Civil and Geomatics Engineering Student and Faculty Safety

Civil and Geomatics Engineering

Student and Faculty Safety Guidelines

Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5

Student Safety Measures .............................................................................................................................. 7

Generic Safety Manuals ............................................................................................................................ 7

Certification and Qualification Lists .......................................................................................................... 7

Operator Safety Harness Inspection Plan ..................................................................................................... 8

MSDS Sheets for all Labs ............................................................................................................................. 11

Lab Tools ................................................................................................................................................. 11

Risk Awareness Statement ...................................................................................................................... 11

Student Safety Manual ............................................................................................................................... 12

The Code of Safe Practices .......................................................................................................................... 13

USE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................ 14

Safety Guidelines and Laboratory Practices ............................................................................................... 15

General Safety Practices ......................................................................................................................... 16

Operating Equipment .............................................................................................................................. 18

Laboratory Facilities ................................................................................................................................ 18

Employee Safety Procedures Training Record Documentation (EH&S) ..................................................... 21

7.1 University Administration: ................................................................................................................ 21

7.2 Campuswide Health and Safety Committee: .................................................................................... 21

7.3 Office of Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S): ......................................................................... 22

7.4 Deans, Directors, Department Chairs, Department Heads: .............................................................. 22

8.0 Compliance Guidelines...................................................................................................................... 23

9.0 Safety Communications .................................................................................................................... 23

9.4 Health and Safety Material/Posters .................................................................................................. 24

9.5 Safety Suggestion Box ....................................................................................................................... 24

9.6 President's Safety Policy Statement ................................................................................................. 24

10.0 Health & Safety Inspection Program ............................................................................................... 24

10.1 Scheduled Workplace Inspections .................................................................................................. 24

13.0 Employee Safety Training ............................................................................................................... 26

13.1 General Safe Work Practices ........................................................................................................... 27

13.2 Specific Safe Work Practices ........................................................................................................... 27

13.3 Scheduled Training .......................................................................................................................... 27

13.4 Long-Range Training Plan ................................................................................................................ 27

14.0 Record Keeping ............................................................................................................................... 27

14.1 Campus Accidents, Injuries and Illnesses ........................................................................................ 28

14.2 Occupational Injuries and Illness .................................................................................................... 28

14.3 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs .............................................................................................. 28

Civil Engineering, Geomatics Emergency Plan ............................................................................................ 29

In case of fire ........................................................................................................................................... 29

In case of bomb threat, etc: .................................................................................................................... 30

In the event of a medical emergency: .................................................................................................... 30

Personal Protective Equipment: ............................................................................................................. 30

Housekeeping/Storage/Disposal of materials: ....................................................................................... 31

SAFETY AWARENESS FOR CHEMICALS, Including MSDS ............................................................................ 31

HAZARD COMMUNICATION .................................................................................................................... 31

HAZARD ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST .............................................................................................................. 34

GENERAL WORK ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................ 34

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING ................................................................................ 35

WALKWAYS ............................................................................................................................................. 35

EXITING OR EGRESS................................................................................................................................. 35

PORTABLE LADDERS ................................................................................................................................ 35

HAND TOOLS & EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................................. 36

PORTABLE (POWER OPERATED) TOOLS & EQUIPMENT ......................................................................... 36

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ................................................................................................................. 37

FLAMMABLE & COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS ............................................................................................ 37

FIRE PROTECTION .................................................................................................................................... 37

HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL EXPOSURES ...................................................................................................... 37

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES COMMUNICATION ....................................................................................... 37

ELECTRICAL.............................................................................................................................................. 38

MATERIAL HANDLING ............................................................................................................................. 38

EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN ..................................................................................................................... 38

ERGONOMICS .......................................................................................................................................... 38

CRANE CHECKLIST ................................................................................................................................... 38

Lyles College of Engineering Chemical Safety Guidelines ........................................................................... 39

Background ............................................................................................................................................. 39

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ....................................................................................................... 40

Hazard Labeling Systems ......................................................................................................................... 43

................................................................................................................................................................ 44

HMIS - the Hazardous Material Information System .............................................................................. 44

The Differences Between NFPA and HMIS ............................................................................................. 45

Where to Find Hazard Ratings ................................................................................................................ 45

C S U Fresno Engineering Department Hoist Operation Procedures and Authorization ............................ 47

EE 185 Safety & Training Regulations ......................................................................................................... 49

TRAINING SCHEDULE GUIDELINES .............................................................................................................. 51

TRAINING SCHEDULE REQUEST FORM.................................................................................................... 53

EE185 Crane Guidelines and Cautions ........................................................................................................ 55

Crane Operation .......................................................................................................................................... 55

EXPERIENCE CAN BE THE WORST TEACHER ............................................................................................ 55

STAY OUT FROM UNDER ......................................................................................................................... 56

YOU'RE NOT SAFE WHEN NOT SEEN ....................................................................................................... 56

USE EXTRA CARE AROUND CRANES ........................................................................................................ 56

Crane Misconceptions............................................................................................................................. 57

Overload .................................................................................................................................................. 57

Side Pull ................................................................................................................................................... 58

Upper Limit Switch .................................................................................................................................. 58

Secondary Braking .................................................................................................................................. 58

Reverse Plugging Speed Control ............................................................................................................. 59

Daily Inspections ..................................................................................................................................... 59

Introduction

The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) is committed to maintaining the safest possible laboratories. We encourage faculty and researchers to take all reasonable precautions to protect the health and safety of everyone — staff, students, visitors and the general public. In other words, we want to keep you and those around you safe.

Laboratory operations can be dangerous whether you are working with hazardous materials or equipment or just performing common laboratory procedures. Every day there are incidents in teaching and research laboratories on university campuses across the U.S. Although many accidents are minor, there are also serious cases, including fatalities. Every year, UT Austin has multiple incidents in our laboratories. Our goal is to reduce that number and reduce accidental injuries.

This Laboratory Safety Manual has been prepared specifically for UT Austin by Environmental Health and Safety in collaboration with the faculty Research Safety Advisory Committee. The manual promotes safe and practical laboratory procedures. We have included information on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), the use and storage of chemicals, hazard communication and the proper methods of waste disposal. This manual also covers emergency procedures and incident response should something go wrong.

It is important to recognize that this manual does not cover all the risks and hazards in every laboratory. There are a wide variety of hazardous materials handled in laboratories at UT Austin. Faculty and researchers know the most about the unique hazards in their laboratory. It is expected that the Principal Investigator will append any supplementary safety information to this manual pertinent to their specific laboratory.

Student Safety Measures

Every effort is taken to insure that our students work in safe and environmentally acceptable labs. Students are assessed on their abilities to work in labs, and based on that assessment are then instructed and certified on tools and equipment that they will be using in labs. We have an extensive safety program that mirrors the campus’ IIPP plan, that not only addresses students safety, but we also offer orientation for all faculty and staff that may use the same equipment or tools. We try to maintain an overall safety plan that benefits not only the students, but the campus as well.

Generic Safety Manuals We maintain in binders in both the Department Office and the Technician’s Office, about two dozen instruction and operation manuals for different types of tools. Once the Instructors and students determine what type of hand tools will be used, they are given the manuals for familiarization and certification. Even if the individuals show a familiarity with the equipment they are still asked to read through them.

Certification and Qualification Lists We have two formats for training and safety documentation, by laboratory and by tool. If an individual is going to be working in multiple labs with the same types of hand tools, all his certifications will be on an individual basis, thereby allowing the documentation to be streamlined. If an individual is working in a lab that has unique equipment that requires special training and orientation, he is given the training manuals for that equipment and is certified on a list that is oriented to the lab.

Specific Manual based on Lab

We have certain labs that require unique certifications, for instance, EE185 has a commercial 5 ton crane that has very specific requirements as far as use and documentation. Not only do the operators need to know how to safely operate the crane, but CalOSHA requires inspections and documentation every time they are run the first time every day. We have other labs that also require

training for the equipment that is in that lab. Again, all of the familiarization and certifications are documented in our IIPP Manuals.

Specific Room and Lab Safety Information

Even for those individuals just using the classrooms or labs have safety responsibilities that they must follow. On the wall next to the exit door we have a set of guidelines that deal with potential situations that could arise, evacuation routes and assembly areas, as well as general conduct and safety guidelines.

Laboratory Safety Plans

This is a set of guidelines that the students are expected to abide by while working in the various labs in Civil, Geomatics, and Construction. These guidelines also include disaster and evacuation procedures as well as important telephone numbers to be used in case of emergency. Because each lab is unique in its use, each safety plan has to be customized to that particular lab.

Operator Safety Harness Inspection Plan What should you know about fall protective equipment?

Inspect your equipment daily.

Replace defective equipment. If there is any doubt about the safety of the equipment, do not use it.

Replace any equipment, including ropes, involved in a fall. Refer any questionable defects to a trained inspector.

A trained inspector should examine equipment at least yearly. Annual Inspection will be due April of 2009.

It is advisable to use shock absorbers if the arresting forces of the lanyard alone can cause injury.

Use the right equipment for the job.

How do you inspect the webbing (body of belt, harness or lanyard)?

Inspect the entire surface of webbing for damage. Beginning at one end, bend the webbing in an inverted "U." Holding the body side of the belt toward you, grasp the belt with your hands six to eight inches apart.

Watch for frayed edges, broken fibers, pulled stitches, cuts or chemical damage. Broken webbing strands generally appear as tufts on the webbing surface.

Replace according to manufacturers' guidelines.

How do you inspect the buckle?

Inspect for loose, distorted or broken grommets. Do not cut or punch additional holes in waist strap or strength members.

Check belt without grommets for torn or elongated holes that could cause the buckle tongue to slip.

Inspect the buckle for distortion and sharp edges. The outer and center bars must be straight. Carefully check corners and attachment points of the center bar. They should overlap the buckle frame and move freely back and forth in their sockets. The roller should turn freely on the frame.

Check that rivets are tight and cannot be moved. The body side of the rivet base and outside rivet burr should be flat against the material. Make sure the rivets are not bent.

Inspect for pitted or cracked rivets that show signs of chemical corrosion.

How do you inspect the rope?

Rotate the rope lanyard and inspect from end to end for fuzzy, worn, broken or cut fibers. Weakened areas have noticeable changes in the original rope diameter.

Replace when the rope diameter is not uniform throughout, following a short break-in period.

The older a rope is and the more use it gets, the more important testing and inspection become.

What should you know about hardware (forged steel snaps, "D" rings)?

Inspect hardware for cracks or other defects. Replace the belt if the "D" ring is not at a 90° angle and does not move vertically independent of the body pad or "D" saddle.

Inspect tool loops and belt sewing for broken or stretched loops.

Check bag rings and knife snaps to see that they are secure and working properly. Check tool loop rivets. Check for thread separation or rotting, both inside and outside the body pad belt.

Inspect snaps for hook and eye distortions, cracks, corrosion, or pitted surfaces. The keeper (latch) should be seated into the snap nose without binding and should not be distorted or obstructed. The keeper spring should exert sufficient force to close the keeper firmly.

What should you look for during the safety strap inspection?

Inspect for cut fibers or damaged stitches inch by inch by flexing the strap in an inverted "U." Note cuts, frayed areas or corrosion damage.

Check friction buckle for slippage and sharp buckle edges.

Replace when tongue buckle holes are excessively worn or elongated.

How do I clean my equipment?

Basic care prolongs the life of the unit and contributes to its performance.

Wipe off all surface dirt with a sponge dampened in plain water. Rinse the sponge and squeeze it dry. Dip the sponge in a mild solution of water and commercial soap or detergent. Work up a thick lather with a vigorous back and forth motion.

Rinse the webbing in clean water.

Wipe the belt dry with a clean cloth. Hang freely to dry.

Dry the belt and other equipment away from direct heat, and out of long periods of sunlight.

Store in a clean, dry area, free of fumes, sunlight or corrosive materials and in such a way that it does not warp or distort the belt.

Prevention of falls from height

Has the most suitable equipment been selected to ensure safety, including for means of access and evacuation?

Are ladders only used when other equipment is not justified in view of short duration and low risk?

Is the scaffold erected on a firm foundation?

Are all guardrails in position at the correct height?

Are there enough planks for the working platform?

Are the planks secured in position?

Have any scaffold ties been removed?

Is a ladder the safest and best method for the job?

Is the ladder in good condition and suitable for the type and height of work?

Can the ladder be placed to avoid overreach?

Can the ladder be restrained at top and bottom?

Is the supporting surface firm and level?

If any answer is 'No', prevention action is needed before starting the work. Measures include:

Ensuring that openings, such as holes in floors, are fenced off with secure barriers (e.g. guard rails and toe boards) or covered over. Secure the cover in place or mark with a warning.

Checking all scaffold elements for safety before starting erection work

Inspecting ladders before climbing to ensure they are in good condition and securely positioned

Using fall arrest equipment when on scaffolding, especially before guard rails and toe boards are fitted, and ensuring harness lines are attached to a firm structure and used properly

Not throwing equipment or materials to a lower level, the ground or onto safety nets

MSDS Sheets for all Labs Inventory and maintain all MSDS Sheets for all labs. We worked with EHS to institute an in-house policy to identify and properly dispose outdated or no longer used chemicals.

Lab Tools We implemented procedures in the department that insured that students and faculty that were using lab specific tools had the available instruction and safety manuals pertaining to that tool. In addition to this, there is a sign off sheet, by tool and by lab, that the instructor has student sign off indicating that they have read and understands the safe operation of the particular tool.

Risk Awareness Statement We are in the process of developing a Risk Awareness Form that very clearly states risks that could be encountered by students in some of our labs. This form also includes specifics as to location, time, and length of activity. It also has other information that includes responsible faculty member, emergency numbers for students, and instructions on what is required from the student. (ADD FORM HERE)

Student Safety Manual This is a collection of tools that are used for the EE185 lab, that the students are required to read, go through safety class with the technician, and then sign off as completing the class and understanding the safety and danger issues that could be encountered in this Lab.

Fall Protection Policy

We implemented a Fall Protection Policy for EE185. This is our Structures Lab and some of the structures being tested are above the 7.5 foot trigger height. In some cases the structure are not able to used traditional Fall Protection Policies, therefore, non-traditional fall protection must be developed. Individuals that have not completed the Fall Protection class are not allowed to be on any ladders higher than 7.5 feet.

Harness safety class

When harnesses are required to be used, we instruct and demonstrate to the individuals, the proper and safe way of using harnesses. We also have a certification list and only those individuals certified on this list are allowed to use the harnesses.

Overheasd Crane Safety Manual

With the help of a Cal OSHA Certified Crane Inspector, we have instituted a crane policy by which any individual operating the 5 ton over head crane must be certified. The only individuals allowed to operate the crane are those who have participated in the crane instruction program. This information is available in our IIPP Binder.

Overhead crane inspection Form

We actively enforce and maintain crane inspection sheets that are filled out on as used basis. We have also equipped the Crane lockout circuit breaker with a digital lock. Not only do the authorized users have the only key, but we are also able to tell when the crane was unlocked. With this data we are able to compare it with the Inspection Sheets and determine if all policies are being followed.

Concrete Waste Management

To eliminate the potential storm drain water contamination, we now have in place a waste management policy to deal with concrete tailings or truck chute cleanout. When properly constructed, we will allow concrete trucks to cleans chutes into a temporary disposal site, but it is the responsibility of the individuals using the concrete to clean the area and properly dispose of excess concrete.

The Code of Safe Practices

GENERAL

Never work alone! A minimum of two persons in a shop is required at all times.

All persons shall follow these safe practices rules, render every possible aid to safe operations, and report all unsafe conditions or practices to the shop supervisor.

Shop supervisor shall insist on shop users observing and obeying every rule, regulation, and order as is necessary to the safe conduct of the work, and shall take such action as is necessary to obtain observance.

Anyone known to be under the influence of drugs or intoxicating substances which impair the shop user's ability to safely perform the assigned duties shall not be allowed on the job while in that condition.

Horseplay, scuffling, and other acts which tend to have an adverse influence on the safety or well-being of the shop users shall be prohibited.

Work shall be well planned and supervised to prevent injuries in the handling of materials and in working together with equipment.

No one shall knowingly be permitted or required to work while the shop user's ability or alertness is so impaired by fatigue, illness, or other causes that it might unnecessarily expose the shop user or others to injury.

Shop users shall not enter chambers, tanks, silos, or other similar places that receive little ventilation, unless it has been determined that it is safe to enter.

