mbrb js a` pr`vjsjà ja tmb hbfsb lbbl wmjgm

sfys tmft tmb rbabwfh `d tmb hbfsb js d`r fa jalbdjajtb pbrj`l. Ja tmb fesbagb `d f spbgjdjg pr`vjsjà ja tmb hbfsblbbl pr`vjljao tmft tmb rbabwfh js rbqujrbl t` eb cflb ft tmb `ptjà `d tmb hbssbb d`r fa jalbdjajtb hbaotm `dtjcb fal dr`c obabrftjà t` obabrftjà, jt js a`t p`ssjehb t` g`cb t` tmb gàghusjà tmft cbrbhy ebgfusb tmb

hbfsb pr`vjlbs d`r f rbabwfh `d tmb tbrc djxbl ja tmb hbfsb lbbl ualbr tmb sfcb tbrcs fal gàljtjàs, tmft

rbabwfh js d`r fa jalbdjajtb pbrj`l fal tmb hbfsb js f pbrcfabat hbfsb. \mb hbfsb js àhy d`r f tbrc `d :: ybfrs>fal tmb `ptjà gfa eb bxbrgjsbl t` rbabw tmb hbfsb àhy àgb. .... -Wjagb tmb hbfsb wfs d`r gàstrugtjà `d f

eujhljao fal d`r bstfehjsmjao f Yrbssjao fal Ojaajao Dfgt`ry, tmb tbrc `d tmb hbfsb js djxbl dfjrhy hào fal fghfusb d`r rbabwfh `d tmb hbfsb fhs` js pr`vjlbl. \mbrbd`rb, tmb hào tbrc pr`vjlbl ja tmb hbfsb wjtm f rbabwfhghfusb, gfaa`t eb ualbrst``l fs cbfajao tmft tmb hbfsb js f pbrcfabat hbfsb. \mùom tmb p`wbr `d trfasdbr `r

fssjoacbat `d tmb hbfsb js rbsbrvbl t` tmb hbssbb, tmb sfjl pr`vjsjà spbgjdjgfhhy stftbs tmft tmb trfasdbr `r

fssjoacbat `d hbfsbm`hl jatbrbst `d tmb hbssbb smùhl a`t ja fay wfy fddbgt tmb `tmbr gàljtjàs `d tmb hbfsb.\mb hbfsb lbbl fhs` pr`vjlbs tmft ja tmb bvbat tmb hbssbb js rbqujrbl t` gut fay trbb or`wtm ja tmb hfal hbfsbl

jd tmb sfjl trbb or`wtm ebg`cjao fa èstrugtjà t` cfnb usb `d tmb hbfsbl hfal d`r tmb purp`sb jt wfs hbt ùt,


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bxbgut`ry gàtrfgt fal a`t hbfsb. Mbhl; \mb g`vbafats ebtwbba tmb pfrtjbs, jt js ghbfr tmft tmb p`ssbssjà `vbrtmb pr`pbrty wfs t` eb mfalbl `vbr t` tmb phfjatjdd fdtbr gàstrugtjà `d tmb eujhljao wjtm abgbssfry

fhtbrftjàs fal flljtjàs fs forbbl t` ebtwbba tmb pfrtjbs. \mb sfjl ghfusb fhs` spbfns `d tmb prbsbat lbcjsbja dfvùr `d tmb phfjatjdd. \mb qubstjà js wmbtmbr lbspjtb usb `d tmb w`rls 'prbsbat lbcjsb', tmb jastrucbat

gfa eb gàstrubl fs cbrbhy bxbgut`ry ebjao ja tmb afturb `d 'forbbcbat t` hbfsb' fal a`t 'hbfsb'. \mb cbrb

w`rls `d prbsbat lbcjsb fs sbt ùt ja tmb L`gucbat frb a`t lbgjsjvb d`r m`hljao jt t` eb f hbfsb ebgfusb ja dfgttmb lbcjsb js lbpbalbl à tmb g`cphbtjà `d tmb eujhljao ja fgg`rlfagb wjtm tmb rbqujrbcbat `d tmb phfjatjdd

wmjgm wfs ualbr gàstrugtjà à tmb lftb `d tmb bxbgutjà `d tmb sfjl l`gucbat. \mbrbd`rb, tmb gàtrfgtbatbrbl jat` ey tmb pfrtjbs mfs t` eb mbhl fs f cbrb bxbgut`ry gàtrfgt fal a`t àb wmjgm mfs grbftbl tmblbcjsb ja prfbsbatj. Wmbsmfojrj v Ebhofuc Ljstrjgt G`-`pbrftjvb Efan Hjcjtbl, Ebhofuc, 6::2(


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rbabwjao tmb hbfsb. Fdtbr tmb g`cjao jat` d`rgb `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt, hbfsbs `d jcc`vbfehb pr`pbrtyfrb o`vbrabl ey Gmfp. T `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt. \mbrbd`rb, fay prjagjphb `pp`sbl t` tmb pr`vjsj`as ja

Gmfp. T `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt gfaa`t eb bad`rgbl. Tjsmvfrcf M`tbhs Hjcjtbl v Fakucfa-b-

hcfcjf fal @tmbrs, 6:=5(5) Nfr. H.K. 54


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u) @agb f a`tjgb js sbrvbl tbrcjaftjao tmb tbafagy `r sm`wjao fa jatbatjà t` qujt à tmb bxpjry `d tmbpbrj`l `d tmb a`tjgb, tmb tbafagy js tbrcjaftbl, uahbss wjtm tmb gàsbat `d tmb `tmbr pfrty t` wm`c tmb a`tjgb

js ojvba tmb tbafagy js forbbl t` eb trbftbl fs suesjstjao. Gfhguttf Grbljt G`rp`rftjà Hjcjtbl v Mfppy

M`cbs (Yrjvftb) Hjcjtbl, FJU 6:4= WG


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\mb Gùrt ebh`w rjomthy gfcb t` tmb gàghusjà tmft tmb hbfsb wfs a`t d`r f cfaudfgturjao purp`sb, tmùomtmb Fppbhhfat jadfgt cjomt mfvb usbl tmb prbcjsbs d`r f cfaudfgturjao purp`sb f gùphb `d ybfrs fdtbr tmb

prbcjsbs wfs hbfsbl t` mjc. Fs tmb hbfsb wfs a`t d`r f cfaudfgturjao purp`sb, tmb a`tjgb `d 62 lfys ojvba jatmb gfsb wfs pr`pbr fal vfhjl ja Hfw. Tjttfh Afrfyfaf v Gmfaafppf, 6:?7(5) Cys. HK. Wm.A.65.

_mbrb tmb hbfsb wfs tfnba d`r gfrryjao à efnbry fal sfw cjhh eusjabss, jd f hbfsb d`r cfaudfgturjao purp`sbfal tmb a`tjgb `d tbrcjaftjà rbqujrb js `d 4 càtms lurftjà. A`twjtmstfaljao wmft js gàtfjabl ja Wbgtjà

69?, tmb Yr`vjsjàs `d Wbg. 694 `d tmb Fgt wjhh fpphy t` f cfaudfgturjao hbfsb, wmbtmbr tmb hbfsb lbbl jsrbojstbrbl `r uarbojstbrbl, s` fs t` cfnb jt f hbfsb dr`c ybfr t` ybfr d`r tmb purp`sb `d tmft Wbgtjà, (j.b) t`gàtr`h lurftjà `d tmb pbrj`l `d tmb a`tjgb. Ubv Dftabr K`ma Fuoustjab Ybtbr Cjrfalf v A. Lftmf Afjn,6:?6(5) Cys. HK. 59 bvba tmùom tmb hbssbb cfy a`t gàtjaub t` `ggupy tmb hfal,

tmb hbssbb wfs orfatbl tmb rjomt t` gàtjaub tmb hbfsb fs hào fs mb lbsjrbl t` l` s`> à mjs gm``sjao t`gàtjaub t` bak`y tmb hbfsbm`hl, tmb hbssbb wfs èhjobl t` pfy faaufhhy tmb bamfagbl rbat `d Us. tmb hbss`r eùal mjcsbhd a`t t` gfhh upà tmb hbssbb ft fay tjcb t` ojvb up p`ssbssjà `d tmb

hbfsbm`hl fs hào fs tmb hbssbb wfs prbpfrbl t` èsbrvb tmb tbrcs `d tmb hbfsb. \mb hbfsb wfs mbrjtfehb fal

fssjoafehb. Mbhl, tmb hbfsb wfs jatbalbl t` grbftb f pbrcfabat hbfsb fal fdtbr tmb hfpsb `d tmb djrst 59 ybfrsljl a`t ebg`cb f tbafagy ft wjhh `r bvba àb d`r fa jalbdjajtb tbrc fal tmbrbd`rb f hbfsb d`r tmb hjdbtjcb `d tmb

orfatbb. _mbrb hfal js hbt ùt d`r eujhljao purp`sbs wjtmùt f djxbl pbrj`l, tmb prbsucptjà js tmft jt wfs


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\rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt), tmb dfgt jt js javfhjl ja hfw js f cfttbr wmjgm tmb hbssbb cust eb prbsucbl t` na`wfal mb js a`t batjthbl t` g`cpbasftjà d`r tmb pbrcfabat strugturb brbgtbl ey mjc. Mb js àhy batjthbl t` mfvb

jt rbc`vbl. Ufcf Lbvfljof v Ofafpfcj Nfrfatmf, 6:45 Cys. H.K. =46; JHU 6:45 Cys. 529.

RAHBWW \MB HBFWB JW LB\BUCJABL JA @AB @D \MB E@LJBW RALBU WBG\J@A 66 @D \.Y. FG\, \MBHFALH@UL _@RHL A@\ EB BA\J\HBL D@U UBG@TBUZ @D Y@WWBWWJ@AWbgtjà 56 Nfraftfnf Ubat Gàtr`h Fgt rbdbrs t` rbg`vbry `d p`ssbssjà `d fay prbcjsbs ey tmb hfalh`rl,ebd`rb tmb hfalh`rl fppr`fgmbs tmb Ubat Gàtr`h Gùrt ualbr Wbgtjà 56(6), jt js abgbssfry tmft mb smùhl ebbatjthbl d`r rbg`vbry `d p`ssbssjà. Rahbss tmb hbfsb js lbtbrcjabl ja àb `d tmb e`ljbs ualbr Wbgtjà 66 `d

\.Y. Fgt, tmb hfalh`rl wùhl a`t eb batjthbl d`r rbg`vbry `d p`ssbssjà, mbagb fa fgtjà ualbr Wbgtjà 56 Ubat

Gàtr`h Fgt gfaa`t eb jastjtutbl wjtmùt djrst lbtbrcjajao tmb hbfsb. Gmurgm `d Wùtm Jaljf \rust

Fss`gjftjà v Wfcpfaojrfcfa, 6:?:(6) Nfr. HK. =2.

G@A\UFG\RFH \BAFAGZ G@A\UFG\ \@ G@A\UFUZWbgtjà 694 `d tmb \.Y. Fgt fpphjbs t` f gàtrfgtufh tbafagy, tmùom o`vbrabl ey Ubat Gàtr`h Fgt. Emfjyf

Yuakfhfh Emfowfallja v Lfvb Emfowftprfsfl Yrfemuprfsfl fal @tmbrs, 6:45 Cys. HK. ?65 (WG).

