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INTERNATIONALLAW REPORTS

Volume 134

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87923-1 - International Law Reports, Volume 134Edited by Elihu Lauterpacht and C. J. GreenwoodFrontmatterMore information

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Volumes published under the title:

ANNUAL DIGEST AND REPORTSOF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES

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and Vols. 1—125Edited by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C.,

and C. J. Greenwood, C.M.G., Q.C.






Lauterpacht Centre for International LawUniversity of Cambridge

INTERNATIONALLAW REPORTS

VOLUME134

Edited by

SIR ELIHU LAUTERPACHT, cbe qcHonorary Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge

Bencher of Gray’s Inn

C. J. GREENWOOD, cmg qcProfessor of International Law, London School of Economics and Political Science

Bencher of Middle Temple

A. G. OPPENHEIMERAssociate Editor: Civil Law Jurisdictions

Fellow of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge

KAREN LEEAssistant Editor

Fellow of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of CambridgeFellow of Girton College, Cambridge

G R O T I U S P U B L I C A T I O N S






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CONTENTSPage

Preface vii

Editorial Note ix

Table of Cases (alphabetical) xiii

Table of Cases (according to courts and countries) xv

Digest (main headings) xvii

Digest of Cases Reported in Volume 134 xix

Table of Treaties xxix

Reports of Cases 1

Index 767

v






PREFACE

The present volume contains decisions from both international andnational courts and tribunals on the death penalty, the nature andscope of provisional measures, and consular relations. The interna-tional decisions are from the International Court of Justice (LaGrandand Avena), the Grand Chamber of the European Court of HumanRights (Mamatkulov), the Inter-American Court of Human Rights(Hilaire) and the United Nations Human Rights Committee (Kennedy).The national decisions are from the courts of Barbados, Jamaica,Malawi, Singapore, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States ofAmerica.

Mr Joshua Brien, Legal Adviser at the Commonwealth Secretariat,wrote the summaries of the decisions from the International Court ofJustice. Ms Karen Lee, Assistant Editor, prepared the summaries of thedecisions from the European Court of Human Rights, Malawi (Kafan-tayeni ) and Singapore (Nguyen), as well as seeing the volume throughthe press. Dr David Berry, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Univer-sity of the West Indies, summarized the decision from the CaribbeanCourt of Justice (Joseph and Boyce) and Mr Oliver Jones, Faculty ofLaw, University of Hong Kong, the decision from the United States(Sanchez-Llamas). Professor Greenwood prepared the summaries of thedecisions from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the UnitedNations Human Rights Committee and the Judicial Committee of thePrivy Council in the cases from Barbados (Boyce), Jamaica (Lewis) andTrinidad and Tobago (Matthew). Ms Tara Grant prepared the Tablesof Cases and Digest and provided general and secretarial assistance.Miss Maureen MacGlashan, CMG, compiled the Table of Treaties andIndex. Mrs Alison Morley checked the copy and Mr Philip Riley read theproofs.






viii PREFACE

We are most grateful to all those who have contributed to the prepa-ration of this volume. In addition, we would like to extend our thanksto our publishers, Cambridge University Press, and typesetters, Aptara,and their staff.

E. LAUTERPACHTLauterpacht Centre

for International Law,University of Cambridge

C. J. GREENWOODLaw Department,London School of Economics

and Political Science

May 2008






EDITORIAL NOTE

The International Law Reports endeavour to provide within a singleseries of volumes comprehensive access in English to judicial materialsbearing on public international law. On certain topics it is not alwayseasy to draw a clear line between cases which are essentially ones of publicinternational law interest and those which are primarily applications ofspecial domestic rules. For example, in relation to extradition, the Reportswill include cases which bear on the exception of “political offences”or the rule of double criminality, but will restrict the number of casesdealing with purely procedural aspects of extradition. Similarly, while thegeneral rules relating to the admission and exclusion of aliens, especiallyof refugees, are of international legal interest, cases on the procedureof admission usually are not. In such borderline areas, and sometimesalso where there is a series of domestic decisions all dealing with asingle point in essentially the same manner, only one illustrative decisionwill be printed and references to the remainder will be given in anaccompanying note.