Shop users shall be instructed to ensure that all guards and other protective devices are in proper places and adjusted, and shall report deficiencies promptly to the shop supervisor.

Shop users shall not handle or tamper with any electrical equipment, machinery, or air or water lines in a manner not within the scope of their duties, unless they have received instructions from their shop supervisor how to do so safely.

All injuries shall be reported promptly to the shop supervisor so that arrangements can be made for medical or first aid treatment.

When lifting heavy objects, the large muscles of the leg instead of the smaller muscles of the back shall be used.

Inappropriate footwear or shoes with thin or badly worn soles shall not be worn.

Materials, tools, or other objects shall not be thrown unless proper precautions are taken to protect others from the thrown objects.

Shop users shall wash their hands and face thoroughly after handling hazardous substances, prior to leaving the shop, and prior to handling cosmetics or food items, and follow special instructions from authorized shop supervisors if more frequent washing is needed.

Gasoline shall not be used for cleaning purposes.

No burning, welding, or other source of ignition shall be applied to any enclosed tank or vessel, even if there are some openings, until it has first been determined that no possibility of explosion exists, and authority for the work is obtained from the shop supervisor if such a possibility is present.

Any damage to scaffolds, falsework, or other supporting structures shall be immediately reported to the shop supervisor and repaired before use.

USE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT In locations where the use of a portable power tool is difficult, the tool shall be supported by means of adequate strength.

All tools and equipment shall be maintained in good condition.

Damaged tools or equipment shall be removed from service and locked/tagged out "DEFECTIVE."

Pipe or Stillson wrenches shall not be used as a substitute for other wrenches.

Only appropriate tools shall be used for the job.

Wrenches shall not be altered by the addition of handle-extensions or "cheaters."

Files shall be equipped with handles and not used to punch or pry.

A screwdriver shall not be used as a chisel.

Portable electric tools shall not be lifted or lowered by means of the power cord.

Electric cords shall not be exposed to damage, and equipment with damaged cords or missing prongs shall be removed from service as described above.

MACHINERY AND VEHICLES

Only persons authorized by the shop supervisor shall operate machinery or equipment.

Loose or frayed clothing, or long hair, dangling ties, finger rings, etc., shall not be worn around moving machinery or other sources of entanglement.

Machinery shall not be serviced, repaired or adjusted while in operation, nor shall oiling of moving parts be attempted, except on equipment that is designed or fitted with safeguards to protect the person performing the work.

Where appropriate, lock-out procedures shall be used.

Shop users shall not work under vehicles supported by hydraulic or similar adjustable jacks or chain hoists, without protective blocking that will prevent injury if jacks or hoists should fail.

Air hoses shall not be disconnected at compressors until hose line has been bled.

When loading where there is a probability of dangerous slides or movement of material, the wheels or treads of loading equipment, other than that riding on rails, should be turned in the direction which will facilitate escape in case of danger, except in a situation where this position of the wheels or treads would cause a greater operational hazard.

Safety Guidelines and Laboratory Practices

During your career as a student in the Lyles College of Engineering you will come into contact with many things that are considered “hazardous”. In fact, hazards arise from improper safety practices as much as the intrinsic hazard associated with materials or procedures themselves. Engineering is an interdisciplinary field, and you will need to familiarize yourself with safety for things ranging from chemicals to grinding equipment. This guide is meant to give an introduction to these practices, but is by no means complete

The following four bullets are the position of the campus Department of Risk Management and Sustainability/Office of Environmental Health & Safety:

Undergraduate students are prohibited from working in a campus laboratory without direct supervision by a lab instructor or principal investigator (P.I.).

It is strongly recommended that graduate students not work alone in campus laboratories. In some circumstances, at the direction of the College and/or the Office of EH&S, working alone in the laboratory will be prohibited.

Campus lab activities of graduate students must be limited to research under the overall supervision of a P.I.

Applicable safety and emergency response training must be completed and documented.

General Safety Practices This section outlines some of the most basic safety practices. Many of these points will be elaborated on below. The most important safety practice you can follow is to do nothing until you are sure that what you are doing is safe.

When in doubt ask the technical staff, graduate students, or faculty whether you are following recommended safety procedures.

Never assume what you are doing is safe.

The following categories of general safety related information are presented to alert the graduate and under-graduate student to the safe and efficient use of the Lyles College of Engineering laboratories. The listing provided below is not meant to be all inclusive of safety rules and procedures, but its intent is to emphasize the importance of safe practices when conducting experiments, operating equipment, and so on. Each individual is responsible ultimately for his/her own safety and the safety of others. Please

conduct your actions in a safe manner and also alert others whenever you see a dangerous or hazardous situation developing.

Personal Safety – Dress and Safety Equipment/Instruments

Always use appropriate safety apparel and equipment

No loose clothing or jewelry around operating equipment

Wear safety goggles/glasses when operating equipment or mixing chemicals

Do not wear open toe shoes or sandal in operating laboratories

Use head protection where danger of falling objects or electrical shock is present

Laboratory Behavior

Do not engage in horseplay or unsafe activities

Always report injuries (even if slight) to Instructor or PI

Always have someone accompany injured individuals to the Health Center

Do not operate equipment or carry on experiments unless the instructor is present in the laboratory

Trial and error is not the way to learn equipment operation

Warn others of recognized hazards and dangerous conditions before accidents occur

Inform Instructor of recognized hazards, dangerous conditions, malfunctioning equipment and instruments

Working with Chemicals

Review Chemical Inventory

Be familiar with contents of Material Safety Data Sheets

Utilize safe practices when mixing and using chemicals

Be aware of possible chemical interaction upon use

Prevent the use of chemicals in a hazardous manner

Become familiar with first aid procedures

Use protective eye, hand, and body devices and equipment

Operating Equipment Must receive instructions on proper equipment use before operating any equipment

Read and understand Code of Safe Practices for equipment operation

Do not leave equipment unattended while in the on (operating) condition

Observe zone of safety around all equipment

Do not talk with or distract equipment operator while equipment is turned on

Do not use defective equipment-Notify Instructor immediately

If equipment malfunctions, move out of harms way, then turn off equipment, only if this can be accomplished in a safe manner

Make sure that movable (rolling) equipment is properly stored

Tag all disable broken, unguarded, or otherwise dangerous equipment or furniture

Laboratory Facilities Locate and be aware of the location for the MSDS sheets

Locate and read emergency egress plans for Room/Building (Evacuation Routes)

Determine the location of room exits (Marked and Illuminated) and Fire Alarm Pull Boxes

Locate First Aid Kit, Fire Extinguisher, Telephone (Emergency numbers posted)

Keep room clean of clutter and debris with unobstructed exits

Determine the location and operation of Emergency Shut Offs, if applicable

Use only electrical outlets, appliances, and equipment which are GFCI protected

Make sure extension cords are in good condition (no broken insulation or missing ground prongs)

Make sure that work areas are properly ventilated, illuminated, and free of debris and hazards

Storage areas shall be kept well organized, orderly, and sanitary

Work surfaces and floors must be kept dry and slip resistant

Chair use requires all legs on the ground to prevent tipping

Emergency Procedures

In Case of a Fire

If you discover a fire or fire-related emergency such as abnormal heating of material, hazardous gas leaks, hazardous material or flammable liquid spill, smoke, or odor of burning, immediately follow these procedures:

Activate the building fire alarm system (fire pull station). If not available or non operational, verbally notify persons in the building.

Notify the Fire Department (911) from a campus phone

Isolate the area and evacuate the building:

Shut down equipment in the immediate area, if possible.

Close doors to isolate the area.

Use a portable fire extinguisher to:

Evacuate yourself.

Assist another to evacuate.

Control a small fire (i.e., in a wastepaper basket), if possible. If the fire is

any larger you should evacuate and pull fire alarm on the way out if possible.

Provide the fire/police teams with the details of the problem upon their arrival.

Special hazard information you may know is essential.

If a person is on fire get them on the ground and roll them, or wrap them in a

jacket or blanket to smother the flames.

In Case of an Accident:

If transportation is necessary, the University Police should be called (911) to get

transportation for the victim.

Do not move a seriously injured person unless he/she is in further danger.

If a person appears to be unconscious do not administer artificial respiration unless you are trained-call 911 first.

Do not touch someone who has been electrocuted unless the power source is definitely switched off and disconnected.

In cases of serious injury or illness, it is imperative that appropriate actions be followed immediately. When in doubt as to what should be done, telephone the University Police at 911 for assistance.

Give emergency and medical personnel the following information:

your name, location and nature of the emergency

the name of the chemical involved (if any)

the amount involved

area of the body affected

symptoms

Employee Safety Procedures Training Record Documentation (EH&S)

7.1 University Administration: The ultimate responsibility for establishing and maintaining effective polices regarding environmental health and safety issues specific to campus facilities and operations rests with the University President. Because of the diversity of operations within the University and the necessary differences in organizational structure within various departments, some latitude in formulating and implementing alternative methods for compliance with the Injury and Illness Prevention Program objectives is expected and allowed for.

7.2 Campuswide Health and Safety Committee: The Health and Safety Committee, made up of representatives of labor and management, has been established to achieve and maintain beneficial relationships through continuing communications on issues relating to occupational health and safety. This committee will discuss, explore, study and make recommendations on problems. It also will provide employees with the opportunity to voice concerns relating to hazards without fear of reprisal. Members of this committee shall be chosen as specified in the bylaws for the Committee. The responsibilities of this committee are as follows: a. Meet quarterly. b. Prepare written records of health and safety issues discussed, distribute records to affected employees and maintain records.

c. Review investigations of occupational accidents and causes of incidents resulting in occupational injury, illness or exposure to hazardous substances and, where necessary, submit suggestions to management for the prevention of future incidents. d. Review investigations of alleged hazardous conditions brought to the attention of any committee member. The committee may request that the University conduct an investigation to assist them in their study. e. Review results of periodic, scheduled worksite inspections. f. Submit recommendations to assist in the evaluation of employee safety suggestions. h.Upon request, verify abatement actions taken in response to Cal/OSHA citations.

7.3 Office of Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S): It is the responsibility of EH&S, reporting to the Vice President of Administration, to develop and implement an Injury and Illness Prevention Program. Further responsibilities are to: a. Provide consultation to Deans, Directors, Chairs and Coordinators regarding program compliance; consult on issues of hazard identification and evaluation; establish procedures for correcting unsafe conditions and for communicating with employees; develop employee training programs; provide compliance strategies; and ensure maintaining of adequate records. b. Provide centralized monitoring of campuswide activities on a consultative basis in the areas of biological safety, chemical hygiene, hazard communication, hazard identification, hazardous materials management, industrial hygiene, occupational safety, public health and sanitation, radiation safety, and safety education and training. c. Maintain centralized environmental records, allowing employee access as directed by law.

7.4 Deans, Directors, Department Chairs, Department Heads: It is the responsibility of Deans, Directors, Department Chairs and Department Heads to develop departmental procedures and to maintain compliance with the Injury and Illness Prevention Program and other university health and safety policies as they relate to operations under their control. Specific areas include employee and student education and training, identification and correction of unsafe conditions, and record keeping. Specifically these individuals will: a. Develop and maintain written departmental procedures and ensure that supervisors and employees adhere to adopted procedures. b. Develop and implement an educational training program designed to instruct employees and students in general safe work practices as well as instructions specific to their job duties. Such

educational training shall take place prior to the employee or student being assigned to potentially hazardous employment activities. c. Instruct employees and students in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions, including hazards associated with non-routine tasks and emergency operations. Only those employees or students qualified by training will be permitted to operate potentially hazardous equipment. d. Develop a system of record keeping to document all employee and student educational training activities. Such records should include, but not be limited to, employee and student injuries, incident reports, and complaints or grievances involving safety issues. e. Develop and maintain an inventory of hazardous materials present in all work areas within the department. f. Take corrective action for any health and safety deficiencies that are noted. g. In a conspicuous location, post appropriate safety notices or procedures. h. Develop methods, as appropriate, to inform outside contractors' employees who work in areas under department jurisdiction of the hazards to which those employees may be exposed. i. Designate an employee who will be responsible for serving as department safety coordinator, acting as liaison with EH&S and advising the department head on issues relating to environmental health and safety within the department.

8.0 Compliance Guidelines All employees shall adhere to safe and healthy work practices defined by established campus and departmental health and safety guidelines. Failure to do so may result in the initiation of disciplinary measures. 8.1 Discipline Discipline is addressed in the California State University System in a variety of ways depending upon the case. Discipline may include dismissal, demotion or suspension based upon the severity of the situation. The CSU disciplinary guidelines are addressed in various memorandums of understanding between applicable bargaining units and specific sections within the California Education Code and the California Code of Regulation, Title 5.

9.0 Safety Communications Several methods of communicating with employees on matters relating to health and safety have been established. Managers and supervisors will encourage employees to report, without fear of reprisal, any unsafe or unhealthful conditions they discover. 9.1 Campuswide Health and Safety Committee The Campuswide Health and Safety Committee has been established to achieve and maintain effective communications between employees and management. 9.2 Department Safety Meetings Departments will schedule regular safety meetings at which health and safety issues are freely and openly discussed by employees of the department. Management will

attempt to schedule the meetings at a time when most employees can attend and will keep minutes to document who was in attendance and what topics were discussed. 9.3 Employee Safety Training The Office of Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) has access to various health and safety videos. In addition, a number of specific training programs have begun and are in continuous development. The Environmental Health and Safety Office also is available to put on training sessions. Departments will provide specific training programs for employees either on a periodic basis or prior to assignment on a new job or when work assignments change.

9.4 Health and Safety Material/Posters EH&S can provide departments with a variety of posters and health and safety materials to be used in promoting a safe and healthful workplace and work practices. It is required that posters be displayed in highly visible locations within each applicable workplace.

9.5 Safety Suggestion Box A safety suggestion box has been provided on the door of the EH&S Office. Any concerns or issues that an employee feels needs attention may be placed in the suggestion box.

9.6 President's Safety Policy Statement The campus President has issued a safety policy statement which informs all employees of the University that safety is a priority issue among his/her executive level administrators. This policy urges all faculty and staff to participate actively in the EH&S program for the common good of the entire campus community.

10.0 Health & Safety Inspection Program A health and safety inspection program is essential in order to reduce unsafe campus conditions which may expose faculty, staff, students and the public to incidents that could result in injury to individuals or damage to property.

10.1 Scheduled Workplace Inspections

a. The responsibility of each department is to ensure that regular and systematic workplace inspections be scheduled for all departmental areas. It is recommended that departmental safety coordinators be assigned to conduct these inspections. b. The frequency of regular workplace inspections is left up to the departments' discretion. EH&S recommends that high hazard areas be inspected weekly, warehouse and retail areas be inspected monthly, large offices be inspected semiannually, and small offices be inspected annually. It is the responsibility of each department to notify EH&S when inspections are conducted. Records of inspections shall be maintained in the department office for review by EH&S. c. Self-inspection checklists are provided in generic form to assist departments in developing their own checklist (see Appendix A). d. EH&S will conduct annual inspections of all work areas on campus. These inspections will emphasize compliance with the various health and safety programs. Non-compliance will result in notices of deficiencies being issued (see Appendix C).

10.2 Unscheduled Workplace Inspections a. Departments will conduct an immediate inspection whenever new substances, processes, procedures or equipment which represent a new occupational health and safety hazard are introduced. Results of such inspections shall be reported to EH&S. b. Departments also will conduct an inspection whenever notification of a new or previously unrecognized hazard is received. Results of such inspections shall be reported to EH&S. c. EH&S will conduct periodic unscheduled inspections of all workplaces to help ensure the maintenance of a safe and healthful workplace. Non-compliance will result in notices of deficiencies being issued (see Appendix C). d. EH&S, in conjunction with departmental representatives, will conduct a health and safety inspection in the event of an occupational injury, occupational illness, or exposure to hazardous substances as defined by Cal/OSHA.

11.0 Accident Investigations

11.1 Minor injuries on the job will be reported to the immediate supervisor of the injured employee. 11.2 Serious occupational injuries, illnesses or exposures to hazardous substances, as defined by Cal/OSHA, must be reported to EH&S and the Worker's Compensation Office no later than 24 hours after they become known. EH&S will contact Cal/OSHA as required by law. EH&S or the Worker's Compensation Representative, in conjunction with a representative from the injured employee's department, will investigate the circumstances of the incident to determine the cause. Appendix B includes the format for conducting such investigations. A copy of each investigation report will be forwarded to EH&S and the Worker's Compensation Office for review at the quarterly campuswide EH&S Committee meeting.