_mba tmb g`cpr`cjsb pbtjtjà wmjgm wfs jag`rp`rftbl ja g`cpr`cjsb lbgrbb pr`vjlbl tmft tmb trfasdbrbbsmùhl g`hhbgt frrbfrs `d rbat lub, jt js f gàtrfgt t` tmb gàtrfry fal mbagb tmb trfasdbrbb js batjthbl t`

frrbfrs `d rbat lub ebd`rb trfasdbr. Ojrlmfrjhfh (lbfl) ey H.Us. v Munuc Wjaom, FJU 6:?? WG 65:.Wbgàl pfrf `d Wbgtjà 669 tmùom rbdbrs t` f hbfsb d`r f ybfr `r aucebr `d ybfrs, prjagjphbs rbdhbgtbl tmbrbjawjhh fpphy bvba wmba tjcb hjcjtbl ey hbfsb js f càtm `r f wbbn `r f aucebr `d càtms `r wbbns _mbtmbr

tmb tbafagy js d`r ybfr/s `r càtm/s `r wbbn/s, prjagjphbs gàtfjabl ja pfrf 5 wùhl eb suekbgt t` fa

forbbcbat t` tmb gàtrfry _mbrb tmb lurftjà `d hbfsb wfs d`r pbrj`l dr`c 6-66-6:?< t` 76-6-6:?2,tbafagy m`hljao `vbr wfs mbhl t` g`ccbagb dr`c 6-5- 6:?2 fal sugm tbafagy wùhl eb dr`c càtm t`

càtm fal tmft jt smùhl eb tbrcjaftbl ft tmb bal `d tmb càtm `d tmb tbafagy Gfsb-hfw ljsgussbl. W.Y.Ourkfr v Cullfaaf Wmbtty, 6::9(5) Nfr. H.K. 567 ; JHU 6::9 Nfr. 79::.

UBA\ FGGBY\FAGB _FJTBU @D A@\JGB\mb hbssbb wfs m`hljao gbrtfja hfal `d hbss`r d`r ruaajao f cjhh sjagb 6:92. Ja 6:74, tmb hbssbb trfasdbrrbl mjs

rjomts t` f G`cpfay. Ja tmb hbfsb lbbl tmbrb wfs a`t àhy fa bxprbss ghfusb ualbr wmjgm tmb hbssbb wfsbatjthbl t` rbc`vb tmb st`gns fal cftbrjfhs wjtmja < càtms fdtbr tmb tbrcjaftjà `d tmb hbfsb eut tmbrbfdtbr

tmbrb wfs fa`tmbr stjpuhftjà tmft ja gfsb tmb hbssbb dfjhbl t` l` s`, fhh tmb eujhljaos btg., wùhl ebg`cb tmbpr`pbrty `d tmb hbss`r. \mb hbss`r sbat t` tmb G`cpfay f a`tjgb tbrcjaftjao tmb hbfsb lbbl à tmb orùal `d

erbfgm ey tmb G`cpfay `d gbrtfja g`vbafats gàtfjabl tmbrbja. \mb tjcb wfs fhh`wbl t` tmb G`cpfay d`r tmbrbc`vfh `d cfgmjabry st`rbs btg. \mb G`cpfay, m`wbvbr, sbgurbl fa `rlbr dr`c f Gjvjh Gùrt pr`mjejtjao tmb

hbss`r dr`c bkbgtjao jt. Ja hfal fgqujsjtjà pr`gbbljaos ft tmb jastfagb `d G`cpfay d`r jts `wa purp`sb, tmb

qubstjàs wbrb wmbtmbr tmbrb wfs wfjvbr `d a`tjgb ey fggbptfagb `d rbat ey hfalh`rl, wmbtmbr tmbrb wfsd`rdbjturb `d tbafagy ualbr Wbgtjà 666(o) `d tmb \.Y. Fgt fal wmbtmbr tmbrb wfs g`cphjfagb wjtm Wbgtjà

66


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rbdusb gàsbat bxgbpt upà rbfsàfehb orùals ja tmb gfsb `d rbspbgtfehb pbrsà, eut tmby hjcjt `r qufhjdy tmbhbss`r's g`vbafat a`t t` fssjoa tmb lbdjabl prbcjsbs wjtmùt tmb gàsbat ja wrjtjao `d tmb hbss`r. Nfcfhf

Ufakfa U`y v Efjkaftm Efk`rjf, FJU 6:26 WG 6

_mba tmb batjrb jatbrbst ja hfal js trfasdbrrbl ey hbssbb wjtm rbsbrvftjà t` tfnb efgn' p`ssbssjà à dfjhurb

`d trfasdbrbb t` ljsgmfrob hbssbb's hjfejhjty t`wfrls hbss`r wjtmja stjpuhftbl tjcb fal tmb hbss`r fggbpts pfrtpfycbat dr`c trfasdbrbb wjtmùt rbgòajsjao mjc fs lbet`r, tmb hbssbb mfs rjomt t` rbg`vbr p`ssbssjà

fgg`rljao t` forbbcbat ebtwbba tmb hbss`r fal tmb hbssbb. Yfrnfsm Gmfal Nmurfaf v Mfcfc Wjaom,FJU 6:?7 WG 5942.

_mba tmb tbafat mfs suehbt tmb prbcjsbs fal tmb suetbafat gfusbl cftbrjfh lfcfob t` eujhljao, tmb hfalh`rl

gfa bvjgt tmb tbafat à tmb orùals tmft tmb suetbafat mfs gfusbl lfcfob t` tmb eujhljao. \mbrb js a` prjvjty`d gàtrfgt ebtwbba hfalh`rl fal suetbafat. \mb tbafats èhjoftjà t` cfjatfja tmb eujhljao ja o``l

gàljtjà gàtjaubs bvba fdtbr grbftjà `d sue-tbafagy. \mb tbafat js rbspàsjehb d`r wrào fgts `d suetbafat

fal s` hjfehb t` eb bvjgtbl d`r lfcfob gfusbl ey suetbafat C/s. Hfxcj Afrfja Ofurj Wmfanfr v O`pfhNrjsmfa Nfm`rjf fal Fa`tmbr, FJU 6:=? WG =.

HBFWB EZ FDDHR] @D \MB \JCB

_mbrb tmb tbafat ljl a`t vfgftb tmb prbcjsbs à tmb bxpjry `d tmb hbfsb ey fddhux `d tmb tjcb ualbr Wbgtjà666(d), \.Y. Fgt, fal tmb gfsb js o`vbrabl ey tmb pr`vjsjàs `d tmb \.Y. Fgt, tmb gàtjaufagb ja p`ssbssjà `d tmb

tbafat fdtbr tmb bxpjry `d tmb hbfsb js uafutm`rjsbl fal wràoduh fal f lbgrbb d`r lfcfobs frb cbsab pr`djtsjs rjomthy fwfrlbl fofjast mjc. Wmyfc Gmfrà v Wmb`kj Emfj, 6:?=(6) Nfr. HK. Wm. A. 69 (LE).

GHFJC @D \J\HB JA MJCWBHD @A \MB YFU\ @D \MB HBWWBB_mbrb tmb vbry gfsb `d tmb hfalh`rl js efsbl à f gàtrfgtufh tbafagy, jt cust eb lbtbrcjabl ey f a`tjgb jafgg`rlfagb wjtm Wbgtjà 694, \.Y. Fgt, d`r tmb hfalh`rl t` bfra tmb rjomt t` ètfja p`ssbssjà `d tmb hbfsbl

prbcjsbs ualbr tmb Ubat Gàtr`h Fgt. \mjs p`jat wfs fhh`wbl t` eb tfnba ja rbvjsjà d`r tmb djrst tjcb. Ghfjc `d

tjthb ja mjcsbhd à tmb pfrt `d tmb hbssbb wùhl a`t jps` dfgt` put fa bal t` tmb hbfsb. Jt gàdbrs f rjomt à tmbhbss`r, jd mb s` bhbgts, t` lbtbrcjab tmb hbfsb ey f a`tjgb fs rbqujrbl ey Wbgtjà 666(o) `d \.Y. Fgt.

Lyfcfppf Euttj v W`cfppf, 6:4=(6) Cys. HK. 556.

A@\JGB GHFJCJAO UBA\ F\ \MB BAMFAGBL UF\B

Jd f a`tjgb ghfjcjao rbat ft tmb bamfagbl rftb js ojvba ey f hfalh`rl t` mjs tbafat ojvjao mjc tmb `ptjà t`vfgftb ja gfsb mb js uawjhhjao `r uafehb t` pfy tmb bamfagbl rbat fal tmb tbafat gàtjaubs t` eb ja `ggupftjà

`d tmb prbcjsbs wjtmùt pr`tbst, tmb hfalh`rl wùhl eb batjthbl t` rbg`vbr rbat ft tmb bamfagbl rftb, uahbsstmb Gùrt djals tmft tmb bamfagbl rftb js jtsbhd uarbfsàfehb `r pbafh. _mbrb f tbafat lbajbl tmb rjomt `d tmb

hfalh`rl t` bamfagb tmb rbat uajhftbrfhhy fal rbdusbl t` pfy bamfagbl rbat fal tmb hfalh`rl ljl a`t tfnb

stbps t` bvjgt tmb tbafat, tmb tbafat js a`t hjfehb d`r tmb bamfagbcbat. \mb hfalh`rl gùhl a`t uajhftbrfhhylbtbrcjab wmft js tmb dfjr `r rbfsàfehb rbat d`r tmb prbcjsbs fal ghfjc jt dr`c tmb tbafat s` hào fs tmb

rbhftjàsmjp `d hfalh`rl fal tbafat ebtwbba tmbc mfl a`t g`cb t` fa bal. K.Y. Wfofr v Wtftb `d Cys`rb,6:4< Cys. H.K. Wupp. 492.

A@\JGB JA \MB @UJOJAFH _UJ\\BA HBFWB G@RHL A@\ EB JCY@U\BL JA\@ \MB AB_ \BAFAGZ

GUBF\BL EZ M@HLJAO @TBUF hbfsb `d f prbcjsbs d`r f pbrj`l `d 69 ybfrs à fa faaufh rbat `d Us. 699 bxpjrbl à 62-69-6:2=. \mb hbfsb

pr`vjlbl tmft jd fdtbr djvb ybfrs dr`c tmb lftb `d tmb hbfsb tmb hfalh`rl wfats tmb prbcjsbs d`r gàstrugtjao f

mùsb d`r mjs `wa usb mb smùhl fsn d`r tmb prbcjsbs fdtbr ojvjao tmb tbafat sjx càtms' a`tjgb. \mft `ggfsjàljl a`t frjsb fal tmb tbafat gàtjaubl ja p`ssbssjà bvba fdtbr tmb bxpjry `d tmb pbrj`l `d hbfsb. @a 62-69-6:42 tmb tbafat forbbl t` pfy bamfagbl rbat `d Us. 652 pbr ybfr fal fa bal`rsbcbat wfs cflb à tmb

`rjojafh hbfsb lbbl. @a 6:-2-6:4: tmb hfalh`rl sbrvbl a`tjgb à tmb tbafat t` surrbalbr p`ssbssjà fdtbr sjx

càtms. @a tmb bxpjry `d tmb pbrj`l `d sjx càtms, tmb tbafat rbdusbl t` surrbalbr p`ssbssjà. Mbhl, (6) \mba`tjgb jssubl wfs a`t ja fgg`rlfagb wjtm tmb tbrcs `d tmb hbfsb. (5) \mft tmb tbrc fs t` a`tjgb ja tmb `rjojafh

wrjttba hbfsb gùhl a`t eb jcp`rtbl jat` tmb abw tbafagy grbftbl ey m`hljao `vbr fal tmb abgbssfrygàsbqubagb wfs tmft tmb a`tjgb jssubl ey tmb hfalh`rl wfs javfhjl. B. Nbsmfvfyyf v U, Afcsjcmf

Yrfemu, 6:?2(5) Nfr. H.K. 575 ; FJU 6:?4 Nfat.


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HBFWB @D JCC@TFEHB YU@YBU\Z D@U YBUJ@L A@\ B]GBBLJAO @AB ZBFU

Ubojstrftjà fal fttbstftjà `d hbfsb lbbl a`t rbqujrbl Bxfcjaftjà `d fttbst`r a`t rbqujrbl t` pr`vbbxbgutjà `d sugm lbbl. Mbhl; Wbgtjà 69? `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt lbfhs wjtm tmb pr`gblurb fs t` m`w

hbfsbs mfvb t` eb cflb. Wbgtjà 69? l`bs a`t rbqujrb fttbstftjà `d f hbfsb a`t bxgbbljao àb ybfr. _mba tmb

hbfsb lbbl rbqujrbs a` fttbstftjà, Wbgtjà 4= `d tmb Bvjlbagb Fgt wjhh a`t eb fpphjgfehb fal hbfsb lbbl gùhleb pr`vbl ey bxfcjajao tmb sgrjeb fs làb ja tmjs gfsb. \. Fatmàjlfs fhjfs \.F. Lfs v W.Y. Cfrjyfppf,6::4(7) Nfr. HK. 75:F.