Decisions of International TribunalsThe Reports seek to include so far as possible the available decisions ofevery international tribunal, e.g. the International Court of Justice, orad hoc arbitrations between States. There are, however, some jurisdic-tions to which full coverage cannot be given, either because of the largenumber of decisions (e.g. the Administrative Tribunal of the UnitedNations) or because not all the decisions bear on questions of publicinternational law (e.g. the Court of Justice of the European Commu-nities). In these instances, those decisions are selected which appear tohave the greatest long-term value.

Human rights cases. The number of decisions on questions of interna-tional protection of human rights has increased considerably in recentyears and it is now impossible for the Reports to cover them all. Asfar as decisions of international jurisdictions are concerned, the Reportswill continue to publish decisions of the European Court of HumanRights and of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, as well as“views” of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights. Decisionsof national courts on the application of conventions on human rightswill not be published unless they deal with a major point of substantivehuman rights law or a matter of wider interest to public international

ix






x EDITORIAL NOTE

lawyers such as the relationship of international law and national law, theextent of the right of derogation or the principles of the interpretationof treaties.

International arbitrations. The Reports of course include arbitralawards rendered in cases between States which involve an application ofpublic international law. Beyond this, however, the selection of arbitraldecisions is more open to debate. As these Reports are principally con-cerned with matters of public international law, they will not includepurely private law commercial arbitrations even if they are internationalin the sense that they arise between parties of different nationality andeven if one of them is a State. (For reports of a number of such awards,see Yearbook Commercial Arbitration (ed. Albert Jan Van den Berg, underthe auspices of the International Council for Commercial Arbitration).)But where there is a sufficient point of contact with public internationallaw then the relevant parts of the award will be reported. Examples ofsuch points of contact are cases in which the character of a State as aparty has some relevance (e.g. State immunity, stabilization clauses, forcemajeure) or where there is a choice of law problem involving discussionof international law or general principles of law as possible applica-ble laws. The same criteria will determine the selection of decisions ofnational courts regarding the enforcement of arbitral awards.

Decisions of National TribunalsA systematic effort is made to collect from all national jurisdictions thosejudicial decisions which have some bearing on international law.

Editorial Treatment of MaterialsThe basic policy of the Editors is, so far as possible, to present the materialin its original form. It is no part of the editorial function to impose onthe decisions printed in these volumes a uniformity of approach orstyle which they do not possess. Editorial intervention is limited to theintroduction of the summary and of the bold-letter rubric at the headof each case. This is followed by the full text of the original decision orof its translation. Normally, the only passages which will be omitted arethose which contain either statements of fact having no bearing on thepoints of international law involved in the case or discussion of mattersof domestic law unrelated to the points of international legal interest.The omission of material is usually indicated either by a series of dotsor by the insertion of a sentence in square brackets noting the passageswhich have been left out.






EDITORIAL NOTE xi

Presentation of MaterialsThe material in the volume has been typeset for this volume. The sourceof all such material is indicated by the reference to the “Report” in squarebrackets at the end of the case. The language of the original decision isalso mentioned there. The bold figures in square brackets in the bodyof the text in non-English cases indicate the pagination of the originalreport.

NotesFootnotes. Footnotes enclosed in square brackets are editorial inser-

tions. All other footnotes are part of the original report.

Other notes. References to cases deemed not to be sufficiently sub-stantial to warrant reporting will occasionally be found in editorial noteseither at the end of a report of a case on a similar point or under anindependent heading.

Digest of CasesWith effect from Volume 75 the decisions contained in the Reports areno longer arranged according to the traditional classification scheme.Instead a Digest of Cases is published at the beginning of each volume.The main headings of the Digest are arranged alphabetically. Under eachheading brief details are given of those cases reported in that volumewhich contain points covered by that heading. Each entry in the Digestgives the name of the case concerned and the page reference, the nameof the tribunal which gave the decision and an indication of the mainpoints raised in the case which relate to that particular heading of theDigest. Where a case raises points which concern several different areasof international law, entries relating to that case will appear under eachof the relevant headings in the Digest. A list of the main headings usedin the Digest is set out at p. xvii.