12.0 Hazard Control Procedures

Upon completion of scheduled or unscheduled inspections, all findings will be prepared in writing and submitted to department heads and EH&S. Corrective action or a suitable timetable for elimination of a hazard (where appropriate) is the responsibility of the department. Once identified, hazards will be ranked according to both consequence (the severity) and probability (the frequency) as defined in Table 1. Prioritization of abatement actions will be based on the ranking scheme. Serious violations and hazards should always be given top priority and be corrected immediately, or consideration should be given to stopping operations affected by the violations or hazards. Each identified hazard or program deficiency will be issued a deficiency notice and assigned a tracking number until it is abated. (see Appendix C). Table 1 Hazard Classification Probability of Order of Priority Consequence (Severity) Injury Occurrence 1 Imminent danger exists. Capable of Probable causing death, possibly multiple deaths, widespread occurrence of illness and loss of facilities. 2 Severe injury, serious illness Reasonably property and equipment. probable 3 Minor injury, illness or equipment Remote damage may result. 4 First aid care. Extremely Remote

12.1 Imminent Hazard Situations

Individuals conducting a safety inspection shall immediately notify the Department Chair/Head or the EH&S Office, as appropriate, if a condition exists that presents an imminent hazard to health or safety. The Department Chair/Head shall inform all employees of any such imminent hazard(s) that cannot be immediately corrected and ensure that all necessary precautions are taken to prevent mishaps. An imminent hazard is any condition or practice that can be expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately or before the hazard can be eliminated through normal corrective measures; e.g. without shutting off the power an employee is working on an electrical line. A conspicuous notice or "yellow tag" will be attached to the hazardous condition prohibiting use of the area, machine, or equipment which presents the hazard by employees or students . The "yellow tag" may not be removed until the hazardous condition no longer exists and required safeguards and safety devices are implemented. Only the EH&S Officer can remove a "yellow tag." Personnel who continue to use an item that has been so tagged, or who willfully remove a tag before the unsafe condition is corrected, may be subject to disciplinary action. Entry or use may be allowed with the EH&S Officer's knowledge and permission for the sole purpose of eliminating the hazardous condition.

13.0 Employee Safety Training Effective dissemination of safety information lies at the very heart of a successful Injury and Illness

Prevention Plan. It is necessary to provide training for employees concerning general safe work practices as well as specific instruction with respect to hazards unique to each employee's job assignment.

13.1 General Safe Work Practices EH&S has developed a multitude of training programs designed to meet general safe work practice requirements. These programs are elements of larger programs which service broad campus needs. These programs, listed below and further defined in section 16.0, include: Chemical Hygiene Emergency Preparedness Hazard Communication Hazard Identification Industrial Hygiene Occupational Safety Radiation Safety Confined Space Asbestos Respiratory Protection Bloodborne Pathogens Hazardous Waste

13.2 Specific Safe Work Practices Specialized training sessions dealing with an employee's unique job assignment must be developed by each supervisor. It is the responsibility of each supervisor to understand his/her employee's job tasks and related hazards.

13.3 Scheduled Training a. Each supervisor will ensure that all new employees receive general and specific training prior to

assignment on a new job. b. Supervisors will ensure that employees are trained whenever new substances, processes, procedures or equipment are introduced to the workplace which represent a new hazard, or whenever the supervisor receives notification of a new or previously unrecognized hazard. c. All training will be documented in writing. Topics, participants and dates will all be recorded and kept on file within each department.

13.4 Long-Range Training Plan b. A long-range departmental training plan should be developed which sets priorities for training

sessions, including a schedule of presentations. Consideration should also be given to the frequency required for retraining employees. These refresher programs also should be incorporated in the long-range plan.

14.0 Record Keeping

Many standards and regulations of Cal/OSHA contain requirements for the maintenance and retention of records for occupational injuries and illnesses, medical surveillance, exposure monitoring, inspections and other activities and incidents relevant to occupational health and safety.

14.1 Campus Accidents, Injuries and Illnesses To properly protect the University, it is essential that all accidents, injuries and illnesses occurring either on University property or at off-campus University-sponsored events are maintained and analyzed by the EH&S Office and the Safety Office. Complete records of all incidents involving bodily injury and property damage accidents involving students and/or the public are maintained and analyzed for accident prevention and campus liability purposes by the EH&S Office and the Safety Office. It is essential that all such incidents be reported immediately and in writing to the Department of Public Safety, the EH&S Office and the Safety Office. Reports of accident and injury incidents may be generated by the Department of Public Safety (accidents involving the campus community, traffic accidents, state driver accidents, etc.), Radiation Safety Office, Housing Office (resident accidents, intramural sports, etc.), Athletic Department and Student Health Services (student injuries, doctor's first report of industrial injury or illness, etc.). Statistics and other information from these records are available to departments for use in accidents prevention efforts. In addition, departments also should maintain and analyze records of accidents occurring in their own area of operations.

14.2 Occupational Injuries and Illness a. The University will record and report within five (5) days every employee injury or illness unless

disability resulting from such injury or illness does not last through the day or does not require medical service other than minor first aid treatment. b. The University will maintain a master log and summary of occupational injuries and illness, located in the Safety Office. c. Records of occupational injuries and illness will be kept on file in the Safety Office and will be made available for review by Cal/OSHA at any time for a period of five (5) years. d. The Cal/OSHA summary for the previous year will be posted in conspicuous places throughout the campus for review by employees. e. Employee injuries and illness will be recorded and analyzed each calendar quarter. These statistics are first submitted to the CSU Office of the Chancellor and from there to the Governor's Safety and Workers' Compensation Program in Sacramento.

14.3 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs b. ) Each MSDS received by the campus must be maintained for at least thirty (30) years unless some

record of the identity (chemical name if known) of the substance or agent, where it was used and

when it was used is retained for at least thirty (30) years. Copies of all MSDSs must be sent to EH&S for inclusion in the master log and business plan. There are copies of MSDS sheets by room located in the Department Office 14.4 Employee Exposure Records Each employee exposure record will be preserved and maintained for at least thirty (30) years except for certain background data on workplace monitoring and certain biological monitoring results. Such records include workplace monitoring or measuring of a toxic substance or harmful physical agent; biological monitoring results which directly assess the absorption of a toxic substance or harmful physical agent by body systems; material safety data sheets; and, in the absence of the above, a chemical inventory or any other record which reveals where and when used and the identity of a toxic substance or harmful physical agent. Departments using any regulated carcinogens have additional reporting and record keeping requirements under Cal/OSHA.

Civil Engineering, Geomatics Emergency Plan

The person responsible for our department’s Emergency Plan is James Crossfield, EE178B, (559)278-4827.

In the event of an emergency you should proceed to the nearest exit in an orderly manner. The assembly area for our department is the lawn area of the North Gym Annex. For minor emergencies assemble in the lawn area North of Engineering West, next to Parking Lot M.

In case of fire , the following procedures should be followed:

Leave the building quickly. Do not try to fight the fire yourself. If someone is trapped, use a fire extinguisher or hose to provide an escape path ONLY if you know how to use such equipment and can do safely.

Call 911 from a CAMPUS PHONE in an adjacent building (if you call from a cell phone the call WILL NOT be answered by Campus Police).

Report to your designated assembly area and await instructions from your supervisor or emergency personnel.

In case of bomb threat, etc:

Leave the building quickly and proceed to the designated assembly area.

Follow the directions of your supervisor or emergency personnel.

In the event of a medical emergency:

Call 911 on a CAMPUS PHONE.

Render assistance to the victim if you know how; otherwise call out for assistance from others that might be in the area.

Procedures for Working in the Materials Lab

General Rules:

Personal Protective Equipment: Eye, ear, respiratory, hand and foot protection must be worn where there is danger of injury.

Safety footwear is mandatory when handling concrete or other heavy items.

Ear protection must be used when noise generating equipment is in operation. All personnel in the immediate area must be warned and provided with ear protection prior to equipment use.

When work with sand, gravel, silica or grinding residues produces air borne contaminants, all those exposed must be wearing personal protective equipment: eye goggles and dust respirators. Adequate ventilation must be provided; attempts must be made to prevent dust from entering hallways and office/equipment areas.

Housekeeping/Storage/Disposal of materials: Waste material must be removed as soon as possible.

Waste material must be disposed of appropriately i.e. concrete, solvent.

Sewer regulations do not permit the discharge of waste water that has a pH of <5 or >10.5. Waste must be adjusted before discharge to floor, sink or street drains.

Stowed materials must be placed safely and securely to eliminate potential tripping and puncturing hazards. If necessary apply barricades and tapes to cordon off hazardous areas.

Protection against falling materials: items stored in mezzanine storage areas must be placed securely, to prevent any possibility of falling. If necessary appropriate barriers must be used to provide safe passage and access to work areas.

SAFETY AWARENESS FOR CHEMICALS, Including MSDS

HAZARD COMMUNICATION

Every employee has a “Right to Know” about chemicals.

The Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom) was created by Cal-OSHA to provide individuals with information about the chemical hazards on the job, and how to protect themselves against those hazards.

Chemicals are hazardous if they:

Cause acute health problems

(such as corrosives that can burn eyes or skin)

Cause chronic health problems

(such as toxic chemicals that can cause long-term illnesses, such as cancer)

Suddenly release pressure

(these explosive chemicals includes gases that could expand violently)

Are flammable/combustible

(chemicals that catch fire easily)

Are reactive

(these chemicals are not stable, and thus can burn, explode, or release dangerous vapors if exposed to heat, air, water, or certain other chemicals.)

The HazCom Standard details three-pronged compliance:

1) Chemical manufacturers are required to:

determine the physical and health hazards of each product they make.

provide detailed container labels and supply Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

2) Employers are required to:

Make MSDS’s available to employees

Provide employees with training about the Hazard Communication Standard

Explain how it’s being put into effect in their workplace, including:

How to recognize, understand and use labels and MSDSs

Using safe procedures when working with hazardous substances

3) Employees are required to:

Read labels and MSDS’s

Follow label and MSDS instructions and warnings.

You should know all about the chemicals you use BEFORE you attempt to use them.

All secondary containers of chemicals must be labeled with contents and hazard information if:

Container will leave the control of the initial user

Container will be stored

* Avoid the use of old beverage containers.

Next steps…

Complete a chemical inventory.

Obtain Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for each chemical used or stored in your department. MSDS’s must be available to the employee.

Ensure that employees receive appropriate training.

Determine the level of additional training needed

Level 1: High chemical use/exposure potential

(Research/laboratory, Ag or Grounds Maintenance)

Consult with DRMS for training.

Level 2: Medium chemical use/exposure potential

(Plant Operations/Maintenance)

Consult with DRMS to training.

Level 3: Minimal chemical use/exposure potential

(Administrative/Office work/Non-lab teaching)

HAZARD ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST

GENERAL WORK ENVIRONMENT

Are all worksites clean and orderly?

Are work surfaces kept dry?

Are all spilled materials or liquids cleaned up immediately?

Are all work areas adequately illuminated?

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING Is appropriate foot protection required where there is the risk of foot injuries from hot, corrosive, poisonous substances, falling objects, crushing or penetrating actions?

Is all protective equipment maintained in a sanitary condition and ready for use?

Do you have eye wash facilities and a quick drench shower within the work area where employees are exposed to injurious corrosive materials?

Is protection against the effects of occupational noise exposure provided when sound levels exceed those of the Cal/OSHA noise standard?

WALKWAYS Are aisles and passageways kept clear?

Are spilled materials cleaned up immediately?

Are materials or equipment stored in such a way that sharp projectiles will not interfere with the walkway?

EXITING OR EGRESS Are all exits kept free of obstructions?

PORTABLE LADDERS Are all ladders maintained in good condition, joints between steps and side rails tight, all hardware and fittings securely attached, and moveable parts operating freely without binding or undue play?

Are ladder rungs and steps free of grease and oil?

Is it prohibited to place a ladder in front of doors opening toward the ladder except when the door is blocked open, locked or guarded?

Is it prohibited to place ladders on boxes, barrels, or other unstable bases to obtain additional height?

Are employees instructed to face the ladder when ascending or descending?

Are employees prohibited from using ladders that are broken, missing steps, rungs, or cleats, broken side rails or other faulty equipment?

Are metal ladders inspected for damage?

Are the rungs of ladders uniformly spaced at 12 inches, center to center?

HAND TOOLS & EQUIPMENT Are all tools and equipment (both, company and employee-owned) used by employees at their workplace in good condition?

Are hand tools such as chisels, punches, which develop mushroomed heads during use, reconditioned or replaced as necessary?

Are broken or fractured handles on hammers, axes and similar equipment replaced promptly?

Are worn or bent wrenches replaced regularly?

Are appropriate handles used on files and similar tools?

PORTABLE (POWER OPERATED) TOOLS & EQUIPMENT Are grinders, saws, and similar equipment provided with appropriate safety guards?

Are power tools used with the correct shield, guard or attachment recommended by the manufacturer?

Are portable circular saws equipped with guards above and below the base shoe?

Are circular saw guards checked to assure they are not wedged up, thus leaving the lower portion of the blade unguarded?

Are rotating or moving parts of equipment guarded to prevent physical contact?

Are all cord-connected, electrically operated tools and equipment effectively grounded or of the approved double insulated type?

Are effective guards in place over belts, pulleys, chains, and sprockets, on equipment such as concrete mixers, air compressors, and the like?

Is hoisting equipment available and used for lifting heavy objects, and are hoist ratings and characteristics appropriate for the task?

HOIST & AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT

Is it prohibited to use chains or rope slings that are kinked or twisted?

Is it prohibited to use the hoist rope or chain wrapped around the load as a substitute, for a sling?

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS Are all work areas properly illuminated?

Are hazardous substances identified which may cause harm by inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption or contact?

Is personal protective equipment provided, used and maintained wherever required?

FLAMMABLE & COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS Are combustible scrap, debris and waste materials (i.e. oily rags) stored in covered metal receptacles and removed from the worksite promptly?

Is proper storage practiced to minimize the risk of fire including spontaneous combustion?

Are approved containers and tanks used for the storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids?

?

FIRE PROTECTION Are portable fire extinguishers provided in adequate number and type?

Are fire extinguishers mounted in readily accessible locations?

Are fire extinguishers recharged regularly and noted on the inspection tag?

HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL EXPOSURES Are eye wash fountains and safety showers provided in areas where corrosive chemicals are handled?

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES COMMUNICATION Is there a list of hazardous substances used in your workplace?

Is there a written hazard communication program dealing with Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) labeling, and employee training?

How will you inform other employers whose employees share the same work area where the hazardous substances are used?

ELECTRICAL Are portable electrical tools and equipment grounded or of the double insulated type?

Are electrical appliances such as vacuum cleaners, polishers, vending machines grounded?

Do extension cords being used have a grounding conductor?

Are multiple plug adapters prohibited?

NOISE

Is approved hearing protective equipment (noise attenuating devices) available to every employee working in areas where continuous noise levels exceed 85 dBA?

MATERIAL HANDLING Is there safe clearance for equipment through aisles and doorways?

Are aisleways designated, permanently marked, and kept clear to allow unhindered passage?

EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN Are you required to have an emergency action plan?

Does the emergency action plan comply with requirements of T8CCR 3220(a)?

Have emergency escape procedures and routes been developed and communicated to all employers?

Do employees, who remain to operate critical plant operations before they evacuate, know the proper procedures?

ERGONOMICS Can the work be performed without eyestrain or glare to the employees?

CRANE CHECKLIST

Are the cranes visually inspected for defective components prior to the beginning of any work shift?

Is a crane preventive maintenance program established?

Lyles College of Engineering Chemical Safety Guidelines

Background The Hazard Communication Standard

In 1970, the Occupational Safety and Health Act established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) within the US Department of Labor. The original Act decreed that employees should be informed of all hazards to which they are exposed on the job. In the early 80's, OSHA implemented this instruction by enacting the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) as 29 CFR 1910.1200, and the HCS became effective in 1986. A fundamental premise of the HCS is that employees who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in the workplace have a right to know about the hazards and how to protect themselves. The HCS is therefore sometimes referred to as the "Worker Right-to-Know Legislation", or more often just as the "Right-to-Know" law. Although the original HCS applied only to the manufacturing industry, subsequent court challenges have expanded the scope of the law so that today the HCS applies to nearly all sectors of the work force.