Hbfsb `d jcc`vfehb pr`pbrty dr`c ybfr t` ybfr Cfalft`ry tmft sugm hbfsb smùhl eb ey rbojstbrbl

jastrucbat _mbrb jt js a`t s` cflb, tbfsb js t` eb tfnba fs càtmhy hbfsb d`r purp`sb `d Wbgtjà 694 `d Fgt.

Mbhl; Ralbr Wbgtjà 69? `d tmb Fgt, jt mfs ebba pr`vjlbl tmft f hbfsb `d jcc`vfehb pr`pbrty dr`c ybfr t` ybfr`r d`r fay tbrc bxgbbljao àb ybfr, `r rbsbrvjao f ybfrhy rbat, gfa eb cflb àhy ey f rbojstbrbl jastrucbat.

Ja vjbw `d tmjs stftut`ry pr`vjsjà, jt wfs cfalft`ry t` bxbgutb f rbojstbrbl jastrucbat, jd tmb tbafagy wfs

gàtbcphftbl t` eb faaufh ja afturb. Ja tmb prbsbat gfsb, sjagb flcjttblhy jt wfs a`t cflb ey f rbojstbrbljastrucbat, tmb hbfsb gfaa`t eb tfnba t` eb fa faaufh hbfsb. \mbrbd`rb, abgbssfrjhy jt mfs t` eb tfnba fs fcàtmhy hbfsb d`r tmb purp`sb `d Wbgtjà 694 `d tmb Fgt. Tjrupfnsmfjfm fhjfs Tbbrfjfdj v WmjvfputrfppfEfsfppf O`hfppfafvfr, 6::4(2) Nfr. H K. 27F.

T@JL HBFWB UBOJW\UF\J@A G@CYRHW@UZ_mbrb f vbrefh forbbcbat wfs cflb d`r tmb orfat `d f hbfsb d`r 2 ybfrs fal ja fatjgjpftjà `d bxbgutjà `d fhbfsb lbbl, tmb hbssbb wfs put ja p`ssbssjà ey tmb hbss`r wm` rbgbjvbl 7 càtms rbat fs flvfagb eut a` hbfsblbbl wfs bxbgutbl, jt wfs mbhl tmft hbfsb wfs v`jl ebgfusb `d tmb pr`mjejtjà ualbr tmjs Wbgtjà. Aftjàfh

\bxtjhb G`rp`rftjà Hjcjtbl v Cfhftmbsmf Batbrprjsbs fal Fa`tmbr, 6:=9(5) Nfr. HK. 772.

_mba tmbrb js f hbfsb forbbcbat ja rbspbgt `d f eujhljao d`r jalbdjajtb pbrj`l d`r gfrryjao à eusjabss ja

wmjgm tmb rbat pfyfehb ey tmb hbssbb js forbbl t` eb sbtthbl à efsjs `d pbrgbatfob `d pr`djts bfrabl fdtbr 62

càtms dr`c g`ccbagbcbat `d hbfsb. \mb hbfsb js bvjlbagbl ey uarbojstbrbl l`gucbat. Jt wfs mbhl tmft tmbhbfsb wfs àb d`r f pbrj`l bxgbbljao àb ybfr fal mbagb rbojstrftjà wfs g`cpuhs`ry ualbr Wbgtjà 69? `dtmb \.Y. Fgt. Lbhmj C`t`r G`cpfay fal @tmbrs v R.F. Efsrurnfr (lbfl) ey mjs HUs. fal @tmbrs, FJU6:4= WG ?:


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pbrsà d`r p`ssbssjà. MBHL, hbss`r gfaa`t suggbbl tjhh tmb bxpjry `d tbrc `d hbfsb Yfrfsmrfc Cfmflb` vUfkba \bxtjhb Cjhhs (.Yrjvftb) Hjcjtbl, FJU 6:?2 WG 59?:.

G@RU\ JW A@\ F\ HJEBU\Z \@ EUBFN RY \MB G@A\UFG\_mba tmb prbcjsbs frb hbt d`r rbsjlbatjfh fal aà-rbsjlbatjfh purp`sbs, tmb gàtrfgt `d tbafagy smùhl eb

lbbcbl t` eb sjaohb fal jaljvjsjehb. \mb Gùrt js a`t ft hjebrty t` erbfn up tmb gàtrfgt. \mft tmb rbhjbd smùhleb hjcjtbl t` tmft p`rtjà wmjgm js usbl d`r rbsjlbatjfh purp`sbs js a`t vfhjl. Cjss W. Wfayfh v Ojfa Gmfal,

FJU 6:4= WG


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Bvba t` bddbgt rbpfjrs tmb tbafat js bxpbgtbl t` ojvb a`tjgb t` tmb hfalh`rl. Ja tmb jastfat gfsb tmb fppbhhfatsmfvb a`t bvba e`tmbrbl bjtmbr t` jatjcftb tmb hfalh`rl `r ètfja abgbssfry pbrcjssjà d`r tmb purp`sb `d

brbgtjà `d g`cpùal. Durtmbr, tmb fppbhhfats fhs` abvbr e`tmbrbl t` na`w dr`c tmb hfalh`rl rbofrljaocbfsurbcbat `d tmb prbcjsbs ebfrjao A`. 6?. Durtmbr, tmb fppbhhfats frb fhs` a`t fehb t` bstfehjsm tmft tmby

mfl put up tmb g`cpùal wjtmja tmb prbcjsbs ebfrjao A`. 6?. Ralbr tmbsb gjrgucstfagbs tmb \rjfh Gùrt js

kustjdjbl ja a`t bxbrgjsjao jts ljsgrbtjà ja tmb cfttbr `d orfatjao jakuagtjà ja dfvùr `d tmb fppbhhfats. .... \mb\rjfh Gùrt mfvjao gàsjlbrbl fhh tmb cftbrjfhs phfgbl ebd`rb jt lbghjabl t` orfat jakuagtjà ja dfvùr `d tmb

fppbhhfats. Jd tmft js s`, tmbrb js a` rbfsà t` jatbrdbrb ja tmb `rlbr `d tmb \rjfh Gùrt ja tmbsb tw` fppbfhs. \mb M`cb Wgm``h, Efaofh`rb fal Fa`tmbr v C. Wmfdt Rh Mfkj fal Fa`tmbr, 5996(4) Nfr. H.K. :7.

@_ABUWMJY/UBC@TFH @D ERJHLJAO G@AW\URG\BL EZ \BAFA\ LBYBALW @A G@A\UFG\.

Hbfsb `d vfgfat hfal Gàljtjà pbrcjttjao hbssbb t` gàstrugt eujhljao à hbfsbm`hl hfal fal rbqujrjaomjc t` surrbalbr p`ssbssjà `d hfal wjtm eujhljao à bxpjry `d hbfsb wjtmùt g`cpbasftjà @wabrsmjp `d

eujhljao vbsts ja hbssbb s` hào fs hbfsb js suesjstjao, fal à bxpjry `d hbfsb, jt pfssbs à t` hbss`r Cfttbr js

àb `d gàtrfgt ebtwbba pfrtjbs. A`rcfhhy, ualbr Wbgtjà 69= `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt, ebd`rb tmbbxpjry `d tmb hbfsb, f hbssbb gfa rbc`vb fhh strugturbs fal eujhljao brbgtbl ey mjc à tmb lbcjsbl hfal. Fhhtmft wfs abgbssfry d`r mjc t` l` wfs t` ojvb efgn tmb hfal t` tmb hbss`r, à tmb tbrcjaftjà `d tmb hbfsb, ja tmb

sfcb gàljtjà fs mb dùal jt. \mb `wabrsmjp, tmbrbd`rb, `d tmb eujhljao ja tmjs gfsb wfs a`t wjtm tmb hbss`rs

eut wfs wjtm tmb hbssbbs. Ralbr Wbgtjà 69= `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt, tmbrb wfs a`tmjao t` prbvbat tmbhbssbbs gàtrfgtjao t` mfal `vbr fay eujhljao `r strugturb brbgtbl à tmb hfal ey tmbc t` tmb hbss`rs wjtmùt

rbgbjvjao fay g`cpbasftjà. Ja `tmbr w`rls, fhtmùom ualbr Wbgtjà 69= tmb hbssbbs mfl tmb rjomt t` rbc`vbtmb eujhljao, ey tmb gàtrfgt tmby mfl forbbl t` mfal `vbr tmb sfcb t` tmb hbss`rs wjtmùt tmb rjomt t` rbgbjvbg`cpbasftjà ft tmb bal `d tmb hbfsb, tmb cfttbr ebjao batjrbhy àb `d gàtrfgt ebtwbba tmb pfrtjbs. Wugm f

gàtrfgt, m`wbvbr ljl a`t trfasdbr tmb `wabrsmjp ja tmb eujhljao t` tmb hbss`rs wmjhb tmb hbfsb suesjstbl. W.Wmjvfctmfa (lbgbfsbl) ey H.Us. v W.O. Afrfyfaf, JHU6::= Nfr. Wm. A. :9.

F hbssbb wm` mfs put up f eujhljao wjtm tmb gàsbat `d tmb hfalh`rl à tmb hbfsbl prbcjsbs, js a`t batjthbl t`

eb g`cpbasftbl d`r tmb g`sts jagurrbl ey mjc ja rbspbgt `d tmb strugturbs put up ey mjc, wmba tmb tbafagy jstbrcjaftbl fal wmba mb js gfhhbl upà t` qujt fal lbhjvbr tmb p`ssbssjà `d tmb pr`pbrty t` tmb hbss`r

C`mfccfl Mfyft Wfmfe v Uflmfnrjsmaf Emfntmf, 6:4=(6) Cys. H.K. 47

_mbrb hbssbb mfs forbbl t` gàstrugt eujhljao `d vfhub `d a`t hbss tmfa Us. 62,999/- wmjgm ft tmb bxpjry `d tmbhbfsb wfs t` ebg`cb tmb pr`pbrty `d tmb hbss`r fal tmb eujhljao vfhubl ft Us. 29,999/-, tmb hbss`r js batjthbl t`

eujhljao fal a`t cbrbhy strugturbs w`rtm Us. 62,999/-. Z;T. Wrjajvfsf Curtmy ey H.Us. v Yjhhfcaw fal@tmbrs, 6:?7(5) Cys. H.K. 7::.

_mba tmb Hbfsb lbbl pr`vjlbs d`r pfssjao `d `wabrsmjp `d supbrstrugturb eujht ey hbssbb t` hbss`r fdtbr

bxpjry `d tbafagy, tmb hbss`r js ualbr èhjoftjà t` pfy gbrtfja pbrgbatfob `d cfrnbt vfhub `d strugturb t`

hbssbb ualbr tmb forbbcbat. \mb hbssbb gfaa`t rbtfja p`ssbssjà uatjh fcùat js pfjl Cflfa Hf! v EMfj

Fafal Wjaom, FJU 6:?7 WG ?56.

\mb hbss`r js a`t lbefrrbl dr`c lbtbrcjajao tmb hbfsb `r djhjao f sujt d`r bkbgtcbat cbrbhy ebgfusb tmb hbssbbmfs cflb gàstrugtjà t` tmb na`whblob `d tmb hbss`r Kfoft Ufc Wbtmj v Ufj Efmflur L.L. Kfja, FJU 6:?5

WG 6?5?.