Consolidated Index and TablesA Consolidated Index and a Consolidated Tables of Cases and Treatiesfor volumes 1-80 were published in two volumes in 1990 and 1991. Afurther volume containing the Consolidated Index and ConsolidatedTables of Cases and Treaties for volumes 81-100 was published in 1996.A Consolidated Index, a Consolidated Tables of Cases and a Consol-idated Table of Treaties for volumes 1-125 were published in 2004.Consolidated Tables of Cases for volumes 126-30 were published involume 130.






TABLE OF CASES REPORTEDALPHABETICAL

(Cases which are reported only in a note are distinguished from cases which are reportedin full by the insertion of the word “note” in parentheses after the page number of thereport.)

Attorney General and Others v. Joseph andBoyce 469

Avena and Other Mexican Nationals(Mexico v. United States of America)(Provisional Measures) 95, 104

Avena and Other Mexican Nationals(Mexico v. United States of America)(Judgment) 95, 120

Boyce and Another v. The Queen 439Boyce and Others v. Barbados 614 (note)Brown v. Attorney General of Jamaica 615Bustillo v. Virginia 719

Hilaire, Constantine and Benjamin andOthers v. Trinidad and Tobago 293

Kafantayeni and Others v. Attorney Generalof Malawi 649

Kennedy v. Trinidad and Tobago (Commu-nication No 845/1999) (Admissibility)415, 418

Kennedy v. Trinidad and Tobago (Com-munication No 845/1999) (Views underArticle 5(4) of the Optional Protocol)415, 428

LaGrand Case (Germany v. United States ofAmerica) (Judgment) 1

Lewis v. Attorney General of Jamaica 615

Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey (Appli-cations Nos 46827/99 and 46951/99)(Merits) 230

Matthew v. Trinidad and Tobago 687

Nguyen Tuong Van v. Public Prosecutor 660

Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon 719

Taylor and Another v. Attorney General ofJamaica 615

xiii






TABLE OF CASES REPORTEDARRANGED ACCORDING TO COURTS

AND TRIBUNALS (INTERNATIONAL CASES)AND COUNTRIES (MUNICIPAL CASES)

(Cases which are reported only in a note are distinguished from cases which are reportedin full by the insertion of the word “note” in parentheses after the page number of thereport.)

I. DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS

European Court of Human Rights

2005Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey (Appli-

cations Nos 46827/99 and 46951/99)(Merits) 230

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

2002Hilaire, Constantine and Benjamin and

Others v. Trinidad and Tobago 293

2007Case of Boyce and Others v. Barbados 614

(note)

International Court of Justice

2001LaGrand Case (Germany v. United States of

America) (Judgment) 1

2003Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexi-

can Nationals (Mexico v. United Statesof America) (Request for the Indicationof Provisional Measures) 95, 104

2004Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexi-

can Nationals (Mexico v. United Statesof America) (Judgment) 95, 120

United Nations Human Rights Committee

1999Kennedy v. Trinidad and Tobago (Com-

munication No 845/1999) (Decision onAdmissibility) 415, 418

2002Kennedy v. Trinidad and Tobago (Commu-

nication No 845/1999) (Views underArticle 5(4) of the Optional Protocol)415, 428

II. DECISIONS OF MUNICIPAL COURTS

Barbados

2004Boyce and Another v. The Queen 439

2006Attorney General and Others v. Joseph and

Boyce 469

Jamaica

2000Lewis v. Attorney General of Jamaica 615

Malawi

2007Kafantayeni and Others v. Attorney General

of Malawi 649

xv






xvi TABLE OF CASES

Singapore

2004Nguyen Tuong Van v. Public Prosecutor 660

Trinidad and Tobago

2004Matthew v. Trinidad and Tobago 687

United States of America

2006Bustillo v. Virginia 719Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon 719






DIGEST OF CASESList of Main Headings

(Those headings for which there are entries in the present volume are printed in italics.For a guide to the Digest, see the Editorial Note at p. xi.)