The Chemical Hygiene Standard

As mentioned above, the Hazard Communication Standard (1910.1200), does not apply to certain kinds of laboratories. Laboratories, such as the teaching labs and research labs in the Chemistry Department are actually covered by the Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard (29 CFR 1910.1450). This standard is also known as the "Chemical Hygiene Standard". Analogously, the University's Hazard Communication Plan (based on the OSHA HCS) specifies that laboratories are subject to Chemical Hygiene Plan.

The Chemical Hygiene Standard is a more technical standard than the HCS, and includes additional material, such as requirements having to do with the proper maintenance of fume hoods and other safety equipment. As students in a chemistry laboratory course at the University, you shouldn't need to worry about the distinction between the HCS and the Chemical Hygiene Standard. The MSDSs, chemical labels, and other compliance measures that you will encounter will be exactly the same regardless of which standard technically covers your situation.

It should be mentioned that this discussion so far has dealt with the federal OSHA HCS. The State of California OSHA complies fully with all federal OSHA standards, having adopted them verbatim.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) What's a MSDS?

The Material Safety Data Sheet, or MSDS, is a document that gives detailed information about a material and about any hazards associated with the material. The HCS sets forth certain responsibilities having to do with MSDSs:

It is the responsibility of the manufacturer of a material to determine what hazards are associated with the material, to prepare an MSDS for the material, and to provide the MSDS to any recipients of the material.

It is the responsibility of an employer to provide MSDSs and training in their interpretation to the employees. MSDSs for hazardous materials must be immediately available in the workplace.

It is the responsibility of the employees to read and understand the MSDSs of any chemicals used on the job.

OSHA specifies that each MSDS must include, at a minimum, the information listed in the twelve sections below. Beyond that, OSHA does not specify the exact format of the MSDS, nor even how the information should be broken into sections, and so MSDSs prepared by different manufacturers tend to look different and contain different information. Even MSDSs for the same chemical can be quite different, if they were prepared by different manufacturers.

The OSHA-mandated MSDS information is as follows:

The chemical identity as listed on the label of the bottle including all ingredients including the chemical and common names of all hazardous ingredients

Physical and chemical characteristics (melting point, flash point, etc.)

Physical hazards (fire, explosion, and reactivity data)

Health hazards, including signs and symptoms of exposure

Primary route(s) of entry into the body

Exposure limits as set by OSHA or other agencies

Whether the chemical is a confirmed or potential carcinogen as determined by OSHA or other agencies

Precautions for safe handling and use

Applicable control measures

Emergency and first aid procedures

Date of preparation and latest revision of the MSDS

Contact information of the preparer of the MSDS

Note that the information above must be included in a MSDS. Often, additional information will be included, depending on which manufacturer produced the MSDS in question. There is no standard format for a MSDS.

How to read a MSDS

The amount of information presented in a MSDS can be quite daunting to someone unfamiliar with the format. The challenge is in interpreting all the information supplied, and making sense of the sometimes confusing language. This is made more difficult because there is no standardized format, besides the information which must appear on the MSDS (detailed above).

A good way to get an idea of the nature of a particular chemical from its MSDS is to read the hazards information (refer to the NFPA and HMIS sections in this document) and the toxicity information. The UO Chemistry Teaching Labs website has an excellent discussion of the interpretation of toxicity data contained in a MSDS, which is information usually contained in the "Exposure Limits" section.

Of course, to thoroughly familiarize yourself with the hazards of a chemical, you will want to read the entire MSDS. If you have difficulty interpreting some of the language used in a MSDS (for instance, what do you do if a chemical causes alopecia or cheilitis? what precautions are necessary to prevent paresthesias?), here is an online MSDS Dictionary which defines hundreds of medical and technical terms used in a MSDS.

Where to find a MSDS

There are probably about as many places online to find MSDSs as there are MSDSs. Manufacturers provide online lists, and so do many universities and government agencies. What follows is a short list to get you started.

On the campus:

If you are employed by the University and work with hazardous chemicals on the job, then your department should provide MSDSs for these materials.

If you are a student in the teaching labs, MSDSs are available from the stockroom.

The Department of Chemistry safety page has links to a few online MSDS sites, and there are more below.

The Environmental Health and Safety office is another excellent on-campus source for MSDSs. Check their page for contact information.

Manufacturer MSDS Databases:

Acros Chemicals. Owned by our friends at Fisher Scientific. As with many manufacturer databases, a keyword search may yield several results. Click on the pure substance, then click on the "MSDS" link. This search engine even allows you to draw the structure in, and search for it.

Sigma-Aldrich MSDS Search. Requires you to complete a quick registration before granting you access to about 90,000 MSDSs.

J.T. Baker Chemicals. MSDS info is formatted for HTML, and is easily readable.

Information about MSDSs:

Interactive Learning Paradigms, Inc. Fantastic site and good resource for all your MSDS questions. Manages to incorporate humor as well.

MSDS Search. Pretty comprehensive site, a bit visually distracting. Features the very useful MSDS Dictionary.

Hazard Labeling Systems The NFPA Identification System

The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA), in section 704 of the National Fire Code, outlines a system for identifying the hazards associated with materials. The information contained in this section and the linked sections below comes directly from the 1990 edition of NFPA 704. Although the system was developed primarily with the needs of fire protection agencies in mind, it is of value to anyone -- including students enrolled in chemistry laboratory courses -- who need to handle potentially hazardous material.

The hazard identification signal is a color-coded arrangement of numbers and/or letters arranged in a diamond shape. An example is shown below. You have probably seen see hazard diamonds like this on trucks, storage tanks, bottles of chemicals, and in various other places. The blue, red, and yellow fields (health, flammability, and reactivity, respectively) all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the material poses essentially no hazard, and a rating of four indicates extreme danger. The white field is reserved for "special precautions". Only two values are specified in NFPA 704: "OX", indicating that the chemical possesses oxidizing properties, and "W", indicating that the chemical is unusually reactive to water.

Click on one of the four colored diamonds below for an explanation of the degrees of hazard associated with that color.

HMIS - the Hazardous Material Information System The Hazardous Material Information System (HMIS) is a labeling system developed by the National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA) and sold through Labelmaster, Inc. An example of a HMIS label appears to the right. This system uses a label with four color bars and a blank bar at the top where the name of the chemical should appear. The HMIS system uses blue, red, and yellow colored bars. These bars indicate, respectively, the health, flammability, and reactivity hazards associated with the material. A numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4 is used in each of these bars, with a value of zero indicating that the material poses essentially no hazard, and a rating of four indicating extreme danger. The fourth, white bar is marked "personal protection". A letter (the letters used are A through K, and X) is placed in this bar to indicate the kind of personal protective equipment which should be used to safely handle the chemical.

Another very similar labeling system, the Hazardous Material Identification Guide (HMIG), was developed and is sold through Lab Safety Supply. This system is identical to HMIS with the exception that the fourth, white bar is marked "protective equipment" in the HMIG system.

Although the details of how numbers are assigned may vary somewhat between systems, the HMIS/HMIG system is essentially the same overall scheme as is used in the NFPA system, but there are differences.

The Differences Between NFPA and HMIS As explained above, both the NFPA and HMIS/HMIG systems are similar to the extent that both use the same colors to indicate the hazards associated with a chemical (blue for health, red for flammability, and yellow for reactivity). Both systems also use a scale of 5 numbers (0 through 4) to represent the relative degree of the hazard, 0 indicating the least and 4 indicating the most hazardous.

The differences between the systems are minimal, with one exception. Obviously the layout differs (NFPA using 4 diamonds and HMIS/HMIG using stacked bars), but the most significant difference is the intended audience for each of the systems. The HMIS/HMIG systems were designed to be compliant with the HCS, and targets employees who must handle hazardous chemicals in the workplace. The NFPA system, however, was developed to alert firefighters to the hazards of materials present at the scene of a fire. Therefore the numbers assigned in the NFPA system assume that a fire is present. Since no such assumption is made with the HMIS/HMIG system, hazard ratings can differ from system to system, even for the exact same chemical.

It should also be noted that the manufacturers of chemicals and materials assign hazard ratings, rather than the government. Therefore, number values will change from manufacturer to manufacturer according to their individual interpretation of the level of hazard present.

However, despite any differences between systems or manufacturers hazard levels, a hazardous chemical will remain a hazardous chemical. Any discrepancy between the systems or between two manufacturers will only result in a hazard rating being changed by an increment of 1, at the maximum. A chemical rated with a health hazard of "4" by one manufacturer will never be rated lower than "3" by any other manufacturer.

In the O-Chem stockroom, NFPA hazard ratings are used if available. If not, then HMIS/HMIG ratings are used instead, according to information made available by the manufacturer.

Where to Find Hazard Ratings

The source of all published NFPA ratings is, of course, the NFPA. Some NFPA Standards which list ratings are NFPA 49, "Hazardous Chemicals Data", and NFPA 325, "Guide to Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids". HMIS/HMIG ratings can be found in some vendor and manufacturer catalogs, such as Spectrum.

Some online sources that list (NFPA) hazard ratings are:

Michirtate University ORCBS

Genium's Chemical Container Label Database

Chemical Labels

When reagents arrive from the manufacturer, the labels are intended to communicate the hazards and precautions of handling a particular chemical to the researchers and professionals who will be using the chemical. Much of this information is also included in compliance with HCS legislation, to protect the manufacturer from liability for any accidents which occur during handling of the chemical.

Unfortunately for students in undergraduate-level teaching labs, this information carries little meaning, or is simply not interpreted correctly because the average undergrad hasn't had the training and education to fully understand the information presented. Therefore the OCS uses a simpler labeling system for the reagent bottles used by the students in the teaching labs. This system is a "hybrid" because it presents important information in a simpler and clearer format which is easy to understand, and also incorporates elements of both the NFPA and HMIS hazard labeling systems.

Here's an example of the labeling system we use:

The label consists of several parts:

http://wolfweb.unr.edu/%7Ehoward/safety/chemical_safety.html#hcs

http://wolfweb.unr.edu/%7Ehoward/safety/chemical_safety.html#nfpa

http://wolfweb.unr.edu/%7Ehoward/safety/chemical_safety.html#hmis

chemical name: Lists the name of the chemical. Many chemicals have several synonyms due to various systems of nomenclature. This can get a little confusing, so the most commonly-used name (according to the texts used for the teaching labs, but more often the name recommended by the IUPAC nomenclature system) will appear here.

chemical synonyms: Lists other names of the chemical, if there are any. For instance, "rock salt" would be listed as a synonym of the chemical "sodium chloride".

hazard rating: The hazard rating of the chemical. These ratings are usually published by the NFPA as Standards (NFPA 49 and 325, for example). If a chemical has no published NFPA rating, then HMIS/HMIG ratings are used instead, based on manufacturer information.

A blank hazard rating on a chemical does not mean the chemical is harmless! On the contrary; it means that the chemical has not been rated by the NFPA or is not contained in any other published source of hazard ratings. Chemicals with blank hazard ratings should be treated as dangerous. Reagents which are not pure chemicals (for instance, aqueous salt solutions) will not include a hazard rating diamond on their labels.

specific hazards: Based on the hazard rating, words appearing here draw your attention to specific hazards of the chemical or reagent. CORROSIVE! or POISON! will appear if the health (blue) rating is 3 or greater. FLAMMABLE! will appear if the flammability (red) rating is 3 or greater. EXPLOSIVE! or EXTREMELY REACTIVE! will appear if the reactivity (yellow) rating is 3 or greater, and WATER-REACTIVE! will appear if the chemical or reagent is water-reactive. In cases where the hazard rating is unknown, specific hazards may still be known and will be identified.

C S U Fresno Engineering Department Hoist Operation Procedures and Authorization

DO NOT operate mal-functioning equipment

DO report condition for repair by a qualified person

BEFORE OPERATION

http://www.iupac.org/

http://www.nfpa.org/

http://wolfweb.unr.edu/%7Ehoward/safety/chemical_safety.html#nfpa

http://wolfweb.unr.edu/%7Ehoward/safety/chemical_safety.html#hmis

BE FAMILIER with manufacturers instructions, National Safety Standards and

OSHA Rules

CHECK CHAIN or ROPE

MUST be seated in grooves, sheaves, or sprockets

MUST NOT BE twisted, kinked, or damaged in any way

CHECK CONTROLS

ALL limit switches must function properly

DIRECTION of hook travel MUST be in same directions as shown on controls

PERSONNEL

CLEAR all personnel from service platform and path of load

WHILE OPERATING

DO NOT lift more than the rated load

DO NOT lift people or loads over heads of people

WARN personnel of approaching loads

DO NOT use the hoist rope or chain as a sling

DO NOT use the limit switches as routine operating stops. They are EMERGENCY

devices only

DO NOT operate if rope or chain slips from groove (or sprocket). Place rope or chain in

grooves (or sprocket) before continuing operation

BEFORE LEAVING OPERATING POSITION

DO NOT leave load suspended and unattended

ALWAYS disconnect from power supply when equipment is not in use

AUTHORIZED HOIST OPERATORS ON FILE IN EE198 SAFETY MANUAL

EE 185 Safety & Training Regulations

Anyone at anytime entering EE 185 or 185A will be required to wear a hard hat during the duration of his/ her stay in the lab.

All hard hats will be located on the West wall upon entering the lab; all hard hats will be returned to their proper location only immediately prior to exiting the lab premises.

Anyone caught not wearing a hardhat at anytime while in the lab for any activity will be asked to put one on or leave the lab, and/or face possible lab expulsion.

If any tours are to be given in the lab, all guests, including tour guides, must also wear a hard hats at all times as stipulated in “b” above.

Hard hats will not be required to be worn in EE 185B.

A clear and clean walkway as seen on the attached map will be maintained at all times. The walkway will initiate from the West entrance and will be clearly identified by yellow/ black tape or paint. The walk way will be adjacent to the EE 185A room and will turn the corner (South) and again follow East leading out the East-end door to EE 185. This designated area will be clear of project related materials and storage or parts at all times.

The lab will be cleaned up and all tools will be put away at the end of each work day.

Any climbing in which a person's feet are at least 6 feet above the ground will be required to wear a harness. The only exception may be that when the harness is being attached.

All power tools will be operated following the manufacturer’s instructions and safety training procedures.

Training will be conducted by designated Faculty and technical staff. Said training will include:

Proper instruction on the use of all power tools

Instruction on what is considered proper clothing; this includes the importance of always wearing hard hats and how to wear hard hats.

Proper pertinent instruction on how to operate the overhead crane.

Proper instruction on how to safely use and attach the harness.

Proper instruction on the use of tools, such as, but not limited to, hammers, drills, and ladders.

Proper instruction on how to clean-up the lab and where to discard unusable materials.

For example, making sure that no nails protrude erect out of wood, no tripping hazards exist, proper pertinent disposal of chemicals, all exposed rebar ends has red caps placed on them.

Proper instruction on the use of all power tools, and the do's and don'ts of working in a construction zone.

Proper instruction on the potential hazards of computer overuse.

1. For example, letting students know the importance of taking breaks to stretch and to clear their minds periodically. This will help in making "smart" choices when working in the lab.

No food or alcoholic beverages will be allowed in the lab at anytime.

Every effort will be made to ensure that lab safety and training regulations are followed. The assembling and or disassembling of projects will be supported by the physical presence of supervising Faculty member and technical staff when needed and/or requested.

8. All training and all items listed above will be posted on the EE185 Safety Bulletin Board. No new student or personnel may enter the lab prior to receiving safety training. All tours will stay within the walkway zone.

TRAINING SCHEDULE GUIDELINES (Includes Training Request Form)

All supervisory faculty (including Chair, Coordinator, PI, Co-PI's) and any involved students (graduate and/or undergraduate), who will be engaged in departmental laboratory experimentation and work during the academic year, shall attend a mandatory annual lab safety training session (lasting one or more hours), usually held early in the Fall semester. Students not completing this training will not be allowed in the lab.

The PI, Co-PI's, or Faculty member requesting the training will have previously requested the specific training through the Department Office. This request would include number of students, and what specific type of training is required. This must be in writing 30 days prior to the training date. (See attached Training Request Form)

A Spring Semester session will be conducted early each Spring semester for any additional personnel who will need to be trained at that time.