GMFHOBAJ HBFWBF hbssbb ualbr f gmfhobaj hbfsb cfy, ja tmb fesbagb `d f pr`mjejtjà gàtfjabl ja tmb hbfsb jtsbhd fssjoa mjs

hbfsb m`hl jatbrbst d`r tmb lurftjà `d tmb tbrc `d tmb hbfsb `r tmb efhfagb `d jt ft tmb tjcb wmba tmbfssjoacbat js cflb. Fdtbr tmb bxpjry `d tmb tbrc `d tmb hbfsb, tmb fssjoabb mfs a` jatbrbst suesjstjao fs t`batjthb mjc t` f lbghfrftjà `d mjs ebjao f gmfhobaj tbafat. F rbabwfh `d tmb hbfsb ey tmb tbafat m`hljao `vbr

fal tmb hfalh`rl rbgbjvjao tmb rbat, js f rbabwfh `d prb bxjstjao gàtrfgtufh rbhftjàsmjp, fal tmb ebabdjt `d

sugm rbabwfh gfaa`t eb ghfjcbl ey tmb fssjoabb fdtbr tmb bxpjry `d tmb tbrc. Rcfcfmbsmjufrf \bcphb

ey \rustbb v Hb` Grbstf, 6:44(5) Cys. HK.


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abw hbssbb l`bs a`t ebg`cb hfalh`rl `d bxjstjao suehbssbb d`r purp`sb `d bvjgtjao mjc. Mbhl; Jt js wbhhbstfehjsmbl tmft tmb hbfsb js f trfasdbr `d jatbrbst ja jcc`vbfehb pr`pbrty. Wbgtjà 692 `d tmb \rfasdbr `d

Yr`pbrty Fgt, 6==5 pr`vjlbs tmft f hbfsb `d jcc`vbfehb pr`pbrty js f trfasdbr `d rjomt t` bak`y sugm pr`pbrtycflb d`r f gbrtfja tjcb, bxprbss `r jcphjbl, fal d`r gàsjlbrftjà. Ghfusb (k) `d Wbgtjà 69= `d tmb \.Y. Fgt,

suekbgt t` fay gàtrfgt t` tmb gàtrfry, futm`rjzbs tmb hbssbb t` suehbfsb tmb wm`hb `r fay pfrt `d mjs jatbrbst

ja tmb hbfsbm`hl pr`pbrty. .... Lurjao tmb suesjstbagb `d tmb hbfsb, tmb suehbssbb ja wm`c tmb hbssbb's jatbrbst jsvbstbl, fgqujrbs rjomt t` gàtjaub ja p`ssbssjà `vbr tmb lbcjsbl prbcjsbs lurjao tmb suesjstbagb `d tmb

hbfsb. \mbrbd`rb, g`cjao t` tmb dfgts `d tmb prbsbat gfsb, eut d`r tmb surrbalbr `d tmb hbfsb ey tmb mbfl hbssbbj.b., tmb djrc, tmb pbtjtjàbr wfs batjthbl t` gàtjaub mjs p`ssbssjà `vbr tmb pbtjtjà prbcjsbs tjhh 6:?= ja mjs`wa rjomt sjagb tmb hbfsb ja dfvùr `d tmb djrc wfs d`r f pbrj`l `d : ybfrs. . . . .Lbspjtb tmb fe`vb a`tbl

stftut`ry pr`vjsjàs fal gàsbqubat rjomt `d tmb pbtjtjàbr dh`wjao tmbrb dr`c, tmb sfcb wfs sùomt t` eb

lbstr`ybl ey tmb rbspàlbat à tmb strbaotm `d f rbojstbrbl hbfsb lbbl lftbl 4-5-6:?< ètfjabl dr`c tmb`wabr ey tfnjao f phbf tmft mb mfl ètfjabl tmb sfjl hbfsb à surrbalbrjao `d jts hbfsbm`hl rjomts ey tmb djrc

fal tmus, mb mfs stbppbl jat` tmb sm`bs `d brstwmjhb hbssbb djrc. \mus, fgg rljao t` mjc, mb mfs ebg`cb

hfalh`rl `d tmb pbtjtjàbr fs lbdjabl ualbr Wbgtjà 5(m) `d tmb NUG Fgt. Fgg`rljao t` tmb sfjl pr`vjsjà, jarbspbgt `d f suetbafat, tmb tbafat, wm` mfs suehbt tmb prbcjsbs js tmb hfalh`rl d`r tmb purp`sbs `d tmb sfjlFgt.. . .Jt js a` lùet trub tmft tmb sue hbssbb's jatbrbst ebjao gfrvbl ùt `d hbssbb's jatbrbst, jt wjhh, fs f obabrfh

ruhb, eb lbtbrcjabl ey tmb lbtbrcjaftjà `d tmb hbfsb jtsbhd. Eut, lbtbrcjaftjà ey surrbalbr `d tmb hbfsb ey

tmb hbssbb js fa bxgbptjà t` tmjs obabrfh ruhb. Wurrbalbrjao ebjao f v`huatfry fgt à tmb pfrt `d tmb hbssbb, tmbprjagjphb tmft f cfa gfaa`t lbròftb dr`c mjs `wa orfat wjhh g`cb jat` phfy fal tmb hbssbb's fgtjà wjhh a`t

eb fhh`wbl t` prbkuljgb tmb sue hbssbb. Jt js tmjs bqujtfehb prjagjphb, wmjgm mfs ebba jag`rp`rftbl ja Wbgtjà662 `d tmb \.Y. Fgt. Ey `pbrftjà `d tmjs stftut`ry pr`vjsjà à surrbalbr `d tmb hbfsb ey tmb mbfl-hbssbb, tmbsue hbssbb ebg`cbs f hbssbb `d tmb hbss`r à tmb tbrcs `d tmb suehbfsb. \mus, tmb ualbr hbssbb, ey `pbrftjà `d

hfw js erùomt jat` ljrbgt gàtfgt wjtm tmb hbss`r, bxgbpt wmbrb surrbalbr js cflb ey tmb mbfl hbssbb d`r

ètfjajao abw hbfsb. .... .\mb phbf rfjsbl ey tmb rbspàlbat js tmft ebd`rb tmb hbfsb wfs orfatbl t` mjc à 4-5-6:?


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tbafat ja `ggupftjà js rbqujrbl t` pfy tfx, jt gfaa`t eb sfjl tmft ey pfyjao tfx lbdbalfat mfl làb s`cb fgtja durtmbrfagb `d tmb gàtrfgt> ey rbqujrjao tmft phfjatjdd's er`tmbr smùhl k`ja ja tmb bxbgutjà, lbdbalfat mfl

vfrjbl tmb tbrcs `d tmb gàtrfgt fal fs sugm mfl g`ccjttbl erbfgm `d tmb gàtrfgt fal lbdbalfat gfaa`t ebsfjl t` eb rbfly fal wjhhjao t` pbrd`rc mjs pfrt `d tmb gàtrfgt. \mus aàb `d tmb gàljtjàs gàtbcphftbl jaWbgtjà 27-F `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt wbrb sftjsdjbl. \mb rbhftjàsmjp `d hfalh`rl fal tbafat gàtjaubl

fal lbdbalfat wfs hjfehb t` pfy rbat.Fyyfppf Afyfr v Embbcfppf, 6:=9(6) Nfr. H.K. Wm. A. 57.

Fa jatbaljao trfasdbrbb ualbr f gàtrfgt d`r sfhb `d jcc`vbfehb pr`pbrty, wm` js put ja p`ssbssjà `d tmb

pr`pbrty ja pfrt pbrd`rcfagb `d tmb gàtrfgt, gfa fs f phfjatjdd erjao fa fgtjà d`r tmb p`ssbss`ry rbcbly `d

fa jakuagtjà ja pr`tbgtjà `d mjs p`ssbssjà fofjast tmb trfasdbr`r. Fs f gàljtjà fttfgmbl t` tmb orfat `djakuagtjà, t` fdd`rl pr`tbgtjà t` tmb lbdbalfat, phfjatjdd wfs ljrbgtbl t` lbp`sjt ja Gùrt bvbry ybfr f suct`wfrls pr`djts fal jag`cb `d tmb hfal. Cfmflbvfccf v E.W. Hjaofrfku fal @tmbrs, 6:=6(5) Nfr. H.K.7== (LE).

Jd phfjatjdds fgqujrb suestfatjfh rjomts ualbr fa forbbcbat `d sfhb, tmby frb batjthbl t` eb pr`tbgtbl fofjast tmb

trfasdbr`r wm` js tryjao t` lbprjvb tmb phfjatjdds `d tmbjr p`ssbssjà gàtrfry t` Wbgtjà 27-F `d tmb \rfasdbr`d Yr`pbrty Fgt. Yhfjatjdds cust eb mbhl t` eb lbdbaljao tmbjr rjomts ualbr Wbgtjà 27-F fal tmb sujt d`r

jakuagtjà gfaa`t eb gàstrubl fs àb t` bad`rgb rjomts gàdbrrbl ey Wbgtjà 27-F. \mb g`ccbagbcbat `dp`ssbssjà ebjao ualbr tmb forbbcbat `d sfhb, Pgàtjaufagb `d p`ssbssjà ey tmb phfjatjdds gfaa`t eb

lbbcbl t` eb flvbrsb, uahbss tmbrb mfs ebba lbajfh `d lbdbalfat's tjthb fal fssbrtjà `d m`stjhb tjthb.

Zbanfaaf v Zbhhfaaf, 6:?2(6) Nfr. H.K. Wm. A. 72.

\mb l`gtrjab `d pfrt pbrd`rcfagb jag`rp`rftbl ja tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt ey sbgtjà 27F js f l`gtrjab `dbqujty js f dfjrhy wbhh-sbtthbl pr`p`sjtjà. Jd tmft eb s`, fal jd tmb trfasdbrbb shbbps `vbr mjs rjomt t` ètfjarbhjbd `d spbgjdjg pbrd`rcfagb tmbrb wùhl eb bvbry kustjdjgftjà d`r fpphjgftjà `d l`gtrjab lbhfy lbdbfts

bqujty ja sugm f gfsb. Durtmbr, d`r duhdjhcbat `d tmb bssbatjfh jaorbljbat `d tmjs sbgtjà vjz., tmft tmb trfasdbrbb

js wjhhjao t` pbrd`rc mjs pfrt `d tmb gàtrfgt, gfaa`t eb sftjsdjbl jd tmb rjomt `d trfasdbrbb t` obt spbgjdjgpbrd`rcfagb `d tmb gàtrfgt js bxtjaoujsmbl ey hfpsb `d tjcb prbsgrjebl ualbr tmb Hfw `d Hjcjtftjà. F

trfasdbrbb wm` mfs ètfjabl p`ssbssjà `d jcc`vfehb pr`pbrty ja pfrt pbrd`rcfagb `d tmb gàtrfgt gfaa`t

rbsjst tmb sujt d`r p`ssbssjà djhbl ey tmb vbal`r jd mjs rjomt t` ètfja spbgjdjg pbrd`rcfagb js efrrbl eyhjcjtftjà fal wb rbjtbrftb tmb sfjl prjagjphb. C. Fzcftmuhhf Nmfa (lbfl) ey H.Us, v \mfanfccf

Cftmbws, 6::


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pursufat t` tmb forbbcbat `d sfhb. Wbgtjà 27-F `d tmb \rfasdbr `d Yr`pbrty Fgt gùhl a`t eb fpphjbl> fal (7)\mb hbfsb ljl a`t cbrob wjtm tmb rjomt, tmb lbdbalfat mfl fgqujrbl ualbr f cbrb forbbcbat `d sfhb ja mjs

dfvùr fal lbdbalfat gàtjaubl t` eb f tbafat ualbr tmb phfjatjdd. 6:?:(5) Nfr. H.K. 54=, rbh. à.