Air

Aliens

Arbitration

Canals

Claims

Comity

Conciliation

Consular Relations

Damages

Diplomatic Relations

Economics, Trade and Finance

Environment

Expropriation

Extradition

Governments

Human Rights


International Criminal Law

International Organizations

International Tribunals

Jurisdiction

Lakes and Landlocked Seas

Nationality

Recognition

Relationship of International Law andMunicipal Law

Reprisals and Countermeasures

Rivers

Sea

Sources of International Law

Space

State Immunity

State Responsibility

State Succession

States

Territory

Terrorism

Treaties

War and Armed Conflict

xvii






DIGEST OF CASESREPORTED IN VOLUME 134

PageConsular Relations

Treaties — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 —Singapore not party to Convention — Prevailing norms of con-duct between States — Whether requirement of consular accessbefore statements recorded — Whether statements admissible —Whether breach of Article 36(1) — Singapore, Court of Appeal


Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 36 —Requirement that consulate be informed of detention of one ofits nationals — Whether conferring rights upon individuals —Consequences of non-compliance —Whether evidence obtainedduring detention not notified to consulate must be suppressed —Extent to which complaint of non-compliance may be excludedbecause not raised at earlier point in proceedings — Relationshipbetween Articles 36(1) and (2) — Remedies for non-compliance —Optional Protocol — Extent of jurisdiction — International Courtof Justice

Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v.United States of America) (Request for the Indication of ProvisionalMeasures) (Judgment) 95

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 36 —Requirement that consulate be informed of detention of one ofits nationals — Whether conferring rights upon individuals —Consequences of non-compliance —Whether evidence obtainedduring detention not notified to consulate must be suppressed —Extent to which complaint of non-compliance may be excludedbecause not raised at earlier point in proceedings — Relationshipbetween Articles 36(1) and (2) — Remedies for non-compliance —Optional Protocol — Extent of jurisdiction — International Courtof Justice

LaGrand Case (Germany v. United States of America)(Judgment) 1

xix






xx DIGEST OF CASES

Consular Relations (cont.)

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 36 —Requirement that consulate be informed of detention of one ofits nationals — Whether conferring rights upon individuals —Consequences of non-compliance —Whether evidence obtainedduring detention not notified to consulate must be suppressed —Extent to which complaint of non-compliance may be excludedbecause not raised at earlier point in proceedings — United Statesof America, Supreme Court

Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon; Bustillo v. Virginia 719

Human Rights

Cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment — Prison conditions —Death row prisoners — Conditions of detention amounting tocruel, inhuman and degrading treatment — American Conventionon Human Rights, 1969 — Inter-American Court of HumanRights

Hilaire, Constantine and Benjamin and Others v. Trinidad andTobago 293

Due process — Requirements of fair trial — Capital case —Requirement of legal assistance — Inter-American Court ofHuman Rights


Due process — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963,Article 36 — Requirement that State notify consulate of detentionof foreign national — Whether conferring rights upon individualdetainees — Non-compliance — Whether entitling individual toexclude evidence obtained during detention — United States ofAmerica, Supreme Court


Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Right to afair trial — Right of access to justice — Relevant case law —Relevant international instruments — Death sentence mandatoryfor offence of murder in Malawi — Whether constitutional —Whether mandatory death penalty violating Sections 19, 42(2)(f )and 41(2) of Malawi Constitution — Whether Section 210 of






DIGEST OF CASES xxi

Malawi Penal Code invalid pursuant to Section 5 of MalawiConstitution — Malawi, High Court

Kafantayeni and Others v. Attorney General of Malawi 649

Prohibition of torture — European Convention on Human Rights,1950, Article 3 — Whether applicants facing real risk of treatmentproscribed by Article 3 in Uzbekistan — Evidence — Assessmentat date of extradition — Turkey failing to comply with interimmeasure indicated under Rule 39 — Court being prevented fromassessing risk in appropriate manner — Whether Turkey violatingArticle 3 — European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)

Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey (Applications Nos 46827/99and 46951/99) (Merits) 230

Right of individual application — European Convention onHuman Rights, 1950, Article 34 — Turkey failing to comply withmeasures indicated under Rule 39 of Rules of Court — WhetherTurkey breaching its Article 34 undertaking not to hinder appli-cants in exercise of right of individual application — EuropeanCourt of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)