The persons conducting the training shall consist of faculty and technical staff within the Department and/or College and/or University. The Chair, working in consultation with the program coordinator and technical staff person shall:

Develop the general outline of this training session.

This will be comprised of written material to be overviewed, possible videos, and possible demonstration of specific items.

Assign persons to conduct the various portions of the training agenda.

Schedule the training session from 1-4pm on a day with minimal impact upon attendee’s academic schedules, Friday afternoon for example.

Please note: There is a difference between Safety Awareness and Safety Training. Safety Training is for an individual that will actually be using specific items, and Safety Awareness is for individuals that will be working around those specific items.

Certain training will be available to a limited number of students, for example, we will NOT be training 15 students on crane operation, but they will get crane awareness. The amount of students trained on certain items will be at the discretion of the Chair, with input from supervisory faculty and technical staff.

All attendees will sign essential safety and/or notification forms at the training session.

It will be the responsibility of the various project professors to conduct any supplemental training, and ongoing evaluations needed between formal departmental training sessions. Here it will be absolutely critical for those newly trained persons to properly complete all safety documents and notification forms at the time of this supplemental training.

All training records and training information is maintained in the Department Office, in the IIPP Manual under “Training Manual”

PERSONS WHO UNDERGO DEPARTMENT WIDE (OR SUPPLEMENTAL) TRAINING MAY BE ALLOWED TO ACCESS DEPARTMENTAL LABS FOR EXPERIMENTATION AND WORK ACTIVITIES.

THESE PEOPLE WILL ALSO INSURE THAT NON-TRAINED STUDENTS DO NOT USE TOOLS OR ITEMS FOR WHICH THEY ARE NOT TRAINED IN. THERE WILL BE A QUALIFICATION LIST POSTED ON THE SAFETY BULLITEN BOARD TO INSURE THAT EVERYONE KNOWS WHO IS TRAINED.

THEY MAY ENTER RESTRICTED WORK AREAS AND AS AUTHORIZED, USE THE APPRORIATE TOOLS AND DEVICES. ANY OTHER PERSON SHALL BE ALLOWED ACCESS ONLY AS PART OF A TOUR WHICH IS MONITORED BY LAB SAFETY TRAINED PERSONELL, AND AS SUCH, SHALL REMAIN ON NON-WORKSPACE CLEAR, OR OPEN STORAGE AREAS WITHIN THE LAB IN QUESTION WITHIN THE WALKWAY ZONE, OR IN THE VIEWING SPACE IN EE185B.

TRAINING SCHEDULE REQUEST FORM Please fill out student name and type of training requested for that individual; also please select three options for the day of training. Please understand that we need a minimum of 30 days to schedule and implement this training.

_______________________ ________________

Training requested by Date

Student Participants Requested Training

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

_______________________________ _____________________

Training Dates:

_______________________ _____________________ ___________________

1st Choice 2nd Choice 3rd Choice

Requested Training:

#1-Power Saws #2-First Aid Overview #3-Power Drills #4-Crane Operation #5-Crane Awarenes #6-Pneumatic Nailers #6-Staple Guns #7-Power Grinders #8-Ladder Safety #9-Harness Awaren #10-Concrete Vibrator #11-Harness Safety #12-Fall Protection #13-Laser Safety #15-Chemical Awar

EE185 Crane Guidelines and Cautions

The overhead crane in EE185 is not designed, engineered, rated nor tested for the following procedures:

Horizontal pull, drag or lift.

Attaching any part of the crane mechanism to stabilize any object, structure or configuration over an extended period of time is prohibited.

The crane is designed, engineered, rated and tested for vertical lift only. Any abuse of the crane could potentially cause a catastrophic crane failure, structural damage to the building or exposure to unsafe laboratory conditions. In addition, serious bodily injury could occur due to mishandling of the crane by anyone individual approved to occupy the laboratory or operate the crane. For example, the crane has been utilized to move, reposition or relocate an item. The crane and its attaching mechanism will be detached from the load and moved to a safe location. Preferable some distance away from the item that has been moved, repositioned or relocated. Any attempt to bypass the specifications for what the crane was initially designed for is not recommended. In addition, the crane will not be used as a safety net or backup before, during, or after a test has been run. Any safety issues will be resolved without using the crane, unless these issues have been discussed with the committee. Any deviation from the above guidelines will immediately result in the revocation of the operator’s crane certification and expulsion from the lab until a thorough investigation has taken place.

Crane Operation

EXPERIENCE CAN BE THE WORST TEACHER

Experience teaches us a lot about working around cranes. But often the lessons are costly. For example: A laborer carrying a bag of cement walked between a crawler crane and a building column. The crane swung round and fatally crushed him between the counterweight and the column. On another job, a workman was leaning on the crane frame, talking with one of his buddies. The load came in contact with a live power line and he was electrocuted. Today, we'll discuss things we should and should not do when working around this equipment.

STAY OUT FROM UNDER It's a smart move on your part to stay out from under suspended hooks and loads. There's always a chance that during a lift, the load could shift and fall. It may be a slim chance because of the good rigging techniques we use. But once is all it takes to cause a serious injury or a fatality. Also stay clear of swinging loads. That big "I" beam can squash you like a bug if you get in the way.

YOU'RE NOT SAFE WHEN NOT SEEN Remember, too, that the crane operator may not see you. He's concentrating on moving his crane into position or swinging his load. Think of the swing area of the crane as "no- man's land." And stay out. The crane will have no sympathy if you get in the way. And it won't come out second best. I'll guarantee that.

OTHER DANGERS

Have you ever heard of a P.L.P.? It stands for Public Leaning Post. And a lot of people think that's what the crane is. They're asking for a shocking experience if the load or boom touches a live wire. So don't lean on the crane. Stay clear. It's too bad the workman we talked about earlier didn't take this advice. He'd still be around today. Of course, with all the overhead work going on, we always should wear our hard hats. Concrete slopped out of a lifted bucket can crack an unprotected skull. I don't understand why some persons never use the stairs or personnel hoists. They insist on "riding the hook." And they're asking for trouble when they do. It's one of the most dangerous means of transportation around.

USE EXTRA CARE AROUND CRANES The crane is a fantastic piece of equipment. It saves us an enormous amount of work. But like anything

else that's big and powerful, it can be dangerous. That's why I've taken the time to stress that you be extra careful when working around cranes.

Always be aware of the swing radius of the crane Never walk within the swing radius of the crane

Never work under suspended loads. Besides the crane boom could fail Never ride the hook. There are too many things that can go wrong you can’t control Always wear a hard hat when there is a possibility of a load being overhead Stay off of and away from the crane unless you are assigned to be on the crane Never walk under a boom, especially if it has a load on it

Remember: When working around a crane, the crane operator is going to be watching his load or the signal person and not for stray workers. Never enter the swing radius of a crane unless it is absolutely necessary. Never work within the swing radius. Hard hats are required.

Crane Misconceptions Nearly every product today has a warning label. In fact, many products have multiple warning labels, lights, and bells. We even have warnings telling us our coffee is hot!

It’s little wonder, then, that many of us suffer from warning overload and just ignore the warnings. Unfortunately, warning overload has made it difficult to get a meaningful safety message out, especially when the warning is about something we think is just plain common sense.

Being aware of these six common misconceptions will save your equipment and even may save your life.

Overload

Misconception. I don’t need to worry about overloading the crane; the manufacturer built a big safety factor into the design. Fact. This is the single most dangerous misconception about overhead cranes. Although some parts of an overhead crane are designed with a built-in safety factor, this is not true of the whole crane system. Furthermore, the crane is attached to a building that does not have these same safety factors. Picture an overloaded crane sitting on the floor amid a collapsed building because the crane’s safety factors were greater than the building’s. The crane and building probably were supplied by the lowest bidder. Do you really want to bet your life that the low-priced bidder put in extra capacity that wasn’t asked for? It’s also important to know that only some hoists are equipped with overload protection. Since 1974 all

chain hoists are required to have an overload protection system, but wire rope hoists are not. Economical load-checking devices can be added to almost all brands and types of hoists. Do you know exactly what 30 tons is when you see it? Without markings, who could tell? Even when the load was clearly marked, countless problems have occurred when operators failed to remove all tie-down chains or anchor bolts. These new overload devices are inexpensive insurance against easy-to-make and potentially deadly mistakes.

Side Pull

Misconception. As long as the hoist has enough rope, I can pull a small piece of steel out of the adjoining bay without a problem. After all, the piece I’m picking up is well below capacity. Fact. This is one of the most common mistakes made with overhead cranes. According to the Hoist Manufacturers Institute and the Crane Manufacturers Association of America, hoists and cranes are designed to lift straight up and lower straight down only. Side pull causes a number of dangerous conditions. First, the wire rope often comes out of its grooves and “scrubs” against the remaining rope or drum, resulting in damaged rope. Sometimes the rope actually jumps the drum and tangles itself around the shaft, resulting in stress to the rope. In addition, side pull causes stress in unintended ways even worse than rope problems. In a somewhat oversimplified example, let’s say a bridge beam is taller than it is wide, because its primary loading is vertical. Pulling at a 45-degree angle would put equal lateral and vertical stresses on the crane, possibly causing bridge beam failure, even with a pick that’s only half of the rated capacity.

Upper Limit Switch Misconception. When I lift, I need all the height I can get, so I must lift until I hit the upper limit switch. Fact. Again, this seems like common sense, but it’s dead wrong. The upper limit switch in a hoist is designed to prevent the hook assembly from colliding with the drum. It is a safety device, not an operational device. If the ultimate upper limit switch fails, the hook block and the drum will collide and the wire rope probably will fail, dropping the load. If you need an operational upper limit switch, install a second switch that is wired in a fail-safe mode. That way, if the operational limit switch fails and the ultimate upper limit is struck, the hoist still will turn off. Failure of the ultimate limit switch shuts down the hoist in the full up position, telling the operator to get help. If you don’t wire it in this manner, you won’t be able to tell when the first switch has failed until they both fail and the crane drops the load.

Secondary Braking Misconception. All hoists have a secondary brake, so I can work underneath a load without fear of

injury. Fact. Like the previous misconceptions, this one seems to be common sense too, but the practice is terribly dangerous. All hoists are required to have a primary and a secondary brake. All electric hoists have a primary brake that usually is a fail-safe disk brake or drum brake. This means that if you have a power failure, the brake will continue to hold the load until power is restored. For the secondary brake, some hoist manufacturers use a mechanical load brake. Others—about 80 percent—use a regenerative brake. A mechanical load brake will hold the load if the primary brake fails. However, this brake generates a lot of heat and usually isn’t used for applications with more than 30 tons or for high-usage applications of any capacity. Also, it is expensive and seldom used anymore. The critical fact about a regenerative brake is that it does not hold the load in the event of primary brake failure, but rather will lower the load at its normal operating speed. You should never stand under a loaded hoist. Doing so will definitely “split your skull,” whether the load is free-falling or falling at a so-called “controlled speed.”

Reverse Plugging Speed Control Misconception. When the crane is traveling in one direction, the easiest way for me to control velocity is to “feather” the reverse button. Fact. In the old days this was a reasonable method to control speed. Motors and contactors were much larger and heavier. They could take the abuse and were big enough to dissipate the heat. Modern motors and contactors are much more compact, and heat means premature component failure. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) legally mandated crane brakes in the 1970s. Although this mandate was intended to increase safety, it just compounded the problem with hard decelerations and swinging loads. Adjusting the brakes for one speed and load results in wild gyrations at another speed and load. In an effort to protect more delicate electric components and OSHA-mandated motor braking, manufacturers have developed various methods of soft start and soft stop, usually with variable AC inverters. These devices provide definable acceleration and deceleration curves. They also eliminate motor contactors and provide dynamic braking. Reverse plugging is no longer an option. You can push the reverse button all you want, but until the crane comes to a complete stop, the reverse button does not work. With older hoists, the load stops immediately. With new inverter-controlled hoists, every stop and every start goes through a prescribed deceleration ramp. It’s much like driving a car—you have to decelerate before stopping and accelerate before hitting top speed.

Daily Inspections

Misconception. The crane worked yesterday, so I can assume it will work today. Fact. Daily inspection is the simplest but most overlooked rule of crane operation. OSHA requires it, but few companies comply. This inspection doesn’t require a maintenance person, just a commonsense check list. It should take one operator about one minute at the beginning of each shift:

Look. Take a quick survey of the area. Does the crane look to be in operable condition? Have any parts fallen to the floor? Is anything hanging? Are there any signs of collisions or damage? Listen. Start running up the hoist. Do you hear any unusual sounds? Does the hook stop when it hits the upper limit switch or when it is lowered to the ground? (Not all hoists have lower limit switches, so check with a supervisor before performing this test.) Does the trolley and bridge movement sound right? Does the hoist appear to be working in all directions, and are the buttons’ directions consistent with the movement? (Remember, if the power phases have been reversed, the directions buttons will be wrong, and all safety circuits will be disabled.) Are the end stops in place and functioning? Document. On the daily inspection sheet, check off that the crane looks and sounds operational and that it performed normally. Afterward write your initials.

The misconceptions discussed here probably represent a small fraction of the issues involved with crane safety, but they comprise the overwhelming majority of crane accidents and breakdowns. Make sure you and those around you understand these six topics, and chances are you’ll have a safe and productive day.

Crane Safety Safety is always the top priority in crane operation!

Qualifications Crane operation, to be safe and efficient, requires skill, the exercise of extreme care and good judgement, alertness and concentration, and a rigid adherence to proven safety rules and practices as outlined in applicable and current ANSI and OSHA safety standards.

In general practice, no person should

be permitted to operate a crane:

(a) Who cannot speak the

appropriate language or read and understand the printed instructions;

(b) Who is not of legal age to operate this type of equipment;

(c) Whose hearing or eyesight is impaired (unless suitably corrected with good depth perception);

(d) Who may be suffering from heart or other ailments which might interfere with the operator's safe performance;

(e) Unless the operator has carefully read and studied the operation manual supplied by the Crane Manufacturer;

(f) Unless the operator has been properly instructed;

(g) Unless the operator has demonstrated his instructions through practical operation;

(h) Unless the operator is familiar with hitching equipment and practices.

should be taken when using eye bolts as lifting fixtures?

Describe the proper installation procedures for wire-rope clips

What effect will a kink in a wire rope cause?

What must an incidental crane and hoist operator do if a load weighs more than 225 kg (500 lb)?

Before operating the crane, the crane operator should carefully read and study the operation manual supplied with the crane by the Crane Manufacturer and note any special instructions not given previously by the proper instructor or supervisor.

With the mainline switch open (power off) the crane operator should operate each master switch or push button in both directions so as to get the "feel" of each device and also determine that they do not bind or stick in any position. If any of them do, before doing anything else, the operator should report the condition to the proper supervisor.

Learning the Controls Having observed the feel of the controllers, the crane operator is now ready to try the crane with power applied.

After checking to be sure no one is on or near the crane, close the crane disconnecting means and press the "ON" or "RESET" button so that the power is on.

Try the hoisting motion first. The hook should be in an intermediate position. Move the master or push button slowly in the "up" direction or press the "UP" button in the pendant in the same manner. The

resultant movement should correspond with master switch or push button markings for all motions. Observe the speed increase in relation to the steps in the controller. Try to feel the steps in a pendant-type controller. Move the hook to a position near the upper hook position and slowly inch the hook into the upper limit stop position. The limit switch should cause the hoisting motion to stop at the upper limit of travel. If any malfunction of either the hoist brake or the limit switch is suspected, this condition should be reported to the supervisor before proceeding. The hoist limit switch should never be used as an operating control for stopping the load. It is to be considered as an emergency limit switch only.

Repeat this procedure with the trolley controller. If the trolley is not equipped with a brake, note how it can be stopped by momentarily operating the control in the first point of the reverse direction. This is known as "plugging." Next try the bridge motion, first making sure that the first movement is in the direction the bridge is free to travel. Check the stopping of the bridge by means of the brake and by plugging.

GOOD operators should always remember and follow four simple rules:

1 Start all motions slowly, by moving the controller handle or push button step by step until the fastest safe speed is reached.

2 Stop slowly, by bringing the master switch or push button to the "off" position step by step so as to minimize "swinging" of the load and unnecessary wear of the brakes.

3 Learn to judge the drift of each motion of the crane after power is removed. Proper use of this drift will facilitate spotting of the load and minimize wear of crane components.