Uulrfppf ey HUs v Lfafppf Cfhfsjllfppf, 6:=5(6) Nfr. H.K. 5=


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cbatjàbl pr`pbrty fal hjvb, fs yù wjsm fdtbr yù fttfjabl cfk`rjty fal o`t cfrrjbl". \mbsb bxprbssjàsmfvb t` eb tfnba fs gàtr`hhbl ey tmb bxprbssjà usbl bfrhjbr tmft tmb jatbatjà `d tmb futm`r js tmft tmb rjomt

fal tjthb fs fa fes`hutb `wabr `d tmb pr`pbrty smùhl pfss à t` tmb làbbs à tmb duhdjhcbat `d tm`sbgàljtjàs. \mft fs tmb l`gucbat fppbfrs t` mfvb ebba bxbgutbl wjtm tmb èkbgt `d tmb cfrrjfob fal tmb

bddbgt `d jt js tmft làbbs gùhl obt fes`hutb `wabrsmjp ualbr tmb lbbl à tmb duhdjhcbat, `d e`tm tmb

gàljtjàs, afcbhy, fttfjajao tmb fob `d cfk`rjty ey e`tm `d tmbc fal tmby obttjao cfrrjbl fal uatjh faluahbss tmjs mfl s` mfppbabl, tmb pr`pbrty mfl t` rbcfja ja p`ssbssjà `d tmb musefal `d tmb là`r. \mjs

fgtjà sm`ws tmft tjhh tmb mfppbajao `d tmb gàljtjà, afcbhy, tmb fttfjajao tmb fob `d cfk`rjty ey tmb tw`làbbs fal tmbjr obttjao cfrrjbl, tmb pr`pbrty mfl t` rbcfja ja p`ssbssjà `d tmb musefal `d tmb là`r, s`,tmb pr`pbrty mfl a`t ebba trfasdbrrbl t` tmb làbbs, tmb trfasdbr gùhl tfnb bddbgt àhy à tmb làbbs

fttfjajao cfk`rjty fal obttjao cfrrjbl. \mft fs tmb cfrrjfob ljl a`t tfnbs phfgb ja tmb prbsbat gfsb fal tmb

phfjatjdd ljl a`t cfrry tmb lbdbalfat's lfuomtbr, lbbl ljl a`t ebg`cb bddbgtjvb t` trfasdbr tmb tjthb `d tmbpr`pbrty t` tmb phfjatjdd fal lbdbalfat 6 fal tmb tjthb `d tmb pr`pbrty rb-bxfcjabl wjtm tmb là`r. Cbrb

bxbgutjà `d tmb lbbl `d gfagbhhftjà ft suesbqubat stfob wjhh a`t hbfl t` tmb gàghusjà tmft tmb ojdt lbbl mfl

ebba fgtbl upà. \mb lbbl gfagbhhjao tmb ojdt lbbl cjomt mfvb ebba bxbgutbl fs f cfttbr `d cbrb prbgfutjàfal d`r sfdbty pr`tbgtjà. Mutgmbo`wlf v Wct. Kfyfccf fal Fa`tmbr, 6::4(5) Nfr, H.K. ?26.

F\\BW\F\J@A @D OJD\ LBBL

Ja tmb prbsbat gfsb, tmb ojdt lbbl ja qubstjà mfs ebba rbojstbrbl fal tmb abgbssfry bal`rsbcbats frb cflbey tmb Wue-Ubojstrfr. Y._. 5 mfs sw`ra tmft mb mfl fttbstbl tmb lbbl. Eut mb mfs a`wmbrb stftbl ja mjs

bvjlbagb tmft tmb bxbgutrjx afcbhy, Ofaofvvf fddjxbl mbr sjoafturb `r cfrn t` tmb ojdt lbbl ja mjs prbsbagb `rfgna`whblobl t` mjc, tmft smb mfl fddjxbl mbr sjoafturb `r cfrn t` tmb ojdt lbbl. \mbrbd`rb, mjs bvjlbagb l`bsa`t sftjsdy tmb jaorbljbats `d lbdjajtjà 'fttbstbl'. Mbagb, jt wjhh mfvb t` eb mbhl tmft fttbstftjà ey Y._. 5 fal

fa`tmbr pbrsà fs rbqujrbl ey hfw, mfs a`t ebba pr`vbl. \mbrbd`rb, tmùom Ofaofvvf fppbfrs t` mfvb

flcjttbl bxbgutjà `d tmb ojdt lbbl fs js sbba dr`c tmb bal`rsbcbat `d tmb Wue-Ubojstrfr, jt wjhh mfvb t` ebmbhl tmft tmb ojdt lbbl, tmùom rbojstbrbl, l`bs a`t sftjsdy tmb jaorbljbats `d Wbgtjà 657 cfja pfrt. _mba tmft

js s`, a` tjthb ja hfw gfa eb sfjl t` mfvb pfssbl dr`c Ofaofvvf t` tmb phfjatjdds, bvba fssucjao tmft Ofaofvvf

ljl mfvb sugm tjthb t` trfasdbr. Fafat W`cfppf Yfttfr v Nfhfppf Lbvbalrfppf Zfrfnfl, 6:=?(5) Nfr.H.K. Wm. A. 6??; JHU 6:=2 Nfr. 6


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(jjj) put up f wfhh sbpfrftjao tmb eùalfry ft tmb batrfagb,

(jv) gmfaob tmb afcbs fal batbr abw afcbs ja rbvbaub rbg`rls>(v) g`cphy wjtm fhh d`rcfhjtjbs wmjgm tmby wbrb rbqujrbl t` l` ualbr tmb hfw>(vj) ètfja oufrljfa fal wfrl gbrtjdjgftb, ghbfrfagb gbrtjdjgftb, pbrcjssjà `d \`wa Yhfaajao Futm`rjty btg.>

(vjj) sbgurb tmb fcùat `d gàsjlbrftjà pfyfehb t` tmb cja`r ja tbrcs `d tmb oufrljfa fal wfrl gbrtjdjgftb

wmjgm wfs t` eb ètfjabl à fpphjgftjà djhbl ey Ubspàlbat A`.2>(vjjj) rbgbjvb tmb efhfagb gàsjlbrftjà fal à tmb lftb spbgjdjbl ey tmb Fppbhhfat, fppbfr ebd`rb tmb Wue-

Ubojstrfr fal rbojstbr tmb lbbl `d sfhb.

YREHJG YRUY@WB

"Yuehjg purp`sb" wjhh jaghulb f purp`sb ja wmjgm tmb obabrfh jatbrbst `d tmb g`ccuajty fs `pp`sbl t` tmb

jatbrbst `d fa jaljvjlufh js ljrbgthy `r jaljrbgthy jav`hvbl. Jaljvjlufh jatbrbst cust ojvb wfy t` puehjg jatbrbst


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Er`flhy spbfnjao tmb bxprbssjà ipuehjg purp`sb' wùhl, m`wbvbr, jaghulb f purp`sb ja wmjgm tmb obabrfhjatbrbst `d tmb g`ccuajty fs `pp`sbl t` tmb pfrtjguhfr jatbrbst `d tmb jaljvjlufhs js ljrbgthy fal vjrtufhhy

gàgbrabl.

\mb rjomt `d bcjabat l`cfja js tmb rjomt `d tmb Wtftb t` rbfssbrt bjtmbr tbcp`rfrjhy `r pbrcfabathy jts

l`cjajà `vbr fay pjbgb `d hfal à fggùat `d puehjg bxjobagy fal d`r puehjg o``l.

\mb p`wbr `d g`cpuhs`ry fgqujsjtjà fs lbsgrjebl ey tmb tbrc ibcjabat l`cfja' gfa eb bxbrgjsbl àhy ja tmbjatbrbst fal d`r tmb wbhdfrb `d tmb pb`phb. \mb gàgbpt `d ipuehjg purp`sb' smùhl jaghulb tmb cfttbrs, sugm fs,sfdbty, sbgurjty, mbfhtm, wbhdfrb fal pr`spbrjty `d tmb g`ccuajty ft hfrob.

Ja Wtftb `d Ejmfr v. Nfcbsmwfr Wjaom rbp`rtbl ja FJU 6:25 WG 525 ft pfob 52:, f Gàstjtutjà Ebagm `dWuprbcb Gùrt gàsjlbrbl tmb bxprbssjà 'puehjg purp`sb'. Cfmfkfa, K. bxphfjabl tmb bxprbssjà 'puehjg

purp`sb' ja tmb d`hh`wjao cfaabr; "\mb bxprbssjà "puehjg purp`sb" js a`t gfpfehb `d f prbgjsb lbdjajtjà fal

mfs a`t f rjojl cbfajao. Jt gfa àhy eb lbdjabl ey f pr`gbss `d kuljgjfh jaghusjà fal bxghusjà. Ja `tmbr w`rls,tmb lbdjajtjà `d tmb bxprbssjà js bhfstjg fal tfnbs jts g`hùr dr`c tmb stftutb ja wmjgm jt `ggurs, tmb gàgbptvfryjao wjtm tmb tjcb fal stftb `d s`gjbty fal jts abbls. \mb p`jat t` eb lbtbrcjabl ja bfgm gfsb js wmbtmbr

tmb fgqujsjtjà js ja tmb obabrfh jatbrbst `d tmb g`ccuajty fs ljstjaoujsmbl dr`c tmb prjvftb jatbrbst `d fa

jaljvjlufh."

Ja tmft gfsb, W. U. Lfs, K. èsbrvbl fs ualbr; "_b cust rbofrl fs puehjg purp`sb fhh tmft wjhh eb gfhguhftbl t`pr`c`tb tmb wbhdfrb `d tmb pb`phb fs bavjsfobl ja tmb Ljrbgtjvb Yrjagjphbs `d Wtftb p`hjgy wmftbvbr bhsb tmftbxprbssjà cfy cbfa." Fhc`st f gbatury fo`, ja Mfcfefj v. Wbgrbtfry `d Wtftb rbp`rtbl ja (6:66) 67 E`c HU

69:?, Eftgmbh`r, K. èsbrvbl; "Obabrfh lbdjajtjàs frb, J tmjan, rftmbr t` eb fv`jlbl wmbrb tmb fv`jlfagb js

p`ssjehb, fal J cfnb a` fttbcpt t` lbdjab prbgjsbhy tmb bxtbat `d tmb pmrfsb 'puehjg purp`sb' ja tmb hbfsb> jt jsbaùom t` sfy tmft, ja cy `pjajà, tmb pmrfsb, wmftbvbr bhsb jt cfy cbfa, cust jaghulb f purp`sb, tmft js, fa

èkbgt `r fjc, ja wmjgm tmb obabrfh jatbrbst `d tmb g`ccuajty, fs `pp`sbl t` tmb pfrtjguhfr jatbrbst `d

jaljvjlufhs, js ljrbgthy fal vjtfhhy gàgbrabl" rbgbjvbl tmb fppr`vfh `d tmb Yrjvy Gùagjh". \mb lbdjajtjà `dpuehjg purp`sb mfs ebba rbhjbl ja aucebr `d suesbqubat lbgjsjàs jaghuljao tmb Gàstjtutjà Ebagm kulocbat`d tmjs Gùrt.

\mb gàgbpt `d puehjg purp`sb wfs lbfht ja orbft lbtfjh ja f hbfljao Fcbrjgfa gfsb Cuaa v. Jhhja`js rbp`rtbl ja(6=??) :< RW 667; 5< H. Bl ?? fal ja s`cb `tmbr gfsbs. \mb l`gtrjab lbghfrbl js tmft pr`pbrty ebg`cbs

gh`tmbl wjtm f puehjg jatbrbst wmba usbl ja f cfaabr t` cfnb jt `d puehjg gàsbqubagb, fal fddbgt tmbg`ccuajty ft hfrob fal dr`c sugm gh`tmjao tmb rjomt `d tmb hbojshfturb js lblugbl t` gàtr`h tmb usb `d tmb

pr`pbrty fal t` lbtbrcjab tmb g`cpbasftjà wmjgm tmb `wabr cfy rbgbjvb d`r jt.

Djbhl, K. èsbrvbl fs d`hh`ws; "\mb lbghfrftjà `d tmb Gàstjtutjà `d 6=?9, tmft prjvftb eujhljaos usbl d`r

prjvftb purp`sbs smfhh eb lbbcbl puehjg jastjtutjàs, l`bs a`t cfnb tmbc s`. \mb rbgbjpt fal st`rfob `d orfjaja f eujhljao brbgtbl ey prjvftb cbfas d`r tmft purp`sb l`bs a`t gàstjtutb tmb eujhljao f puehjg wfrbmùsb.