Right to fair trial — European Convention on Human Rights,1950, Article 6(1) — Whether applying to extradition proceedingsin Turkey — Whether violation of Article 6(1) concerning crimi-nal proceedings in Uzbekistan — Whether risk of flagrant denial ofjustice — Evidence at time of extradition — Unavailability of addi-tional information — Turkey failing to comply with indication —Whether Turkey violating Article 6(1) — European Court ofHuman Rights (Grand Chamber)


Right to life — Capital punishment — Mandatory deathpenalty — Whether compatible with Article 6 of the Interna-tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Prerogativeof mercy — Whether Covenant prescribing procedure to be fol-lowed — Due process — Delay — Ill-treatment following arrest —Conditions of detention — Legal aid — Whether required forconstitutional challenge based on Covenant rights — Objectand purpose of the Covenant and the Optional Protocol —






xxii DIGEST OF CASES

Human Rights (cont.)

Reservations to the Optional Protocol — United Nations HumanRights Committee

Kennedy v. Trinidad and Tobago (Communication No 845/1999)(Decision on Admissibility) (Views under Article 5(4) of theOptional Protocol) 415

Right to life — Capital punishment — Mandatory deathpenalty — Whether compatible with the Constitution ofBarbados — Savings clause for existing laws — Effect of inter-national treaties for the protection of human rights — Barbados,Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

Boyce and Another v. The Queen 439

Right to life — Capital punishment — Mandatory deathpenalty — Whether compatible with the Constitution of Trinidadand Tobago — Savings clause for existing laws — Effect of inter-national treaties for the protection of human rights — Trinidadand Tobago, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council


Right to life — Capital punishment — Recourse to internationalhuman rights body — Whether stay of execution required pend-ing outcome of international proceedings — Whether petition forclemency should be stayed pending outcome of international pro-ceedings — Due process — Barbados, Caribbean Court of Justice(Appellate Jurisdiction)

Attorney General and Others v. Joseph and Boyce 469

Right to life — Capital punishment — Recourse to internationalhuman rights body — Whether stay of execution required pend-ing outcome of international proceedings — Whether petition forclemency should be stayed pending outcome of international pro-ceedings — Due process — Jamaica, Judicial Committee of thePrivy Council


Right to life — Capital punishment — Whether prohibited byAmerican Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Limitations —Procedure to be followed — Requirement to take account of






DIGEST OF CASES xxiii

individual circumstances — Mandatory death penalty incompati-ble with the Convention — Access to court for challenges to deathpenalty — Due process — Right to apply for commutation ofsentence — Procedure to be followed — Inter-American Court ofHuman Rights


Right to life — Right to equal protection — Mandatory deathpenalty — Whether constitutional — Whether mandatory deathpenalty arbitrary — Whether depriving of life in accordance withthe law — Whether customary international law rule prohibitinghanging as mode of execution — Whether domestic legislationinconsistent with Singapore Constitution — Whether mandatorydeath penalty violating Articles 9, 12 and 93 of Singapore Consti-tution — Singapore, Court of Appeal



Jurisdiction — Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention onConsular Relations, 1963 — Extent of jurisdiction conferred byOptional Protocol — Whether extending to claim for breach ofprovisional measures — Whether extending to claim based oncustomary law concept of diplomatic protection — Admissibilityof claims — International Court of Justice


Jurisdiction — Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention onConsular Relations, 1963 — Extent of jurisdiction conferred byOptional Protocol — Whether extending to claim for breach ofprovisional measures — Whether extending to claim based oncustomary law concept of diplomatic protection — Admissibilityof claims — International Court of Justice


Provisional measures of protection — Statute of the InternationalCourt of Justice, Article 41 — Whether order indicating provi-sional measures legally binding — Differences between English






xxiv DIGEST OF CASES

International Court of Justice (cont.)

and French texts of Article 41 — Object and purpose of the Statuteand of Article 41 — Court ordering stay of execution — Statecarrying out execution — International Court of Justice