4 Handle the load in a safe manner with the area free of personnel and other obstructions.

Handling the Bridge Travel Motion Before using the trolley or bridge of the crane, the operator should be sure the hook is high enough to clear any obstruction. Before a load is handled by the crane, the bridge should be brought in position so that it is directly over the load. Otherwise it will be impossible to "spot" the trolley and hoist hook over the load.

On floor-controlled cranes, the electric brake will set automatically when the push button is released.

Start the bridge slowly and bring it up to speed gradually. Approaching the place where it is desired to stop the bridge, reduce the bridge speed. If the operator finds that the crane is going to "overrun" the point where the bridge is to be stopped, apply the bridge brake. If extra fine control or creeping speed is not provided, follow the practice of "inching," namely: Move the controller handle or button on and off the point that produces a minimum of motion. This practice should be followed only as necessary because it causes extra wear on the controller contacts and the electric brake. Skidding of wheels when stopping will result in flat spots on the wheels and rough bridge action.

Handling the Trolley Travel Motion Before a load is handled, the hoist should be brought directly over the load that is to be handled. When the slack is taken out of the slings, if the hoist is not directly over the load, bring it directly over the load before hoisting is continued. Failure to center the hoist over the load may cause the load to swing upon lifting.

If the trolley is equipped with a brake, follow the instruction given for controlling the bridge.

If the trolley is not equipped with a brake, this motion may require more skillful handling than any other motion of the crane. As the operator becomes familiar with the crane, he can gauge the amount of "drift" and allow for it. This will eliminate the necessity of quickly reversing power to the trolley motor to bring the trolley to a stop.

Always start the trolley motion slowly and reduce the trolley speed gradually. For very slight trolley movements, follow the practice of "inching" as described in "Handling the Bridge Travel Motion."

Handling the Hoist Motion After the hook has been brought over the load, lower it until the load can be attached to the hook. As the hook approaches this level, reduce the speed so that the lowering can be stopped smoothly and quickly.

If load slings are used to handle the load, the slings should be fully seated in the saddle of the hook. With the hook latch closed (if equipped with hook latch), the hook should be started upward slowly until all slack has been taken out of the slings. Then the load should be lifted slowly until it is clear and it has been determined that the load is properly balanced and the slings properly placed. The hoisting speed may then be increased and maintained until the load is clear of all obstructions or if a hitcher gives the signal to stop.

When Towering loads, the lowering speeds should be gradually decreased until the load is near the place where it is to be stopped. If a hitcher is used it is very important that the operator pay particular attention to the directions of the hitcher. When the operator is signaled to continue lowering, it should be done at the slowest possible speed. If extra fine control is not provided, final spotting should be accomplished by following the practice of "inching" described in "Handling the Bridge Travel Motion.'

When it is necessary that loads be raised or lowered extremely short distances, particularly when raising loads off the floor or out of machine tools or fixtures, the practice of "inching" may be followed if extra fine control is not provided. Note: A good operator should minimize the number of inching operations.

The operator should check the hoist brake by raising the load a short distance and stopping. Check the load for drift. If no drift, lower the load halfway to the floor and stop. Again check for drift. If load drift is noticed in either step, lower the load to the floor and report the situation immediately to the supervisor.

General Operating Safety Suggestions Check these Crane Manufacturers' Association of America recommendations for efficient and safe crane operation.

One measure of a good crane operator is the smoothness of the crane operation. Jumpy and jerky operation, flying starts, quick reversals and sudden stops are the "trademarks" of a poor operator. The good operator should know and follow these proven suggestions for safe, efficient crane handling:

1. Crane controls should be moved smoothly and gradually to avoid abrupt, jerky movements of the load. Slack must be removed from the sling and hoisting ropes before the load is lifted.

2. Center the crane over the load before starting the hoist to avoid swinging the load as the lift is started. Loads should not be swung by the crane to reach areas not under the crane.

3. Crane hoisting ropes should be kept vertical. Cranes shall not be used for side pulls.

4. Never lower the block below the point where less than two full wraps of rope remain on the hoisting drum. Should all the rope be unwound from the drum, be sure it is rewound in the correct direction and seated properly in the drum grooves or otherwise the rope will be damaged and the hoist limit switch will not operate to stop the hoist in the high position.

5. Be sure everyone in the immediate area is clear of the load and aware that a load is being moved. Sound the warning device (if provided) when raising, lowering or moving loads wherever people are working to make them aware that a load is being moved.

6. Do not make lifts beyond the rated load capacity of the crane, sling chains, rope slings, etc.

7. Do not operate the crane if limit switches are out of order, or if ropes show defects or wear.

8. Make certain that before moving the load, load slings, load chains, or other lifting devices are fully seated in the saddle of the hook with hook latch closed (if equipped with hook latch).

9. When a duplex hook (double saddle hook) is used, a double sling or choker should be used to assure that the load is equally divided over both saddles of the hook.

10. On all capacity or near capacity Toads, the hoist brakes should be tested by returning the master switch or push button to the "OFF' position after raising the load a few inches off the floor. Check the load for drift. If no drift, lower the load halfway to th.~ floor and stop. Again check for drift. If load drift is noticed in either step, lower the load to the floor and report the situation immediately to the supervior.

11. Check to be sure that the load and/or bottom block is lifted high enough to clear all obstructions when moving bridge or trolley.

12. At no time should a load be left suspended from the crane unless the operator is at the master switches or push button with the power on, and under this condition keep the load as close as possible to the floor to minimize the possibility of an injury if the load should drop. When the crane is holding a load, the crane operator should remain at the master switch or push button.

13. When a hitcher is used, it should be the joint responsibility of the crane operator and the hitcher to see that hitches are secure and that all loose material has been removed from the load before starting a lift.

14. Do not lift loads with any sling hooks hanging loose. (If all sling hooks are not needed, they should be properly stored, or use a different sling.)

15. All slings or cables should be removed from the crane hooks when not in use. (Dangling cables or hooks hung in sling rings can inadvertently snag other objects when the crane is moving.)

16. Crane operators should not use limit switches to stop the hoist under norrnal operating conditions. (These are emergency devices and shall not be used as operating controls.)

17. Do not block, adjust or disconnect limit switches in order to go higher or lower than the switch will allow.

18. Upper limit switches (and lower limit switches, when provided) should be tested in stopping the hoist at the beginning of each shift, or as frequently as otherwise directed.

19. Operators shall not carry loads and/or empty bottom blocks over personnel. Particular additional caution should be practiced when using magnet or vacuum devices. Loads, or parts of loads, held magnetically could drop. Failure of power to magnets or vacuum devices can result in dropping the load. Extra precaution should be exercised when handling molten metal in the proximity of personnel.

20. If the electric power goes off, place your controllers in the "OFF" position and keep them there until power is again available.

21. Before closing main or emergency switches, be sure that all controllers are in the "OFF" position so that the crane cannot start unexpectedly.

22. If plugging protection is not provided, always stop the controllers momentarily in the "OFF" position before reversing~xcept to avoid accidents. (The slight pause is necessary to give the braking mechanism time to operate.)

23. Whenever the operator leaves the crane this procedure should be followed:

(a) Raise all hooks to an interrnediate position.

(b) Spot the crane at an approved designated location.

(c) Place all controls in the "OFF" position.

(d) Open the main switch to the "OFF" position.

(e) Make visual check before leaving the crane.

Note: On yard cranes (cranes on outside runways), operators should set the brake and anchor securely so the crane will not be moved by the wind.

24. When two or more cranes are used in making one lift, it is very important that the crane operators take signals from only one designated person.

25. Never attempt to close a switch that has an "OUT OF ORDER" or "DO NOT OPERATE" card on it. Even when a crane operator has placed the card, it is necessary to make a careful check to deteimine that no one else is working on the crane, before removing the card.

26. In case of emergency or during inspection, repairing, cleaning or lubricating, a warning sign or signal should be displayed and the main switch should be locked in the "OFF" position. This should be done whether the work is being done by the crane operator or by others. On cab-operated cranes when others are doing the work, the crane operator should remain in the crane cab unless otherwise instructed by the supervisor.

27. Never move or bump another crane that has a warning sign or signal displayed. Contacts with runway stops or other cranes shall be made with extreme caution. The operator should do so with particular care for the safety of persons on or below the crane, and only after making certain that any persons on the other cranes are aware of what is being done.

28. Do not change fuse sizes. Do not attempt to repair electrical apparatus or to make other major repairs on the crane unless specific authorization has been received.

29. Never bypass any electrical limit switches or warning devices.

30. Load limit or overload devices shall not be used to measure loads being lifted. Since this is an emergency device, it shall not be used as a production operating control.

Guideline for Cranes, Hoists & Rigging Safety

A . Purpose

Several types of cranes, hoists, and rigging devices are used for lifting and moving materials in the College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department.

The mission of the Engineering Safety Program is to maintain a safe and healthful environment for faculty, researchers, staff, students and visitors; therefore, it cannot be overemphasized that only qualified and competent individuals shall be designated operate these devices.

B. Application

The crane, hoist, and rigging safety program applies to all operations of the Engineering Program that involve the use of cranes, hoists and/or rigging installed in or attached to buildings, and to mobile equipment. It applies to all Engineering employees, including: faculty, researchers, staff, students, visitors, supplemental labor, and subcontractor personnel who use such devices. In addition to the roles and responsibilities established in the Engineering Safety Policy, this program establishes crane-specific safety responsibilities. Each affected Department Chair, Program Director, or designee, shall ensure that designated operators are trained and that records of such training are documented and maintained for at least the individuals’ duration of employment plus

five years.

C. Crane-Specific Responsibilities Supervisors are responsible for:

Ensuring that employees under their supervision receive the required training and are qualified to operate the cranes and hoists in their areas.

Providing training for prospective crane and hoist operators.

Evaluating crane and hoist trainees.

Ensuring that hoisting equipment is inspected and tested monthly by a responsible, designated individual, that rigging equipment is inspected annually, and that inspection results are documented on-site.

Crane and Hoist Operators are responsible for:

Operating hoisting equipment safely.

Conducting functional tests prior to using the equipment.

Selecting and using rigging equipment appropriately.

Department Chair/Department Technician is responsible for:

Performing annual maintenance and inspection of all cranes and hoists that are not covered by an individual maintenance agreement.

Conducting periodic and special load tests of cranes and hoists.

Maintaining written records of inspections and tests, and providing copies of all inspections and test results to Engineering administrator.

Inspecting and load testing cranes and hoists following modification or extensive repairs (e.g., a replaced cable or hook, or structural modification.)

Scheduling a non-destructive test and inspection for crane and hoist hooks at the time of the periodic load test, and testing and inspecting before use new replacement hooks and other hooks suspected of having been overloaded. The evaluation, inspection, and testing may include, but are not limited to visual, dye penetrant, and magnetic particle techniques referenced in ASME B30.10 (Hooks, Inspection and Testing.)

Maintaining all manuals for cranes and hoists in a central file for on-site reference.

Conducting training for all Crane & Hoist Operators

Engineering Safety Office is responsible for:

Periodically verifying monthly test and inspection reports.

Interpreting crane and hoist safety rules and standards.

Providing management planning and technical assistance.

D . Safe Operating Requirements All workers who use any crane or hoist shall have been certified prior to using equipment. The Department Chair/Project Director issues certifications for authorized employees who have been specifically trained in crane and hoist operations and equipment safety. (For fixed location equipment, a current list of designated operators may be maintained onsite.)

E. Crane and Hoist Operators To be qualified as a Crane and Hoist Operator, the candidate shall have received hands-on training from a qualified crane and hoist operator designated by the Department Chair or designee.

Upon successful completion of training, the crane and hoist operator and the candidate's supervisor will fill out and sign the Safety Training Certification Form.

F. General Safety Rules Operators shall comply with the following rules while operating the cranes and hoists:

Do not engage in any practice that will divert your attention while operating the crane.

Respond to signals only from the person who is directing the lift, or an appointed signal person. Obey a stop signal at all times, no matter who gives it.

Do not move a load over people. People shall not be placed in jeopardy by being under a suspended load. Also, do not work under a suspended load, unless the load is supported by blocks, jacks, or a solid footing that will safely support the entire weight. Have a crane or hoist operator remain at the controls or lock open and tag the main electrical disconnect switch.

Ensure that the rated load capacity of a crane's bridge, individual hoist, or any sling or fitting is not exceeded. Know the weight of the object being lifted or use a dynamometer or load cell to determine the weight.

Check that all controls are in the OFF position before closing the main-line disconnect switch.

If spring-loaded reels are provided to lift pendants clear off the work area, ease the pendant up into the stop to prevent damaging the wire.

Avoid side pulls and/or load swinging. These can cause the hoist rope to slip out of the drum groove, damaging the rope or destabilizing the crane or hoist.

To prevent shock loading, avoid sudden stops or starts. Shock loading can occur when a suspended load is accelerated or decelerated, and can overload the crane or hoist. When completing an upward or downward motion, ease the load slowly to a stop.

G. Crane & Hoist Operation Rules 1. Pre-operational Test

At the start of each work shift, operators shall do the following steps before making lifts with any crane or hoist:

Test the upper-limit switch. Slowly raise the unloaded hook block until the limit switch trips.

Visually inspect the hook, load lines, trolley, and bridge as much as possible from the operator's station; in most instances, this will be the floor of the building.

If provided, test the lower-limit switch.

Test all direction and speed controls for both bridge and trolley travel.

Test all bridge and trolley limit switches, where provided, if operation will bring the equipment in close proximity to the limit switches.

Test the pendant emergency stop.

Test the hoist brake to verify there is no drift without a load.

If provided, test the bridge movement alarm.

Lock out and tag for repair any crane or hoist that fails any of the above tests. Do not return to service until necessary maintenance is completed.

2. Moving a Load Center the hook over the load to keep the cables from slipping out of the drum grooves and overlapping, and to prevent the load from swinging when it is lifted. Inspect the drum to verify that the cable is in the grooves.

Use a tag line when loads must traverse long distances or must otherwise be controlled. Manila rope may be used for tag lines.

Plan and check the travel path to avoid personnel and obstructions.

Lift the load only high enough to clear the tallest obstruction in the travel path.

Start and stop slowly.

Land the load when the move is finished. Choose a safe landing.

Never leave suspended loads unattended. In an emergency where the crane or hoist has become inoperative, if a load must be left suspended, barricade and post signs in the surrounding area, under the load, and on all four sides. Lock open and tag the crane or hoist's main electrical disconnect switch.

3. Parking a Crane or Hoist

Remove all slings and accessories from the hook. Return the rigging device to the designated storage racks.

Raise the hook at least 2.1 m (7 ft) above the floor.

Store the pendant away from aisles and work areas, or raise it at least 2.1 m (7 ft) above the floor.

Place the emergency stop switch (or push button) in the OFF position.

H . General Rigging Safety Requirements Use only select rigging equipment that is in good condition. All rigging equipment shall be inspected at least annually. Defective equipment shall be removed from service and destroyed to prevent inadvertent reuse. The load capacity limits shall be stamped or affixed to all rigging components. Prudent practice requires a minimum safety factor of 5 to be maintained for wire rope slings.

1 . The following types of slings shall be rejected or destroyed:

Nylon slings with

• Abnormal wear.

• Torn stitching.

• Broken or cut fibers.

• Discoloration or deterioration.

Wire-rope slings with

• Kinking, crushing, bird-caging, or other distortions.

• Evidence of heat damage.

• Cracks, deformation, or worn end attachments.

• Six randomly broken wires in a single rope lay.

• Three broken wires in one strand of rope.

• Hooks opened more than 15% at the throat.

• Hooks twisted sideways more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook.

Alloy steel chain slings with

• Cracked, bent, or elongated links or components.

• Cracked hooks.

Shackles, eye bolts, turnbuckles, or other components that are damaged or deformed.

2 . Rigging a Load

Operators shall do the following when rigging a load:

• Determine the weight of the load. Do not guess.

• Determine the proper size for slings and components.

• Do not use manila rope for rigging.

• Make sure that shackle pins and shouldered eye bolts are installed in accordance with the manufacturer's

recommendations.

• Make sure that ordinary (shoulderless) eye bolts are threaded in at least 1.5 times the bolt diameter.

(Grade 8 preferred.)

• Use safety hoist rings (swivel eyes) as a preferred substitute for eye bolts wherever possible.