\mbrb js a` cfojg ja tmb hfaoufob, tmùom usbl ja f gàstjtutjàfh gàvbatjà, wmjgm gfa gmfaob f prjvftbeusjabss jat` f puehjg àb, `r fhtbr tmb gmfrfgtbr `d tmb eujhljao ja wmjgm tmb eusjabss js trfasfgtbl."

Ja Rajtbl G`ccuajty Wbrvjgbs v. @cfmf Aft. Efan ?? A._.5l 2?4, 2=2, 645 Abe. ?=4, tmb Gùrt èsbrvbl tmft

f puehjg purp`sb mfs d`r jts èkbgtjvb tmb pr`c`tjà `d tmb puehjg mbfhtm, sfdbty, c`rfhs, sbgurjty, pr`spbrjty,gàtbatcbat, fal tmb obabrfh wbhdfrb `d fhh tmb jamfejtfats.

Ja Yb`phb bx rbh. Flfc`wsnj v. Gmjgfo` U.U. \brcjafh Futm`rjty, 626 A.B.5l 766, 76


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jaljvjlufh gjtjzba eut js fpphjgfehb àhy ja tm`sb gfsbs wmbrb prjvftb pr`pbrty js wfatbl tmft puehjg usb, `rlbcfalbl ey tmb puehjg wbhdfrb fal tmft a` jastfagb js na`wa ja wmjgm jt mfs ebba tfnba d`r tmb cbrb

purp`sb `d rfjsjao f rbvbaub ey sfhb `r `tmbrwjsb fal tmb bxbrgjsb `d sugm f p`wbr js uttbrhy lbstrugtjvb `djaljvjlufh rjomt.

Ja \mb Wtftb `d E`cefy v. U.W. Afakj (6:24) WGU 6=,tmb Gùrt èsbrvbl tmft jt js jcp`ssjehb t` prbgjsbhylbdjab tmb bxprbssjà 'puehjg purp`sb'. Ja bfgm gfsb fhh tmb dfgts fal gjrgucstfagbs wjhh rbqujrb t` eb gh`sbhy

bxfcjabl ja `rlbr t` lbtbrcjab wmbtmbr f puehjg purp`sb mfs ebba bstfehjsmbl. Yrjcf dfgjb, tmb O`vbracbatjs tmb ebst kulob fs t` wmbtmbr puehjg purp`sb js sbrvbl ey jssujao f rbqujsjtjà `rlbr, eut jt js a`t tmb s`hbkulob. \mb gùrts mfvb tmb kurjsljgtjà fal jt js tmbjr luty t` lbtbrcjab tmb cfttbr wmbabvbr f qubstjà js

rfjsbl wmbtmbr f rbqujsjtjà `rlbr js `r js a`t d`r f puehjg purp`sb. Ja tmb sfjl gfsb, tmb Gùrt èsbrvbl tmft

tmb pmrfsb 'puehjg purp`sb' jaghulbs f purp`sb, tmft js, fa èkbgt `r fjc, ja wmjgm tmb obabrfh jatbrbst `d tmbg`ccuajty, fs `pp`sbl t` tmb pfrtjguhfr jatbrbst `d jaljvjlufhs js ljrbgthy fal vjtfhhy gàgbrabl. Jt js

jcp`ssjehb t` lbdjab prbgjsbhy tmb bxprbssjà 'puehjg purp`sb'.

Ja bfgm gfsb fhh tmb dfgts fal gjrgucstfagbs wjhh rbqujrb t` eb gh`sbhy bxfcjabl t` lbtbrcjab wmbtmbr f puehjgpurp`sb mfs ebba bstfehjsmbl. Ja tmft gfsb, tmb Gùrt fhs` rbdbrrbl t` tmb d`hh`wjao gfsbs; \mb Wtftb `d E`cefy

v. Emfakj Cuakj & Fa`tmbr (6:22) 6 WGU ??? fal \mb Wtftb `d E`cefy v. Fhj Ouhsmfa (6:22) 5 WGU =4?. Ja

W`cfwfatj v. Wtftb `d Yuakfe (6:47) 5 WGU ??


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Ja Wgjaljf Bcph`ybbs' Rajà v. Wtftb `d Cfmfrfsmtrf & @tmbrs rbp`rtbl ja (6::4) 69 WGG 629, tmjsGùrt èsbrvbl fs ualbr; "\mb vbry èkbgt `d g`cpuhs`ry fgqujsjtjà js ja bxbrgjsb `d tmb p`wbr `d bcjabat

l`cfja ey tmb Wtftb fofjast tmb wjsmbs `r wjhhjaoabss `d tmb `wabr `r pbrsà jatbrbstbl ja tmb hfal.\mbrbd`rb, s` hào fs tmb puehjg purp`sb suesjsts tmb bxbrgjsb `d tmb p`wbr `d bcjabat l`cfja gfaa`t eb

qubstjàbl. Yuehjgftjà `d lbghfrftjà ualbr Wbgtjà 4 js gàghusjvb bvjlbagb `d puehjg purp`sb. Ja vjbw `d tmb

djaljao tmft jt js f qubstjà `d bxpfasjà `d l`gnyfrl d`r lbdbagb purp`sb, jt js f puehjg purp`sb."

\mb rjomt `d bcjabat l`cfja js tmb rjomt `d tmb Wtftb t` rbfssbrt bjtmbr tbcp`rfrjhy `r pbrcfabathy jtsl`cjajà `vbr fay pjbgb `d hfal à fggùat `d puehjg bxjobagy fal d`r puehjg o``l. Ja tmb gfsb `d G`ddbb E`frl

v. G`ccjssjàbr `d G`ccbrgjfh \fxbs rbp`rtbl ja (6:==) 7 WGG 547, tmb Gùrt èsbrvbl tmft tmb bcjabat

l`cfja js fa bssbatjfh fttrjeutb `d s`vbrbjoaty `d bvbry Wtftb fal futm`rjtjbs frb uajvbrsfh ja supp`rt `d tmblbdjajtjà `d bcjabat l`cfja fs tmb p`wbr `d tmb s`vbrbjoa t` tfnb pr`pbrty d`r puehjg usb wjtmùt tmb

`wabr's gàsbat upà cfnjao kust g`cpbasftjà.

F sbvba-Kulob Ebagm `d tmjs Gùrt ja \mb Wtftb `d Nfraftfnf & Fa`tmbr v. Wmrj Ufaofaftmf Ublly &Fa`tmbr rbp`rtbl ja (6:??) < WGG


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Durtmbr, Frtjghb jt js f dhbxjehb prjagjphb `d hfw `pbrftjao ja tmb pr`vjagb `d prbgblbats

pr`vjljao r``c t` g`hhfe`rftb wjtm tmb lbcfals `d gmfaojao tjcbs ljgtftbl ey s`gjfh abbls, Wtftb p`hjgy fal

kuljgjfh gàsgjbagb. \mb l`gtrjab `d stfrb lbgjsjs js obabrfhhy t` eb flmbrbl t`, ebgfusb wbhh sbtthbl prjagjphbs`d hfw dùalbl à f sbrjbs `d futm`rjtftjvb pràùagbcbats ùomt t` eb d`hh`wbl. Zbt, tmb lbcfals `d tmbgmfaobl dfgts fal gjrgucstfagbs ljgtftbl ey d`rgbduh dfgt`rs supp`rtbl ey hòjg, fcphy kustjdy tmb abbl d`r f

drbsm h``n.

Wfhcàl à Kurjsprulbagb, \wbhdtm Bljtjà, ft p.6=?> \mb Yr`vjagb fal Duagtjà `d Hfw, Kuhjus Wtàb, ft

pp.2==, Yrbgblbat ja Jaljfa Hfw, F. Hfxcjaftm, Wbgàl Bljtjà 5992> Bssfys à Kurjsprulbagb dr`c tmbG`hucejf Hfw Ubvjbw, 6:4


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M`wbvbr, gùatry's bgà`cy gàtjaubs t` eb efsbl à forjguhturb. Cfk`rjty `d forjguhturfh m`hljaos frb scfhhuajts. \mb gùatry abbls euhhs fal euhh`gns. Euhhs fal euhh`gns l` a`t ebg`cb usbhbss cbrbhy ey gr`ssjao f

pfrtjguhfr fob. \mb Wtftbcbat `d @ekbgts fal Ubfsàs, fpfrt dr`c `tmbr bvjlbagb fvfjhfehb, ghbfrhy gàvbystmft g`w fal mbr pròbay gàstjtutb tmb efgneàb `d Jaljfa forjguhturb fal bgà`cy. \mb jagrbfsjao

fl`ptjà `d aà-gàvbatjàfh babroy sùrgbs hjnb Ej`-ofs phfats kustjdy tmb abbl d`r euhhs fal euhh`gns t` hjvb

tmbjr duhh hjdb ja spjtb `d tmbjr mfvjao ebg`cb ihbss usbduh' d`r forjguhturfh `pbrftjàs, gfrtjao fal `tmbr w`rnfal mfvjao gbfsbl t` eb usbduh d`r tmb purp`sb `d erbbljao. \mjs Wtftbcbat `d @ekbgts fal Ubfsàs tjhts tmb

efhfagb ja dfvùr d tmb gàstjtutjàfh vfhjljty d tmb jcpuoabl bafgtcbat.

Gftthb ebhàojao t` tmb gftbo`ry `d g`w pròbay wùhl a`t eb rbalbrbl wjtmùt smbhtbr fal dbbl ey tmb

`wabr t` wm`c jt mfl sbrvbl tmrùomùt jts hjdb. Flbquftb d`llbr js fvfjhfehb d`r tmb batjrb gftthb p`puhftjà.W`cb `d tmb Wtftbs sugm fs Oukfrft mfvb fgmjbvbl sbhd-suddjgjbagy ja gftthb dbbl fal d`llbr. Ebsjlbs, "dfrcbrs

h`vb tmbjr gftthb". \mb jatbrbst bxmjejtbl ey tmb AO@s sbbnjao jatbrvbatjà ja tmb Mjom Gùrt fal djhjao fppbfhs

ja tmjs Gùrt fhs` jaljgftbs tmft tmb AO@s wjhh eb wjhhjao t` tfnb up tmb tfsn `d gfrjao d`r fobl euhhs faleuhh`gns.

Lbsjrfehb ljbt fal autrjtjà frb a`t abgbssfrjhy fss`gjftbl wjtm aà-vbobtfrjfa ljbt fal tmft t`` `rjojaftjao

dr`c shfuomtbrjao g`w pròbay. Ebbd gàtrjeutbs àhy 6.7% `d tmb t`tfh cbft gàsucptjà pfttbra `d tmbJaljfa s`gjbty. Gàsbqubathy f pr`mjejtjà à tmb shfuomtbr `d gftthb wùhl a`t suestfatjfhhy fddbgt tmb d``l

gàsucptjà d tmb pb`phb.

\mbrb js a` fppfrbat jagàsjstbagy ebtwbba tmb Ljrbgtjvb Yrjagjphbs wmjgm pbrsuflbl tmb Wtftb t` pfss tmb

hfw fal tmb Dualfcbatfh Ujomts gfavfssbl ebd`rb tmb Mjom Gùrt ey tmb wrjt pbtjtjàbrs. Ebsjlbs, tmb

hbojshftjvb g`cpbtbagb `d tmb Wtftb Hbojshfturb t` bafgt tmb hfw wfs a`t ljsputbl bjtmbr ja tmb Mjom Gùrt `rebd`rb tmb Wuprbcb Gùrt.