Provisional measures of protection — Statute of the InternationalCourt of Justice, Article 41 — Criteria for the indication of pro-visional measures — International Court of Justice


International Tribunals

Interim measures — Scope — Whether binding — Conventionsystem — General principles of international law — Vienna Con-vention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Relevant internationalcase law — European Court of Human Rights, Rule 39 of Rulesof Court — European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)


Provisional measures of protection — Court ordering stay of exe-cution — Person concerned executed in defiance of provisionalmeasures — Inter-American Court of Human Rights


United Nations Human Rights Committee — Jurisdiction —Reservation to State’s accession to the Optional Protocol —Whether limiting jurisdiction of the Tribunal — Whether reser-vation compatible with object and purpose of the OptionalProtocol — Severability of reservation — United Nations HumanRights Committee







DIGEST OF CASES xxv

Nationality

Proof of nationality — Dual nationality — Nationality of claims —International Court of Justice


Relationship of International Law and Municipal Law

Customary international law — Prohibition against cruel andinhuman treatment or punishment — Whether specific custom-ary international law prohibition against hanging as mode ofexecution — State practice — Whether sufficient evidence forcustomary international law prohibition against death penaltygenerally — Whether customary international law rule or domesticstatute prevailing in event of inconsistency — Whether SingaporeConstitution importing customary international law intoSingapore — Treaties and customary international law — ViennaConvention on Consular Relations, 1963 — Whether statingprinciples of customary international law — Singapore, Court ofAppeal


Decisions of international courts and tribunals — Effect inmunicipal law — Effect of decisions of International Court ofJustice — Whether binding or merely persuasive — Municipalremedies for international violations — Where relevant instrumentdoes not stipulate specific international remedy — Where alsorefers back to municipal law — Scope of discretion for municipalcourts — Considerations for federal states — United States ofAmerica, Supreme Court


Treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 —Requirement that State ensure municipal law effectively guaranteesConvention rights — Existence of law which contravenes suchrights a breach of the Convention — Inter-American Court ofHuman Rights







xxvi DIGEST OF CASES

Relationship of International Law (cont.)

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Human rights treaties notincorporated into municipal law — Relevance as aid to interpre-tation — Barbados, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

Boyce and Another v. The Queen 439

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Human rights treaties notincorporated into municipal law — Relevance as aid to interpre-tation — Trinidad and Tobago, Judicial Committee of the PrivyCouncil


Treaties — Unincorporated treaties — American Convention onHuman Rights, 1969 — Effect in municipal law — Right of accessto international tribunals — Legitimate expectation — Interna-tional human rights petitions — Prerogative of mercy — Capitalpunishment — Barbados, Caribbean Court of Justice (AppellateJurisdiction)

Attorney General and Others v. Joseph and Boyce 469

Treaties — Unincorporated treaties — American Convention onHuman Rights, 1969 — Effect in municipal law — Right of accessto international tribunals — Legitimate expectation — Interna-tional human rights petitions — Prerogative of mercy — Capitalpunishment — Jamaica, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council


Treaties

Interpretation — Principles of interpretation — Vienna Conven-tion on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Articles 31-3 — InternationalCourt of Justice


Interpretation — Treaty authentic in more than one language —Differences between authentic texts — Means of resolution —






DIGEST OF CASES xxvii

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Articles 31-3 —International Court of Justice


Interpretation and application — Whether conferring rights uponindividuals — Interpretation of treaty by International Court ofJustice — Weight to be given to this interpretation by nationalcourt — United States of America, Supreme Court


Reservations — Permissibility — Vienna Convention on the Lawof Treaties, 1969, Article 19 — Reservation to the Optional Pro-tocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,1966 — Object and purpose of the Optional Protocol — Whetherreservation compatible with object and purpose — Effect of imper-missible reservation — Whether severable — United NationsHuman Rights Committee







TABLE OF TREATIES

This table contains a list, in chronological order according to the date ofsignature, of the treaties referred to in the decisions printed in the presentvolume. It has not been possible to draw a helpful distinction between treatiesjudicially considered and treaties which are merely cited.