• Pad sharp edges to protect slings. Remember that machinery foundations or angle-iron edges may not feel

sharp to the touch but will cut into rigging when under several tons of load. Wood, tire rubber, or other

pliable materials may be suitable for padding.

• Do not use slings, eye bolts, shackles, or hooks that have been cut, welded, brazed, or otherwise altered.

• Install wire-rope clips with the base only on the live end and the U-bolt only on the dead end. Follow the

manufacturer's recommendations for the spacing for each specific wire size.

• Determine the center of gravity and balance the load before moving it.

• Initially lift the load only a few inches to test the rigging and balance.

I. Crane Overloading

Cranes or hoists shall not be loaded beyond their rated capacity for normal operations. Any crane or hoist suspected

of having been overloaded shall be removed from service by locking open and tagging the main disconnect switch.

Additionally, overloaded cranes shall be inspected, repaired, load tested, and approved for use before being

returned to service.

J. Working at Heights on Cranes or Hoists

Anyone conducting maintenance or repair on cranes or hoists at heights greater than 1.8 m (6 ft) shall use fall

protection. Fall protection should also be considered for heights less than 1.8 m. Fall protection includes safety

harnesses that are fitted with a lifeline and securely attached to a structural member of the crane or building or

properly secured safety nets. Belts are not permitted for fall protection.

Use of a crane as a work platform should only be considered when conventional means of reaching an elevated

worksite are hazardous or not possible. Workers shall not ride a moving bridge crane without a formal approval from

the Department or Division Head, or designee; which shall specify the following as a minimum:

• Personnel shall not board any bridge crane unless the main disconnect switch is locked and tagged

open.

Engineering Program EPO-OES-007

Texas A&M University System

Page 6 of 8

• Personnel shall not use bridge cranes without a permanent platform (catwalk) as work platforms.

Bridge catwalks shall have a permanent ladder access.

• Personnel shall ride seated on the floor of a permanent platform with approved safety handrails, wear

safety harnesses attached to designated anchors, and be in clear view of the crane operator at all

times.

• Operators shall lock and tag open the main (or power) disconnect switch when the crane is parked.

K. Hand Signals

Signals to the operator shall be in accordance with standard hand signals unless voice communications equipment

(telephone, radio, or equivalent) is used. Signals shall be discernible or audible at all times. Some special operations

may require addition to or modification of the basic signals. For all such cases, these special signals shall be agreed

upon and thoroughly understood by both the person giving the signals and the operator, and shall not be in

conflict with the standard signals.

L. Inspection, Maintenance, and Testing

All tests and inspections shall be conducted in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

M. Monthly In-House Tests and Inspections

• All in-service cranes and hoists shall be inspected monthly and the results documented.

• The Department/Division Head or Center Director shall designate an appropriate individual to conduct and

document in-house crane, hoist and rigging inspections.

• Defective cranes and hoists shall be locked and tagged "out of service" until all defects are corrected. The

inspector shall initiate corrective action by notifying the.

N. Required Preventive Maintenance Inspections

The Department/Division Head, Center Director, or designee, shall schedule and supervise (or perform) annual

preventive maintenance (PM) and annual inspections of all cranes and hoists. Annual PM inspections shall be

conducted by a designated crane inspector for frequent use cranes; or, at least every three years for infrequently

used cranes.

The annual PM inspection shall cover at least:

• Hoisting and lowering mechanisms.

• Trolley travel or monorail travel.

• Bridge travel.

• Limit switches and locking and safety devices.

• Structural members.

• Bolts or rivets.

• Sheaves and drums.

• Parts such as pins, bearings, shafts, gears, rollers, locking devices, and clamping devices.

• Brake system parts, linings, pawls, and ratchets.

• Load, wind, and other indicators over their full range.

• Gasoline, diesel, electric, or other power plants.

• Chain-drive sprockets.

Engineering Program EPO-OES-007

Texas A&M University System

Page 7 of 8

• Crane and hoist hooks.

• Electrical apparatus such as controller contractors, limit switches, and push button stations.

• Wire rope.

• Hoist chains.

O. Load Testing

• Newly installed cranes and hoists shall be load tested at 125% of the rated capacity by designated

personnel.

• Slings shall have appropriate test data when purchased. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to ensure

that the appropriate test data are obtained and maintained.

• Re-rated cranes and hoists shall be load tested to 125% of the new capacity if the new rating is greater

than the previous rated capacity.

• Fixed cranes or hoists that have had major modifications or repair shall be load tested to 125% of the rated

capacity.

• Cranes and hoists that have been overloaded shall be inspected prior to being returned to service.

• Personnel platforms, baskets, and rigging suspended from a crane or hoist hook shall be load tested initially,

then re-tested annually thereafter, or at each new job site.

• All mobile cranes & hoists shall be load tested at least annually.

P. Records

The Department/Division Head, Center Director, or designee, shall maintain records for all cranes, hoist and rigging

equipment in the affected workplace.

Q. Non-standard, Crane-Like Lifting Devices

Non-standard devices and equipment for lifting personnel and/or materials shall be receive operational and

preventive maintenance inspections, as required for cranes and hoists. Each such device shall be evaluated for

suitability on a case-by-case basis, based on documented engineering design and performance data. The

Department/Division Head, Center Director, or designee, shall justify the presence and use of such devices.

R. References

ASME/ANSI B30.2, "Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder, Top Running Trolley Hoist)."

ASME/ANSI B30.9, "Slings."

ASME/ANSI B30.10, "Hooks."

ASME/ANSI B30.11, "Monorails and Underhung Cranes."

ASME/ANSI B30.16, "Overhead Hoists (Underhung)."

ASME/ANSI B30.17, "Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung Hoist)."

ASME/ANSI B30.20, "Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices."

ASME/ANSI B30.21, "Manually Lever Operated Hoists."

Code of Federal Regulation, Title 29, Part 1910.179, "Overhead and Gantry Cranes."

Code of Federal Regulation, Title 29, Part 1910.184, "Slings."

Code of Federal Regulation, Title 29, Part 1926.550, "Cranes and Derricks."

Mechanical Engineering Department Design Safety Standards, Chapter 2.2, "Lifting equipment."

CMAA Specification

Civil and Geomatics Engineering Laboratory Safety Manual FALL PROTECTION SAFETY

Fall Protection FAQ’s

Q: What standards apply? A: Fall protection is addressed in specific standards for the construction industry. This page highlights OSHA Standards, Federal Registers (rules, proposed rules, and notices) preambles to final rules (background to final rules), directives (instructions for compliance officers), standard interpretations (official letters of interpretation of the standards), example cases, and national consensus standards related to fall protection.

Q: What are the fall hazards and possible solutions associated with construction? A: Occupational fatalities caused by falls remain a serious public health problem. The US Department of Labor (DOL) lists falls as one of the leading causes of traumatic occupational death, accounting for eight percent of all occupational fatalities from trauma. Before you can begin a fall protection program, you must identify the potential fall hazards in your workplace. Any time a worker is at a height of six feet or more, the worker is at risk and needs to be protected. The following references aid in recognizing and evaluating hazards and possible solutions in the workplace.

Q: What's the fall distance? A: Safety harness information for each brand and fall distance charts available.

Q: What is the trigger height for fall

protection? A: The standard trigger height for fall protection is 6 feet above a lower surface for construction applications. General industry requires fall protection at 4 feet above a lower surface. Q: What is fall protection? A: Fall Protection is a system that is designed to protect personnel from the risk of falls when working at elevated heights at 6 feet or greater.

Q: Who is responsible to provide fall protection to faculty, staff and/or students? A: Managers and Supervisors have primary responsibility for providing safe working conditions to include Fall Protection.

Q: Does someone working on a portable ladder need fall protection? A: Neither the ladder standard (29 CFR 1926, subpart X) nor the fall protection standard (29 CFR 1926, subpart M) requires fall protection for workers while working on portable ladders.

Q: What is the difference in fall protection “Worker” and fall protection Awareness” training? A: Worker training targets individuals required to work in hazardous situations where fall protection equipment, such as fall arrest or restraint devices are used. “Awareness” training is required when an individual might access a roof to visually inspect equipment/conditions without actually getting near an

unprotected edge. Do basically, awareness training allows workers to make informed decisions when working around areas with unprotected edge of 4 feet or more.

Q: Should tool belts be worn under or over full body harnesses? A: Raising tools separate from the worker is sometimes safer and easier on the worker. If you must wear both, harnesses go on first. Tool belts should not impede the movement of harness straps during a fall and should not turn into a waist belt that could damage stomach organs in the fall.

Q: Where do the D-rings need to be located on the harness for my application? A: The back D-ring is for fall arrest, the front D-ring is for climbing systems or personnel riding, the hip D-rings are for work positioning and travel restriction, and the shoulder D-rings are for personnel riding.

Q: How do I choose a harness? A: There are many harnesses available and choice should be driven primarily by consideration for safety, functionality and comfort. Any properly designed harness is capable (if used correctly) of safety arresting a fall, but many work applications call for specific features. For instance; work positioning, ladder climbing and retrieval will require additional D-rings. Positioning may also require a built-in belt and back support and possibly an integral seat strap. Other features, such as integral padding, can greatly improve worker comfort, while others like bayonet style connectors and d-ring extenders can improve worker acceptance by making harnesses easier to don. North offers a full range of harnesses with all these features, and our staff is available to advice on harness choice.

Q: What's the difference between polyester and nylon webbing in harnesses and lanyards? A: Nylon (polyamide) and polyester are both synthetic products with very consistent performance properties required for fall protection. Polyester's great advantage is that it is resistant to more chemical compounds and resists UV degradation better than polyamide.

Q: What happens if the webbing is fully extended? (Duralite) A: If the webbing is fully extended the unit still has one complete wrap contained to ensure that the unit can absorb the energy of a fall when the unit is fully extended.

CSU Fresno

COE Civil Engineering

Fall Protection Plan For Beam and Bent Cap Construction

Prepared for:

California State University, Fresno (CSUF), College of Engineering (COE), Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering (CGE)

By:

Thomas Attard

FALL PROTECTION PLAN FOR BENT CAP AND COLUMN ACTIVITY

Civil Engineering Structures Lab EE185

This Fall Protection Plan is Specific for the Following Project:

Location of Job: EE185

Date Plan Prepared or Modified: 4/7/08

Plan Prepared By: Thomas Attard

Plan Approved By: Ron Harris

Plan Supervised By: Steve Scherer

The following Fall Protection Plan is prepared for the prevention of injuries associated with falls. Fall Protection Plans must be developed and evaluated on a site by site basis. It is recommended that builders discuss the written Fall Protection Plan with their OSHA Area Office prior to going on a jobsite.

I. Statement of Company Policy

CSUF, COE is dedicated to the protection of its employees and students from on-the-job injuries.

All employees and students of Civil Engineering have the responsibility to work safely on the job. The purpose of the plan is to supplement our existing safety and health program and to ensure that every employee who works for COE recognizes workplace fall-hazards and takes the appropriate measures to address those hazards.

This Fall Protection Plan addresses the use of fall protection at a number of areas on the project, as well as identifies specific activities that require non-conventional means of fall protection. During the construction of columns and bent caps under 48 feet tall, the use of conventional “in-the-field” fall protection systems at specific areas or for specific tasks may either not be feasible herein and/ or may even increase the risk of injury or accident. Some tasks associated with this “lab-work” may include, but are not limited to:

Setting and bracing of forms and sonotube for columns.

Installation of floor sheathing for bent cap pouring.

Installation of catwalk for bent cap pouring.

In these cases, conventional fall protection systems may not be the safest choice for builders, where conventional fall protection systems may for example be defined as guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, or safety nets systems.

Safety policy and procedure on any one project cannot be administered, implemented, monitored and enforced by any one individual. The total objective of a safe, accident free work environment can only be accomplished by a dedicated, concerted effort by every individual involved with the project starting from management and everyone involved. Each worker must understand his or her value to the company, the costs of accidents, (both monetary, physical, and emotional), the objectives of the safety policy and procedures, the safety rules that apply to the safety policy and procedures, and what their individual role is in administering, implementing, monitoring, and compliance of their safety policy and procedures. This enables a personal compliance to exist through proper planning, training, understanding and cooperation, rather than by strict enforcement. If for any reason an unsafe act persists, strict enforcement will take place.

This plan is designed to enable the company and its employees to recognize the fall hazards associated with this job and to establish the safety procedures that are to be followed in order to prevent falls to lower levels or through holes and openings in walking/working surfaces.

Each employee will be trained in these procedures and will strictly adhere to them unless the procedure would in an unforeseen instance expose an employee to a greater hazard. If, in the employee’s opinion, this is the case, the employee is to notify the competent person of their concern and have the concern addressed before proceeding.

It is the responsibility of Steve Scherer, as the competent person, to see that this Fall Protection Plan is abided by. Continual observational safety checks of work operations and the enforcement of the safety policy and procedures shall be regularly enforced. The crew qualified supervisor or foreman, Steve Scherer, is responsible for correcting any unsafe practices or conditions immediately.

It is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that all employees understand and adhere to the procedures of this plan and to follow the instructions of the crew qualified supervisor.

It is also the responsibility of the employee to bring to management’s attention any unsafe or hazardous conditions or practices that may cause injury to either themselves or to any other employees. Any changes to the Fall Protection Plan must be approved by Steve Scherer, designated as the qualified person.

Only individuals with the appropriate experience, skills, and training will be authorized as designated erectors. All employees that will be working as designated erectors under the safety monitoring system shall have been trained and instructed in the following areas:

Recognition of the fall hazards in the work area.

Avoidance of fall hazards using established work practices which have been made known to the employees.

Recognition of unsafe practices or working conditions that could lead to a fall.

The function, use, and operation of safety monitoring systems, guardrail systems, body belt/harness systems, control zones and other protection to be used.

The correct procedure for erecting, maintaining, disassembling and inspecting the system(s) to be used.

Knowledge of construction sequence or the erection plan.

II. Fall Protection Systems To Be Used On This Job

Installation of columns on table, forms for bent cap, catwalks for bent cap and pouring of bent cap will be conducted by employees who are specifically trained to do this type of work and are trained to recognize the fall hazards. The nature of such work normally exposes the employee to the fall hazard for a short period of time. This Plan details how COE will minimize these hazards.

Controlled Access Zones

When using the Plan to implement the fall protection options available, workers must be protected through limited access to high hazard locations. Before any non-conventional fall protection systems may be used as part of the work plan, a controlled access zone (CAZ) shall be clearly defined by the competent person as an area where a recognized hazard exists. The demarcation of the CAZ shall be communicated by the competent person in a recognized manner, either through signs, wires, tapes, ropes or chains. We are designating the entire lab EE 185 as the controlled access zone, with the exception of EE285A. Access will be allowed during pour via the pedestrian door to the staircase only.

Thomas Attard shall take the following steps to ensure that the CAZ is clearly marked

or controlled by the competent person.

All access to the CAZ must be restricted to authorized entrants.

All workers who are permitted in the CAZ shall be listed in the appropriate sections of the Plan (or be visibly identifiable by the competent person) prior to implementation.

The competent person shall ensure that all protective elements of the CAZ be implemented prior to the beginning of work.

Workers on platform for bent cap forming/pouring will be equipped with ANSI approved full body harnesses, tubular shock absorbing lanyard and a six foot cross-arm strap anchorage connector.

All harnesses shall be attached to a secure, non movable location, capable of supporting 5000 pounds of force.

Installation Procedures for Column Positioning, Bent Cap Forming and Pouring

During the installation of the columns and the forming and pouring of the bent caps, conventional fall protection may present a greater hazard to workers. On this job, safety nets, guardrails and personal fall arrest systems will not provide adequate fall protection because the nets will cause the walls to collapse, while there are no suitable attachment or anchorage points for guardrails or personal fall arrest systems.

On this job, requiring workers to use a ladder for the entire installation process will cause a greater hazard because the worker must stand on the ladder with his/ her back or side to the front of the ladder. While erecting the column forms or bent cap forms, the worker will need to use both hands to maneuver items and cannot therefore hold onto the ladder. In addition, ladders cannot be adequately protected from movement while forms are being maneuvered into place. Many workers may experience

additional fatigue because of the increase in overhead work with heavy materials, which can also lead to a greater hazard.

Exterior scaffolds cannot be utilized on this job because the positioning of the scaffold on the north and east side is not feasible because of space limitation and the south side is too far from where the scaffolding needs to be. In most cases, the erection and dismantling of the scaffold would expose workers to a greater fall hazard than erection of the forms and pour.