\mb gmfhhbaob t` tmb gàstjtutjàfh vfhjljty `d tmb tmrbb hbojshftjàs wfs dùalbl à tmb d`hh`wjao tmrbborùals, fs wfs lbfht wjtm ja tmb kulocbat ; (j) tmft tmb t`tfh efa `ddbalbl tmb rbhjojà `d tmb Cushjcs fs tmbsfgrjdjgb `d f g`w à f pfrtjguhfr lfy js bak`jabl `r sfagtjàbl ey Jshfc> (jj) tmft sugm efa `ddbalbl tmb

dualfcbatfh rjomt oufrfatbbl t` tmb Nfsfjs (Eutgmbrs) ualbr Frtjghb 6:(6)(o) fal wfs a`t f rbfsàfehb fal

vfhjl rbstrjgtjà à tmbjr rjomt> fal (jjj) tmft f t`tfh efa wfs a`t ja tmb jatbrbst `d tmb obabrfh puehjg.

@a ebmfhd `d tmb Wtftbs, mbfvy rbhjfagb wfs phfgbl à Frtjghb


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66 j.b. tmft pfrtjbs smùhl ebfehb t` rbouhftb tmbjr gàlugt fal batbr jat` rbhftjàsmjps wjtm rbfsàfehb fssurfagb `d tmb o`vbrajao ruhbs

`d hfw. Jd tmb gùrts stfrt gmfaojao tmbjr vjbws drbqubathy tmba tmbrb wjhh eb f hfgn `d gbrtfjaty ja tmb hfw fal jt

js a`t o``l d`r tmb mbfhtm `d tmb aftjà.

\mb bfrhjbr lbgjsjàs stjhh m`hl o``l ja tmb prbsbat gàtbxt fhs`. \mbrbd`rb, tmbrb frb a` g`cpbhhjao rbfsàs

d`r rbvbrsfh `d tmb bfrhjbr lbgjsjàs bjtmbr à tmb efsjs `d flvfagbcbat `d tbgma`hòy `r rbfsà, `r hòjg, `rbgà`cjg gàsjlbrftjà. \mbrbd`rb, tmbrb js a` abbl t` rbvbrsb tmb bfrhjbr lbgjsjàs. \mb vjbw tfnba ey tmbLjvjsjà Ebagm `d tmb Oukfrft Mjom Gùrt js g`rrbgt fal tmbrb js a` kustjdjgftjà d`r rbvbrsjao tmb vjbw tfnba

ey tmb bfrhjbr Gàstjtutjà Ebagm lbgjsjà `d tmjs Gùrt.

Ja C`ml. Mfajd Vurbsmj's gfsbtmjs Gùrt upmbhl f t`tfh pr`mjejtjà `d shfuomtbr `d tmb g`ws `d fhh fobs fal

gfhd `d euddfh`ws (cfhb fal dbcfhb) & smb-euddfh`bs, erbbljao euhhs fal w`rnjao euhh`gns, wjtmùt prbsgrjejaofay tbst `d rbqujrbcbat fs t` tmbjr fob. Eut s` dfr fs euhh & euhh`gns frb gàgbrabl wmba tmby gbfsbl t` mfvblrfuomtfejhjty pr`mjejtjà `d tmbjr shfuomtbr wfs a`t upmbhl ja puehjg jatbrbst. Mà'ehb W.U. Lfs, GK spbfnjao

d`r tmb Gùrt bxmfustjvbhy lbfht wjtm fhh tmb fspbgts wmjgm prfgtjgfhhy g`vbrs fhh tmb froucbats wmjgm mfvb

ebba rfjsbl ebd`rb us, bspbgjfhhy, tmb utjhjty `d tmb g`w-luao d`r cfaurb fs wbhh fs tmb g`w urjab d`r jtsgmbcjgfh qufhjtjbs hjnb Ajtròba Ym`spmftbs fal Y`tfsm. Mjs H`rlsmjp rbgòajzbl tmft tmjs bafgtcbat wfs

cflb ja ljsgmfrob `d Wtftb's èhjoftjà ualbr Frt.


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sbatjcbats `d f sbgtjà `d tmb pb`phb cfy eb murt ey pbrcjttjao shfuomtbr `d euhhs fal euhh`gns ja prbcjsbscfjatfjabl ey f h`gfh futm`rjty. Eut f pr`mjejtjà jcp`sbl à tmb bxbrgjsb `d f dualfcbatfh rjomt t` gfrry à

fa `ggupftjà, trflb `r eusjabss wjhh a`t eb rbofrlbl fs rbfsàfehb jd jt js jcp`sbl a`t ja tmb jatbrbst `d tmbobabrfh puehjg eut cbrbhy t` rbspbgt tmb susgbptjejhjtjbs fal sbatjcbats `d f sbgtjà `d tmb pb`phb wm`sb wfy

`d hjdb ebhjbd `r tmùomt js a`t tmb sfcb fs tmft `d tmb ghfjcfat. \mb a`tjdjgftjà jssubl cust, tmbrbd`rb, eb

lbghfrbl uhtrf vjrus fs jadrjaojao Frtjghb 6:(6)(o) `d tmb Gàstjtutjà."

\mba fofja ja tmb gfsb `d Mfkj Rscfaemfj Mfsfaemfj Vurbsmj & @rs. vs. Wtftb `d Oukfrft rbp`rtbl ja(6:=4) 7 WGG 65, tmb jasbrtjà `d Wbgtjà 2 (6-F) (g) fal (l) wfs cflb ualbr tmb E`cefy FajcfhYrbsbrvftjà (Oukfrft fcbalcbat) fgt 6:?:) gfcb up d`r gàsjlbrftjà. Ey vjrtub `d tmjs jasbrtjà ey tmb

Oukfrft Wtftb, jt wfs hfjl l`wa tmft tmbrb wjhh eb efa `d shfuomtbr `d euhhs, euhh`gns ebh`w tmb fob `d 64 ybfrs.

Jt wfs gàtbatbl tmft tmjs pr`mjejtjà js uarbfsàfehb fal vj`hftjvb `d Frt. 6:(6)(o). \mbjr H`rlsmjps upmbhltmb rbstrjgtjà ualbr Frt. 6:(4) wjtm rbdbrbagb t` Frt.


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wmjhb tmb prjcb euhh`gn obabrftbl 9.=7 m`rsb p`wbr pbr euhh`gn lurjao gfrtjao/mfuhjao lrfuomt w`rn ja fsuccbr wjtm fe`ut c`rb tmfa


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"\mb fv`wbl èkbgt `d bfgm `d tmb jcpuoabl Fgts js t` basurb tmb prbsbrvftjà, pr`tbgtjà, fal jcpr`vbcbat`d tmb g`w fal mbr pròbay. \mjs s`hjgjtulb frjsbs ùt `d tmb fpprbgjftjà `d tmb usbduhabss `d gftthb ja f

prbl`cjafathy forjguhturfh s`gjbty. Bfrhy Fryfas rbgòajzbl jts jcp`rtfagb fs àb `d tmb c`st jaljspbasfehbflkuagts `d forjguhturb. Jt wùhl fppbfr tmft ja Tbljg tjcbs fajcfh dhbsm d`rcbl tmb stfphb d``l `d tmb pb`phb.

\mjs js fttrjeutfehb t` tmb dfgt tmft tmb ghjcftb ja tmft ljstfat pfst wfs bxtrbcbhy g`hl fal tmb Tbljg Fryfas

mfl ebba f pfst`rfh pb`phb ebd`rb tmby sbtthbl l`wa fs forjguhturjsts. Ja Uo. Tbljg tjcbs o`fts, smbbp, g`ws,euddfh`bs fal bvba m`rsbs wbrb shfuomtbrbl d`r d``l fal d`r rbhjojùs sfgrjdjgb fal tmbjr dhbsm usbl t` eb

`ddbrbl t` tmb O`ls. Foaj js gfhhbl tmb "bftbr `d `x `r g`w"

\mùom tmb gust`c `d shfuomtbrjao `d g`ws fal euhhs prbvfjhbl lurjao tmb vbljg pbrj`l, abvbrtmbhbss, bvba ja

tmb Uo. Tbljg tjcbs tmbrb sbbcs t` mfvb or`wa up f rbvuhsjà `d dbbhjao fofjast tmb gust`c. \mb g`w orflufhhy

gfcb t` fgqujrb f spbgjfh sfagtjty fal wfs gfhhbl "Fomayf" (a`t t` eb shfja). \mbrb wfs f sgm``h `d tmjanbrsfcàost tmb Ujsjs, wm` sbt tmbjr dfgb fofjast tmb gust`c `d njhhjao sugm usbduh fajcfhs fs tmb g`w fal tmb euhh.

Mjom prfjsb wfs ebst`wbl à tmb g`w fs wjhh fppbfr dr`c tmb d`hh`wjao vbrsbs dr`c Uo.Tblf, E``n TJ, Myca

]]TJJJ (G`ws) fttrjeutbl t` tmb futm`rsmjp `d Wfob Emfrlfvfkf; "\mb njab mfvb g`cb fal erùomt o``ld`rtuab> hbt tmbc rbst ja tmb g`w-pba fal eb mfppy abfr us. Mbrb hbt tmbc stfy pr`hjdjg, cfay g`hùrbl, falyjbhl tmrùom cfay c`ras tmbjr cjhn d`r Jalrf. @ G`ws, yb dfttba b'a tmb w`ra fal wfstbl, fal cfnb tmb

uah`vbhy ebfutjduh t` h``n à. Yr`spbr cy mùsb, yb wjtm fuspjgjùs v`jgbs, yùr p`wbr js oh`rjdjbl ja ùr

fssbcehjbs. Gr`p o``lhy pfsturfobs fal eb pr`hjdjg> lrjan purb swbbt wftbr ft o``l lrjanjao phfgbs. Abvbr ebtmjbd `r sjaduh cfa yùr cfstbr, fal cfy tmb lfrt `d Uulrf stjhh fv`jl yù."

Tbrsb 5: `d myca 6 ja E``n ] `d Ftmfrvf Tblf d`rejls g`w shfuomtbr ja tmb d`hh`wjao w`rls; "\mb

shfuomtbr `d fa jaa`gbat, @ Nrjtyf, js fa fwduh lbbl, Whfy a`t g`w, m`rsb, `r cfa `d ùrs." Mycfa 69 ja tmb

sfcb e``n js f rfpturùs oh`rjdjgftjà `d tmb g`w; "\mb g`w js Mbfvba, tmb g`w js Bfrtm, tmb g`w js Tjsmau,H`rl `d hjdb. \mb Wflmyfs fal tmb Tfsus mfvb lruan tmb ùtpùrjaos `d tmb g`w. E`tm O`ls fal c`rtfh cba

lbpbal d`r hjdb fal ebjao à tmb g`w. Wmb mftm ebg`cb tmjs uajvbrsb> fhh tmft tmb sua survbys js smb.

"Y.T. Nfab froubs tmft ja tmb tjcbs `d tmb Uo.Tblfàhy efrrba g`ws, jd ft fhh, wbrb njhhbl d`r sfgrjdjgb `r cbftfal g`ws yjbhljao cjhn wbrb mbhl t` eb a`t djt d`r ebjao njhhbl. Jt js àhy ja tmjs wfy, fgg`rljao t` mjc tmft àb

gfa bxphfja fal rbgàgjhb tmb fppfrbat gàdhjgt ebtwbba tmb gust`c `d njhhjao g`ws d`r d``l fal tmb mjom

prfjsb ebst`wbl à tmb g`w ja Uo.Tbljg tjcbs. Jt wùhl fppbfr tmft tmb pr`tbst rfjsbl fofjast tmb shfuomtbr `dg`ws orbfthy jagrbfsbl ja v`hucb tjhh tmb gust`c wfs t`tfhhy fe`hjsmbl ja f hftbr fob. \mb gmfaob `d ghjcftb

pbrmfps fhs` cfnb tmb usb `d ebbd fs d``l uaabgbssfry fal bvba jakurjùs t` mbfhtm. Orflufhhy g`ws ebgfcbjaljgftjvb `d tmb wbfhtm `d tmb `wabr.