In the case of bilateral treaties, the names of the parties are given in alpha-betical order. Multilateral treaties are referred to by the name by which theyare believed commonly to be known. References to the texts of treaties havebeen supplied, including wherever possible at least one reference to a text inthe English language. The full titles of the abbreviated references will be foundin the list of Abbreviations and Sources printed in the volume containing theConsolidated Table of Treaties to Volumes 1-125.

1945June 26 Charter of the United Nations (9 Hudson 327; UKTS 67

(1946), Cmd 7015; 145 BFSP 805; USTS 993; 1 Peaslee 1288;59 Stat 1031; 1 UNTS 16; 39 AJIL (1945) Supp. 190; JOF13 January 1946; 3 Bevans 1153; Blackstone’s InternationalLaw Documents, 8th edn 9 (amended version))

Chapter XIVArt. 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Art. 94(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36-7, 44Art. 94(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Chapter XVIArt. 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

June 26 Statute of the International Court of Justice (9 Hudson 510;UKTS 67 (1946), Cmd 7015; USTS 993; 145 BFSP 832; 1Peaslee 1322; 3 Bevans 1179; 1945 CanTS 7; 39 AJIL (1945)Supp. 215n; JOF 13 January 1946; 59 Stat 1031)

Chapter IIArt. 36(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Art. 36(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 82, 104Art. 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Art. 38(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Art. 38(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-5

Chapter IIIArt. 40(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Art. 40(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 108, 120Art. 40(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108-9Art. 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9, 24-5, 54, 75-8, 81, 84-94, 106-13,

114-18, 120, 246-7, 268-9, 286-7

xxix






xxx TABLE OF TREATIES

Art. 41(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37-47Art. 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Art. 63(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 121

1950Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights

and Fundamental Freedoms (213 UNTS 221; UKTS 71(1953), Cmd 8969; 156 BFSP 915; ETS 5; 45 AJIL (1951)Supp. 24; 1 Peaslee 354; 2 Vert A 20; 1 HRR 65; JOF 4 May1974; 1 EYB 316; 1974 RTAF 28)

Art. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709-10

1963Apr. 24 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (596 UNTS 261;

UKTS 14 (1973), Cmnd 5219; 21 UST 77; 3 IndJIL 221;57 AJIL (1963) 993; TIAS 6820; 1963 UNJYB 109; JOF 18April 1971; 1971 RTAF 34; 40 Vert A 542)

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Art. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105-6, 113, 123Art. 5(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Art. 5(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Art. 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748Art. 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218-29, 722-66Art. 36 (chapeau) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Art. 36(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-22, 33-6, 53, 74-5, 81-2,

141-61, 176, 180, 666-70Art. 36(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21-2, 29-31, 59, 126, 130, 155-8Art. 36(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . .20-2, 28-36, 49-52, 54-62, 73-4, 83-4,

104-6, 110-18, 123-31, 134-76, 180-99,202-8, 668-9, 722-3, 748, 751-2

Art. 36(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-2, 29-30, 73-4, 126, 130, 215-18Art. 36(2) . . . . . . 34-6, 47-8, 51, 53-4, 61-2, 73-4, 79-81, 127,

152, 158-61, 170-1, 176, 210-15, 670, 723,729, 735, 744, 752-3, 757-61

Art. 41(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748Art. 43(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749

Apr. 24 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Optional Proto-col Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes (596UNTS 487; 14 UKTS (1973), Cmnd 5219; 21 UST 325;TIAS 6820; 40 Vert A 544)

Art. I . . . . . 9, 19-20, 23-4, 63-7, 71-3, 82-4, 104, 113, 118-20,131-7, 202

1966Dec. 16 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (999

UNTS 171; UKTS 6 (1977), Cmnd 6702; JOF 30 June 1981;






TABLE OF TREATIES xxxi

50 Vert A 683; 6 ILM 368 (1967); 1966 UNJYB 178; 1966YBHR 442; 30 ZaoRV 365; Brownlie, Basic Documents inInternational Affairs, 3rd edn 270; Blackstone’s InternationalLaw Documents, 8th edn 108)

Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436-7, 710Art. 2(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433, 436Art. 2(3)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436Art. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444-5Art. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430, 619, 710-11Art. 6(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434, 436, 437, 444Art. 6(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431, 432, 437-8Art. 6(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431-2, 434Art. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430-1, 432-3, 434, 435-6, 710-11Art. 9(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429, 619Art. 9(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429-30, 436, 618, 619Art. 10(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432-3, 435-6, 618, 619Art. 14(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430-1, 433, 434, 436Art. 14(3)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430, 436, 619Art. 14(3)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436Art. 14(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430, 436, 657Art. 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Dec. 16 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, OptionalProtocol (First) (999 UNTS 302; UKTS 6 (1977), Cmnd6702; 6 ILM 383 (1967); 1966 UNJYB 193; 1966 YBHR450; 8 Jo. ICJ 78; 30 ZaoRV 394; Brownlie, Basic Documentsin International Affairs, 3rd edn 292; Blackstone’s InternationalLaw Documents, 8th edn 120) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418-28, 710-11

Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Art. 4(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Art. 5(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Art. 5(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436Art. 12(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436-7

1969May 23 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1155 UNTS 331;

UKTS 58 (1980), Cmnd 7964; 1969 UNJYB 140; 63 AJIL(1969) 875; 8 ILM 679 (1969); 9 IndJIL 288; 29 ZaoRV 711;Blackstone’s International Law Documents, 8th edn 128)

Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397-8Art. 19(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422-3, 424-7Art. 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397-8Art. 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151, 244, 287Art. 31(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270






xxxii TABLE OF TREATIES

Art. 31(3)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Art. 31(3)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267, 291Art. 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151, 287Art. 33(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40-1

Nov. 22 American Convention on Human Rights (1144 UNTS 123;PAULTS 36; 9 ILM 673 (1970); 65 AJIL (1971) 679; Black-stone’s International Law Documents, 8th edn 146)

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Art. 1(1) . . . . 304-6, 341-9, 354-5, 356, 359-60, 364-5, 367-8,

376-8Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305, 347-52, 354, 356, 359,

377, 400, 413-14, 493, 711Art. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378, 492, 711Art. 4(1) . . . . . 304-5, 341-9, 366, 368-70, 381-96, 399, 400-4,

409-10, 614 n., 711-12Art. 4(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341-9, 366, 399, 400-9, 492-3, 614 n.Art. 4(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492-3Art. 4(6) . . . . . . . . . 305, 364-70, 378, 410-11, 493, 551-7, 562Art. 5(1) . . . 304-6, 341-2, 360-4, 366, 368-70, 377-8, 411-13,

614 n.Art. 5(2) . . . 304-6, 341-2, 360-4, 366, 368-70, 377-8, 411-13,

614 n.Art. 5(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306, 361Art. 5(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306, 361Art. 7(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305, 349-60, 377Art. 8(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304-6, 342, 349-60, 367-8, 377Art. 8(2)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306, 355Art. 8(2)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353, 355Art. 8(2)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353, 355Art. 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305, 306, 352-3, 356-60, 377Art. 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493, 551-7, 562, 594-609Art. 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Art. 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311-12Art. 62(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309-10Art. 62(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Art. 63(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370-6, 378-80Art. 63(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248-9, 290Art. 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Art. 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Art. 78(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

1984Dec. 10 UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (New York






TABLE OF TREATIES xxxiii

Convention) (UKTS 107 (1991), Cm 1775; 1465 UNTS 85;23 ILM 1027 (1984); 24 ILM 535 (1985); 6 EHRR 259;Blackstone’s International Law Documents, 8th edn 309) . . . . 245-6

1998Nov. 1 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights

and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) as amended by Protocol11, effective as of 1 November 1998 (ETS 5; Blackstone’sInternational Law Documents, 8th edn 46)

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558-9Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253-4, 259, 274Art. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 256-9, 273, 276, 277-81Art. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 276, 281-3Art. 6(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259-61, 274Art. 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Art. 26(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287, 291Art. 27(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Art. 27(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Art. 34 . . . . . . . . . . 233 n. 11, 235, 261-72, 274, 275-6, 283-92Art. 36(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Art. 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272-3Art. 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Art. 45(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274