In areas that are higher than eight feet and where the use of scaffolds and ladders would create a greater hazard, safe working procedures will be utilized when working on the ladders and will be monitored by the crew supervisor. During all stages of column and bent cap erection the stability of structures will be ensured at all times.

COE shall take the following steps to protect workers who are exposed to fall hazards while working on columns and bent caps.

Only the following trained workers, (a trained worker is defined as a worker who has completed the “Student Safety Manual” orientation class) will be allowed to work on the column and bent cap installation:

Michael Wesson

Christopher Abela

Thomas Attard

Other designated, trained individuals

Workers shall have no other duties to perform during column and bent cap installation. All columns and bent cap forms will be adequately braced before any worker can use the column/ bent cap as a support;

Workers will leave the area of the secured column/bent cap only when it is safe to do so.

A worker will climb onto the bent cap form base via a ladder to secure the sides of the forms. COE shall take the following steps to protect workers who are exposed to fall hazards while securing column/ bent cap:

Once the pouring of the bent cap begins, workers who are not involved in this activity shall not stand or walk below or adjacent to the structure or in any area where they may be struck by falling objects;

Workers shall not remain on bent cap frame any longer than necessary to safely complete the task.

COE shall take the following steps to protect workers who are exposed to fall hazards while pouring bent cap;

Once bent cap pouring begins, workers not involved in that activity shall not stand or walk below or adjacent to structure or in any area where they may be struck by falling objects;

The competent person shall determine the limits of this area, which shall be clearly communicated to workers prior to initial pouring of concrete.

Only qualified workers shall monitor bent cap pouring;

Materials for the operations shall be conveniently staged to allow access to workers;

Any workers not assisting in pouring/forming of the bent cap shall not be permitted within six feet of the area under construction.

III. Enforcement

Constant awareness of and respect for fall hazards, and compliance with all safety rules are considered conditions of employment. The crew supervisor or foreman, as well as individuals in the Safety and Personnel Department, reserve the right to issue disciplinary warnings to employees, up to and including termination, for failure to follow the guidelines of this program.

IV. Accident Investigations

All accidents that result in injury to workers, regardless of their nature, shall be investigated and reported. It is an integral part of any safety program that documentation takes place as soon as possible so that the cause and means of prevention can be identified to prevent a reoccurrence.

In the event that an employee falls or there is some other related, serious incident occurring, this plan shall be reviewed to determine if additional practices, procedures, or training need to be implemented to prevent similar types of falls or incidents from occurring.

V. Changes to the Plan

Any changes to the plan will be approved by Name of Qualified Person. This plan shall be reviewed by a qualified person as the job progresses to determine if additional practices, procedures or training needs to be implemented by the competent person to improve or provide additional fall protection. Workers shall be notified and trained, if necessary, in the new procedures. A copy of this plan and all approved changes shall be maintained at the jobsite.

The Fall Protection Plan must conform to the following provisions.

The fall protection plan shall be prepared by a qualified person and developed specifically for the site where concrete work, is being performed and plan must be maintained up to date.

Any changes to the fall protection plan shall be approved by a qualified person.

A copy of the fall protection plan with all approved changes shall be maintained at the job site.

The implementation of the fall protection plan shall be under the supervision of a competent person.

The fall protection plan shall document the reasons why the use of conventional fall protection systems (guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, or safety nets systems) is not a feasible alternative or why its use would create a greater hazard.

The fall protection plan shall include a written discussion of other measures that will be taken to reduce or eliminate the fall hazard for workers who cannot be provided with protection from the conventional fall protection systems. For example, the employer shall discuss the extent to which scaffolds, ladders,

or vehicle mounted work platforms can be used to provide a safer working surface and thereby reduce the hazard of falling.

The fall protection plan shall identify each location where conventional fall protection methods cannot be used.

Where no other alternative measure has been implemented, the employer shall implement a safety monitoring system in conformance with ' 1926.502(h).

The fall protection plan must include a statement which provides the name or other method of identification for each employee who is designated to work in controlled access zones. No other employees may enter controlled access zones.

In the event an employee falls, or some other related, serious incident occurs, (e.g., a “near miss”) the employer shall investigate the circumstances of the fall or other incident to determine if the fall protection plan needs to be changed (e.g., new practices, procedures, or training) and shall implement those changes to prevent similar types of falls or incidents.

____________________________ ____________

Prepared by Date

Thomas Attard

____________________________ ____________

Supervisor/Qualified Person Date

Steve Scherer

____________________________ ____________

Approved By Date

Ron Harris EHS

____________________________ ____________

Trained Person Date

Mike Wesson

____________________________ ____________

Trained Person Date

Chris Abela

____________________________ ____________

Trained Person Date

Thomas Attard

Operator Safety Harness Inspection Plan

What should you know about fall protective equipment?

Inspect your equipment daily.

Replace defective equipment. If there is any doubt about the safety of the equipment, do not use it.

Replace any equipment, including ropes, involved in a fall. Refer any questionable defects to a trained inspector.

A trained inspector should examine equipment at least yearly. Annual Inspection will be due April of 2009.

It is advisable to use shock absorbers if the arresting forces of the lanyard alone can cause injury.

Use the right equipment for the job.

How do you inspect the webbing (body of belt, harness or lanyard)?

Inspect the entire surface of webbing for damage. Beginning at one end, bend the webbing in an inverted "U." Holding the body side of the belt toward you, grasp the belt with your hands six to eight inches apart.

Watch for frayed edges, broken fibers, pulled stitches, cuts or chemical damage. Broken webbing strands generally appear as tufts on the webbing surface.

Replace according to manufacturers' guidelines.

How do you inspect the buckle?

Inspect for loose, distorted or broken grommets. Do not cut or punch additional holes in waist strap or strength members.

Check belt without grommets for torn or elongated holes that could cause the buckle tongue to slip.

Inspect the buckle for distortion and sharp edges. The outer and center bars must be straight. Carefully check corners and attachment points of the center bar. They should overlap the buckle frame and move freely back and forth in their sockets. The roller should turn freely on the frame.

Check that rivets are tight and cannot be moved. The body side of the rivet base and outside rivet burr should be flat against the material. Make sure the rivets are not bent.

Inspect for pitted or cracked rivets that show signs of chemical corrosion.

How do you inspect the rope?

Rotate the rope lanyard and inspect from end to end for fuzzy, worn, broken or cut fibers. Weakened areas have noticeable changes in the original rope diameter.

Replace when the rope diameter is not uniform throughout, following a short break-in period.

The older a rope is and the more use it gets, the more important testing and inspection become.

What should you know about hardware (forged steel snaps, "D" rings)?

Inspect hardware for cracks or other defects. Replace the belt if the "D" ring is not at a 90° angle and does not move vertically independent of the body pad or "D" saddle.

Inspect tool loops and belt sewing for broken or stretched loops.

Check bag rings and knife snaps to see that they are secure and working properly. Check tool loop rivets. Check for thread separation or rotting, both inside and outside the body pad belt.

Inspect snaps for hook and eye distortions, cracks, corrosion, or pitted surfaces. The keeper (latch) should be seated into the snap nose without binding and should not be distorted or obstructed. The keeper spring should exert sufficient force to close the keeper firmly.

What should you look for during the safety strap inspection?

Inspect for cut fibers or damaged stitches inch by inch by flexing the strap in an inverted "U." Note cuts, frayed areas or corrosion damage.

Check friction buckle for slippage and sharp buckle edges.

Replace when tongue buckle holes are excessively worn or elongated.

How do I clean my equipment?

Basic care prolongs the life of the unit and contributes to its performance.

Wipe off all surface dirt with a sponge dampened in plain water. Rinse the sponge and squeeze it dry. Dip the sponge in a mild solution of water and commercial soap or detergent. Work up a thick lather with a vigorous back and forth motion.

Rinse the webbing in clean water.

Wipe the belt dry with a clean cloth. Hang freely to dry.

Dry the belt and other equipment away from direct heat, and out of long periods of sunlight.

Store in a clean, dry area, free of fumes, sunlight or corrosive materials and in such a way that it does not warp or distort the belt.

Checklist: Prevention of falls from height

Has the most suitable equipment been selected to ensure safety, including for means of access and evacuation?

Are ladders only used when other equipment is not justified in view of short duration and low risk?

Is the scaffold erected on a firm foundation?

Are all guardrails in position at the correct height?

Are there enough planks for the working platform?

Are the planks secured in position?

Have any scaffold ties been removed?

Is a ladder the safest and best method for the job?

Is the ladder in good condition and suitable for the type and height of work?

Can the ladder be placed to avoid overreach?

Can the ladder be restrained at top and bottom?

Is the supporting surface firm and level?

If any answer is 'No', prevention action is needed before starting the work. Measures include:

Ensuring that openings, such as holes in floors, are fenced off with secure barriers (e.g. guard rails and toe boards) or covered over. Secure the cover in place or mark with a warning.

Checking all scaffold elements for safety before starting erection work

Inspecting ladders before climbing to ensure they are in good condition and securely positioned

Using fall arrest equipment when on scaffolding, especially before guard rails and toe boards are fitted, and ensuring harness lines are attached to a firm structure and used properly

Not throwing equipment or materials to a lower level, the ground or onto safety nets

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I have read and understand the above recommendations and guidelines and I am authorized to use the safety harness assembly:

NAME DATE INSPECTOR

Regulatory Violations

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and numerous other states including California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) have stepped up their efforts to keep insure water safety. All of these criteria mandate the utilization of Best Management Practices (BMP’s) on construction sites. Potential discharges into the storm drain systems from concrete work has become a priority of the federal and state EPA, water quality control officials, regional and local inspectors as well as a strategic target of the advocacy and environmental groups. Illegal discharges into our waterways can bring fines of $10,000 per day plus $10 per gallon; however, in addition, they can reach $27,500 per day if the US EPA becomes involved.

Description and Purpose

Prevent or reduce the discharge of pollutants to storm water from concrete waste by conducting washout offsite, performing

onsite washout in a designated area, and training employee and subcontractors.

Suitable Applications

Concrete waste management procedures and practices are implemented on construction projects where:

Concrete is used as a construction material or where concrete dust and debris result form demolition activities

Slurries containing portland cement concrete (PCC) or asphalt concrete (AC) are generated, such as from saw

cutting, coring, grinding, grooving, and hydro-concrete demolition

Concrete trucks and other concrete-coated equipment are washed onsite

Mortar-mixing stations exist

See also NS-8, Vehicle and Equipment Cleaning

Limitations

Offsite washout of concrete wastes may not always be possible.

Implementation

The following steps will help reduce storm water pollution from concrete wastes:

Discuss the concrete management techniques described in this BMP (such as handling of concrete waste and washout) with the ready-mix concrete supplier before any deliveries are made.

Incorporate requirements for concrete waste management into material supplier and subcontractor agreements.

Store dry and wet materials under cover, away from drainage areas.

Avoid mixing excess amounts of fresh concrete.

Perform washout of concrete trucks offsite or in designated areas only.

Do not wash out concrete trucks into storm drains, open ditches, streets, or streams.

Do not allow excess concrete to be dumped onsite, except in designated areas.

For onsite washout:

Locate washout area at least 50 feet from storm drains, open ditches, or water bodies.

Do not allow runoff from this area by constructing a temporary pit or bermed area large enough for liquid and solid waste.

Wash out wastes into the temporary pit where the concrete can set, be broken up, and then disposed properly.

Avoid creating runoff by draining water to a bermed or level area when washing concrete to remove fine particles and expose the aggregate.

Do not wash sweepings from exposed aggregate concrete into the street or storm drain. Collect and return sweepings to aggregate base stockpile or dispose in the trash.

Education

Educate Faculty, students, employees, subcontractors, and suppliers on the concrete waste management techniques described herein.

Arrange for a College representative from DRMS (Ron Harris) to oversee and enforce concrete waste management procedures, including placement of waste bin, construction of waste bin, and timely removal of hardened concrete.

Concrete Slurry Wastes

PCC and AC waste should not be allowed to enter storm drains or watercourses.

PCC and AC waste should be collected and disposed of or placed in a temporary concrete washout facility.

A sign should be installed adjacent to each temporary concrete washout facility to inform concrete equipment operators to utilize the proper facilities.

Below grade concrete washout facilities are typical. Above grade facilities are used if excavation is not practical.

The Department Technician, or his designee, should monitor onsite concrete working tasks, such as saw cutting, coring, grinding and grooving to ensure proper methods are implemented.

Saw-cut PCC slurry should not be allowed to enter storm drains or watercourses. Residue from grinding operations should be picked up by means of a vacuum attachment to the grinding machine. Saw cutting residue should not be allowed to flow across the pavement and should not be left on the surface of the pavement. See also NS-3, Paving and Grinding Operations; and WM-10, Liquid Waste Management.

Slurry residue should be vacuumed and disposed in a temporary pit (as described in OnSite Temporary Concrete Washout Facility, Concrete Transit Truck Washout Procedures, below) and allowed to dry. Dispose of dry slurry residue in accordance with WM-5, Solid Waste Management.

Onsite Temporary Concrete Washout Facility, Transit Truck Washout Procedures

Temporary concrete washout facilities should be located a minimum of 50 ft from storm drain inlets, open drainage facilities, and watercourses. Each facility should be located away from construction traffic or access areas to prevent disturbance or tracking.

A sign should be installed adjacent to each washout facility to inform concrete equipment operators to utilize the proper facilities.

Temporary concrete washout facilities should be constructed above grade or below grade at the option of the contractor. Temporary concrete washout facilities should be constructed and maintained in sufficient quantity and size to contain all liquid and concrete waste generated by washout operations.

Temporary washout facilities should have a temporary pit or bermed areas of sufficient volume to completely contain all liquid and waste concrete materials generated during washout procedures.

Washout of concrete trucks should be performed in designated areas only.

Only concrete from mixer truck chutes should be washed into concrete wash out.

Concrete washout from concrete pumper bins can be washed into concrete pumper trucks and discharged into designated washout area or properly disposed of offsite.

Once concrete wastes are washed into the designated area and allowed to harden, the concrete should be broken up, removed, and disposed of per WM-5, Solid Waste Management. Dispose of hardened concrete on a regular basis.

Temporary Concrete Washout Facility (Type Above Grade)

Temporary concrete washout facility (type above grade) should be constructed as shown on the details at the end of this BMP, with a recommended minimum length and minimum width of 10 ft, but with sufficient quantity and volume to contain all liquid and concrete waste generated by washout operations.

Straw bales, wood stakes, and sandbag materials should conform to the provisions in SE- 9, Straw Bale Barrier Tier.

Plastic lining material should be a minimum of 10 mil in polyethylene sheeting and should be free of holes, tears, or other defects that compromise the impermeability of the material.

Removal of Temporary Concrete Washout Facilities

When temporary concrete washout facilities are no longer required for the work, the hardened concrete should be removed and disposed of. It is the responsibility of the Faculty member and /or students working on the project to facilitate the removal of the slurry. It will not fall to the Department or the

Dean’s Office. Materials used to construct temporary concrete washout facilities should be removed from the site of the work and disposed of.

Holes, depressions or other ground disturbance caused by the removal of the temporary concrete washout facilities should be backfilled and repaired.

Costs

Any costs that the College accrues due to failure of the removal of slurry, will be charged back to the Faculty member or his project.

Inspection and Maintenance

DRMS (Ron Harris) will inspect and verify that activity-based BMPs are in place prior to the commencement of associated activities. While activities associated with the BMP are under way, inspect weekly during the rainy season and of two-week intervals in the non-rainy season to verify continued BMP implementation.

Temporary concrete washout facilities should be maintained to provide adequate holding capacity with a minimum freeboard of 4 in. for above grade facilities and 12 in. for below grade facilities. Maintaining temporary concrete washout facilities should include removing and disposing of hardened concrete and returning the facilities to a functional condition. Hardened concrete materials should be removed and disposed of.

Washout facilities must be cleaned, or new facilities must be constructed and ready for use once the washout is 75% full.

References

www.cabmphandbooks.com

Storm water Quality Handbooks - Construction Site Best Management Practices (BMPs) Manual, State of California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), November 2000.

Storm water Management for Construction Activities; Developing Pollution Prevention Plans and Best Management Practice, EPA 832- R -92005; USEP A, April 1992.

Documents

Civil and Geomatics Engineering Student and Faculty Safety