Circumcision&

Vasectomy

Jelena MarinkovićMentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

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Definition

• removal of some or all of the foreskin (prepuce) from the male reproductive organ

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History• religious sacrifice• rite of passage marking

a boy's entrance into adulthood

• form of magic to ensure virility

• means of suppressing sexual pleasure

• increasing a man's attractiveness to women

• aid to hygiene

Ancient Egyptian carved scene of circumcision

Family circumcision set and trunk, eighteenth century

Circumcision being performed in central Asia, (most likely Turkestan) c. 1865-1872 3

Cultures and religions

• commonly practised in the Jewish and Islamic faiths

• the Catholic Church condemned circumcision as a mortal sin and ordered against its practice

Jewish ritual circumcision

Illustrated account of the circumcision ceremony of Sultan Ahmed III's three sons

Circumcision of Jesus. Illumination from a missal, ca 1460

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Prevalence• the proportion of

males that are circumcised worldwide vary from one-sixth to a third

• 70% Muslim• most prevalent in the

Muslim world, parts of South East Asia, Africa, United States, Philippines, Israel, South Korea

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Grey = No data; Yellow = <20% prevalence; Orange = 20-80% prevalence; Red = >80% prevalence

Circumcision procedures

• in some African countries, male circumcision often performed by non-medical personnel under unsterile conditions

• in parts of Africa, the foreskin may be dipped in brandy and eaten by the patient, eaten by the circumciser, or fed to animals

• according to Jewish law the foreskin should be buried

• after hospital circumcision, the foreskin may be used in biomedical research, consumer skin-care products, skin grafts, or β-interferon-based drugs

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Controversy

• ethical issues• psychological and

emotional consequences

• legal issues

Protest against routine infant circumcision

Group advocating stopping infant circumcision demonstrates on the U.S. Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., in March 2008 7

Medical aspects

• medical cost-benefit analyses of circumcision vary

• pain and pain relief• sexual effects• complications (0.06% to

55%)• sexually transmitted

diseases• hygiene, infectious and

chronic conditions• penile cancer

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Vasectomy

• minor surgical procedure wherein the vasa deferentia of a man are severed, and then tied or sealed in a manner such to prevent sperm from entering the seminal stream

• first use in 1899 (experiments from 1785)

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Types

• typically done in outpatient setting• no-scalpel method • "open-ended" • "Vas-Clip" method

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Benefits• prevention of pregnancy• no need for general

anesthesia• lower cost compared to

other surgical sterilization procedures

• bleeding with formation of hematoma

• chronic testicular pain • infection • failure of the vasectomy

to prevent pregnancy (1 in 2000)

• regret and a desire to reverse the vasectomy

• formation of a sperm granuloma

Risks

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Tubal ligations vs. vasectomy

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Reversal - vasovasostomy

• effective at achieving pregnancy in only 50%-70% of cases

• $7,000• frequently

impermanent• higher rates of

aneuploidy and diploidy in the sperm cells

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• in 1976, a huge government campaign for sterilization was launched - responsible for the sterilization of millions of Indian couples

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THE END

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“Vasectomy means not ever having to say you are sorry”

Larry Adler ,an American musician