\mb Ab`hjtmjg Fryfasa`t mfvjao ebba fgqufjatbl wjtm cbtfhs, tmbrb wbrb a` g`jas ja gurrbat usb ja tmb

bfrhjbr stfobs `d tmbjr gjvjhjzftjà, eut fs tmby wbrb bcjabathy f pfst`rfh pb`phb fhc`st bvbry dfcjhy p`ssbssbl

f suddjgjbat aucebr `d gftthb fal s`cb `d tmbc bxgmfaobl tmbc d`r tmb abgbssfrjbs `d tmbjr hjdb. \mb vfhub `dgftthb (Yfsu) wfs, tmbrbd`rb, vbry orbft wjtm tmb bfrhy Uo.Tbljg Fryfas. \mb fagjbat U`cfas fhs` usbl tmb

w`rl pbgus `r pbgu (pfsu) ja tmb sbasb `d wbfhtm `r càby. \mb Baohjsm w`rls, "pbguajfry" fal"jcpbguajùs", frb lbrjvbl dr`c tmb Hftja r``t pbgus `r pbgu, `rjojafhhy cbfajao gftthb. \mb p`ssbssjà `dgftthb ja tm`sb lfys lba`tbl wbfhtm fal f cfa wfs gàsjlbrbl rjgm `r p``r fgg`rljao t` tmb hfrob `r scfhh

aucebr `d gftthb tmft mb `wabl.

Ja tmb Ufcfyfaf njao Kfafnf's wbfhtmwfs lbsgrjebl ey rbdbrbagb t` tmb hfrob aucebr `d mbrls tmft mb

`wabl. Jt fppbfrs tmft tmb g`w wfs orflufhhy rfjsbl t` tmb stftus `d ljvjajty. Nfutjhyf's Frtmfsfstrf mfs f

spbgjfh gmfptbr (Gm.]]J]) lbfhjao wjtm tmb "supbrjatbalbat `d g`ws" fal tmb lutjbs `d tmb `wabr `d g`ws frbfhs` rbdbrrbl t` ja Gm.]J `d Mjalu Hfw ja jts sùrgbs ey Ofaof Aftm Kmf. \mbrb gfa eb a` ofjasfyjao tmb dfgttmft tmb Mjalus ja obabrfh m`hl tmb g`w ja orbft rbvbrbagb fal tmb jlbf `d tmb shfuomtbr `d g`ws d`r d``l js

rbpuoafat t` tmbjr a`tjàs fal tmjs sbatjcbat mfs ja tmb pfst bvba hbl t` g`ccuafh rj`ts. Jt js fhs` f dfgt tmft

fdtbr tmb rbgbat pfrtjtjà `d tmb gùatry tmjs fojtftjà fofjast tmb shfuomtbr `d g`ws mfs ebba durtmbrjatbasjdjbl. _mjhb wb forbb tmft tmb gàstjtutjàfh qubstjà ebd`rb us gfaa`t eb lbgjlbl à orùals `d cbrb

sbatjcbat, m`wbvbr pfssjàftb jt cfy eb, wb, abvbrtmbhbss, tmjan tmft jt mfs t` eb tfnba jat` gàsjlbrftjà,tmùom àhy fs àb `d cfay bhbcbats, ja frrjvjao ft f kuljgjfh vbrljgt fs t` tmb rbfsàfehbabss `d tmbrbstrjgtjàs." \mbrbd`rb jt gfaa`t eb sfjl tmft tmb Kulobs wbrb a`t gàsgjùs feùt tmb usbduhabss fal tmb

sfagtjty wjtm wmjgm tmb batjrb g`w fal jts pròbay mfs ebba mbhl ja ùr gùatry.

Ubdbrbagb wfs fhs` cflb tmft d`r pr`tbgtjà `d t`p s`jh, tmb g`w luao wjhh eb usbduh. A` lùet tmb utjhjty `d tmb


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`r rbvjbw tmb lbgjsjà `d tmb Gàstjtutjà Ebagm ey tmb prbsbat Ebagm `d sbvba Kulobs. \mb prjagjphb `d stfrblbgjsjs js efsbl à f puehjg p`hjgy. \mjs p`hjgy js efsbl à tmb fssucptjà tmft gbrtfjaty, prbljgtfejhjty fal

stfejhjty ja tmb hfw frb tmb cfk`r èkbgtjvbs `d tmb hbofh systbc> j.b. tmft pfrtjbs smùhl eb fehb t` rbouhftbtmbjr gàlugt fal batbr jat` rbhftjàsmjps wjtm rbfsàfehb fssurfagb `d tmb o`vbrajao ruhbs `d hfw. Jd tmb

gùrts stfrt gmfaojao tmbjr vjbws drbqubathy tmba tmbrb wjhh eb f hfgn `d gbrtfjaty ja tmb hfw fal jt js a`t o``l

d`r tmb mbfhtm `d tmb aftjà.

Ja A.N. C`ml. Wuhfjcfa Wfmje Ts. A.G. C`ml. Jscfjh Wfmbe fal `tmbrs ^FJU 6:44 WG ?:5S, Wuprbcbgùrt ja pfrforfpm 6< èsbrvbl fs d`hh`ws; - "@rljafrjhy tmb Gùrt l`bs a`t rbofrl flbgrbb ejaljao upà f pbrsà wm` wfs a`t jcphbflbl b` a`cjab ja tmb fgtjà. Eut t` tmft ruhb tmbrb frb

gbrtfja rbgòajzbl bxgbptjàs. _mbrb ey tmb pbrsàfh hfw o`vbrajao tmb fesbat mbjr tmb mbjr jcphbflbl

rbprbsbats mjs jatbrbst ja tmb bstftb `d tmb lbgbfsbl, tmbrb js ybt fa`tmbr bxgbptjà wmjgm js bv`hvbl ja tmbhfrobr jatbrbst `d flcjajstrftjà `d kustjgb. Jd tmbrb eb f lbet kusthy lub fal a` prbkuljgb js sm`wa t` tmb

fesbat mbjr, tmb lbgrbb ja fa fgtjà wmbrb tmb phfjatjdd mfs fdtbr eàf djlb baqujry jcphbflbl fhh tmb mbjrs

na`wa t` mjc wjhh `rljafrjhy eb mbhl ejaljao upà fhh pbrsàs jatbrbstbl ja tmb bstftb. \mb Gùrt wjhhualùetblhy javbstjoftb, jd javjtbl, wmbtmbr tmb lbgrbb wfs ètfjabl ey drful, g`hhusjà `r `tmbr cbfasjatbalbl t` `vbrrbfgm tmb Gùrt. \mb Gùrt wjhh fhs` baqujrb wmbtmbr tmbrb wfs f rbfh gàtbst ja tmb sujt, fal

cfy d`r tmft purp`sb fsgbrtfja wmbtmbr tmbrb wfs fay spbgjfh lbdbagb wmjgm tmb fesbat lbdbalfat gùhl put

d`rwfrl, eut wmjgm wfs a`t put d`rwfrl. _mbrb m`wbvbr à fggùat `d f eàf djlb brr`r, tmb phfjatjdd sbbnjaorbhjbd jastjtutbs mjs sujt fofjast f pbrsà wm` js a`t rbprbsbatjao tmb bstftb `d f lbgbfsbl pbrsà

fofjast wm`c tmb phfjatjdd mfs f ghfjc bjtmbr ft fhh `r bvba pfrtjfhhy, ja tmb fesbagb `d drful `r g`hhusjà `r`tmbr orùal wmjgm tfjat tmb lbgrbb, f lbgrbb pfssbl fofjast tmb pbrsàs jcphbflbl fsmbjrs ejals tmb bstftb, bvba tmùom `tmbr pbrsàs jatbrbstbl ja tmb bstftb frb a`t erùomt à tmb rbg`rl. \mjs

prjagjphb fpphjbs t` fhh pfrtjbs jrrbspbgtjvb `d tmbjr rbhjojùs pbrsufsjà."

LJUBG\JTB YUJAGJYHBW @D W\F\B Y@HJGZ

Ja \mb Wtftb `d Cflrfs v. Wrjcftmj Gmfcpfnfc L`rfjrfkfa, 6:26 WGU 252,jt wfs mbhl tmft tmb Ljrbgtjvb

Yrjagjphbs `d Wtftb Y`hjgy mfvb t` gàd`rc t` fal rua fs suesjljfry t` tmb Gmfptbr `d Dualfcbatfh Ujomts. \mbvjbw wfs rbjtbrftbl ja Lbbp Gmfal fal Far. v. \mb Wtftb `d Rttfr Yrflbsm fal @tmbrs, 6:2: Wupp. (5) WGU =.

\mb Gùrt wbat à t` m`hl tmft ljsèbljbagb t` Ljrbgtjvb Yrjagjphbs gfaa`t fddbgt tmb hbojshftjvb p`wbr `d tmb

Wtftb. W` wfs tmb vjbw tfnba ja Ja Ub ; \mb Nbrfhf Blugftjà Ejhh, 6:2? , 6:2: WGU ::2. _jtm H.G. O`hfn Aftmfal `tmbrs v. Wtftb `d Yuakfe fal Fa`tmbr, (6:4?) 5 WGU ?45, tmb Wuprbcb Gùrt lbpfrtbl dr`c tmb rjojl ruhb

`d sue`rljaftjao Ljrbgtjvb Yrjagjphbs fal batbrbl tmb brf d mfrcàjùs gàstrugtjà. \mb abbl d`r fv`jljao f

gàdhjgt ebtwbba Dualfcbatfh Ujomts fal Ljrbgtjvb Yrjagjphbs wfs bcpmfsjzbl, fppbfhjao t` tmb hbojshfturbfal tmb gùrts t` strjnb f efhfagb ebtwbba tmb tw` fs dfr fs p`ssjehb.

Mfvjao a`tjgbl Gmfcpfnfc bvba tmb Gàstjtutjà Ebagm ja Vufrbsmj-J gm`sb t` cfnb f mbflwfy fal mbhltmft tmb Ljrbgtjvb Yrjagjphbs abvbrtmbhbss frb dualfcbatfh ja tmb o`vbrafagb `d tmb gùatry fal jt js tmb luty

`d tmb Wtftb t` ojvb bddbgt t` tmbc. "F mfrcàjùs jatbrprbtftjà mfs t` eb phfgbl upà tmb Gàstjtutjà fal s`

jatbrprbtbl jt cbfas tmft tmb Wtftb smùhl gbrtfjahy jcphbcbat tmb ljrbgtjvb prjagjphbs eut jt cust l` s` jasugm f wfy tmft jts hfws l` a`t tfnb fwfy `r ferjlob tmb dualfcbatfh rjomts, d`r `tmbrwjsb tmb pr`tbgtjao

pr`vjsjàs `d Yfrt JJJ wjhh eb f 'cbrb r`pb `d sfal'. "\mus, Vufrbsmj-J ljl tfnb a`tb `d tmb stftus `d Ljrbgtjvb

Yrjagjphbs mfvjao ebba bhbvftbl dr`c 'sue-`rljaftb' `r 'sue-sbrvjbat' t` 'pfrtabr' `d Dualfcbatfh Ujomts jaoujljao tmb aftjà.

Mjs M`hjabss Nbsfvfafalf Emfrftj Wrjpflfofhvfru fal Far. v. Wtftb `d Nbrfhf fal Far., (6:?7) < WGG

552,f tmjrtbba-Kulob Ebagm lbgjsjà `d tmjs Gùrt js f turajao p`jat ja tmb mjst`ry `d Ljrbgtjvb Yrjagjphbskurjsprulbagb. \mjs lbgjsjà ghbfrhy cfalftbl tmb abbl d`r ebfrjao ja cjal tmb Ljrbgtjvb Yrjagjphbs `d Wtftb

Y`hjgy wmjhb kulojao tmb rbfsàfehbabss `d tmb rbstrjgtjà jcp`sbl à Dualfcbatfh Ujomts. Wbvbrfh `pjajàswbrb rbg`rlbl ja Nbsfvfafalf Emfrftj fal qu`tjao dr`c tmbc wùhl sjoajdjgfathy jagrbfsb tmb hbaotm `d tmjskulocbat. D`r ùr purp`sb, jt wùhl suddjgb t` rbdbr t` tmb sbv

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