Circular Carbon Economy with Carbon Capture, Carbon-to ......Circular Carbon Economy with Carbon Capture, Carbon-to-Value, and CO 2 Removal, Dr. S. Julio Friedmann ... Re d u c e Re

1www.energypolicy.columbia.edu | @ColumbiaUenergy

Circular Carbon Economy with Carbon Capture, Carbon-to-Value, and CO2 Removal,

Dr. S. Julio Friedmann

Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia Univ

NYSERDA Decarbonization Plan: December 8 ,2020


Circular Carbon Economy:

Inevitable andextremelydifficult

IT’S ABOUT TIME

Only one way to stabilize climate: net-zero everywhere• Any emissions anywhere add to atmospheric CO2 concentration

• Every year of delay makes problem worse

• We haven’t yet fielded solutions for about 50% of the portfolio

For net zero: CO2emissions - CO2removals = 0• Any residual emissions must be balanced by removal

• Likely need 10 Gt/y CO2 removal by 2050

• Any delay or failure requires more CO2 removal

Carbon from the earth must be returned to the earth• Natural systems must return to balance

• Biosphere has limited capacity (especially in State)

• Risk of return is getting worse

Key question: What’s actionable?

• What are anchors to a net-zero economy?

• What’s required to scale?


Circular Carbon Economy 4Rs Definition

Reducing the

production of CO2 and

other Greenhouse

Gases as by-products

(e.g. energy, efficiency, renewables etc.)

Reusing CO2 and other

Greenhouse Gases

without chemically

altering their

composition (e.g. EOR, CO2 as working

fluid)

Recycling CO2 and

other Greenhouse

Gases by chemically

altering their

composition (e.g. fertilizer, chemicals,

concrete, bioenergy).

Recycling CO2 and

other Greenhouse

Gases after they are

already produced (e.g.

carbon capture, nature based solutions).

1Saudi Aramco: Company General Use

CCE 4Rs definition

Reduce Reuse Recycle Remove

“Reducing the

production of CO2 and

other Greenhouse

Gases as by-products

(e.g. energy

efficiency,

renewables)”

“Reusing CO2 and

other Greenhouse

Gases without

chemically altering

their composition

(e.g. EOR, CO2 as a

working fluid)”

“Recycling CO2 and

other Greenhouse

Gases by chemically

altering their

composition (e.g.

urea, methanol, bio-

energy)”

“Removing CO2 and

other Greenhouse

Gases after they are

already produced

(e.g. carbon capture,

nature based

solutions)”


CCS: the “swiss army knife” of deep decarbonization

Power Sector Industry Zero-C Hydrogen CO2 removal

Coal (Bound. Dam)

Gas (Peterhead)

Biomass (Drax)

Steel (Al Reyadah)

Fuels (ADM, Qatar)

Chemicals (Enid)

Port Arthur (USA)

Quest (Canada)

Sinopec Qilu (China)

Direct Air Capture

Bioenergy + CCS

C Mineralization


Operating

Under construction

Advanced planning

Industrial project

Power project

Estimated storage worldwide: 10-20 trillion tons

20 operating plants, storing ~35 Mtons CO2 each year


By the

numbers

10 nations have commercial CCS facilities

• U.S., Canada, Norway, Algeria, Australia, China, UAE, Saudi

Arabia, Qatar, Brazil

• Countries in advanced development: Netherlands, Japan, U.K.

• 10 nations mention CCS in their NDCs

21 operating facilities world-wide

• ~40M tons/year anthropogenic CO2• ~260M tons cumulative

• Facilities: Power (2) hydrogen (5), steel (1), chemicals (2) ethanol (1), natural gas processing (many)

• Over 100 pilot and demo projects with >20 years of science

• Monitoring tools and regulatory framework well established

• Number of people injured in 50 years = 0

Science & technology well established

• First commercial carbon capture facility: 1938

• First large-scale CO2 injection: 1972

• First climate-based CO2 return project: 1996 (Sleipner, Norway)


CCS enables the transition to a net zero economy for many high-value jobs

Estimated global employment in selected

sectors where CCS could be applied

Employment at a typical plant

Sources: Global CCS Institute, 2020

Wage premium in US emissions intensive industries


A few topics

in carbon

management:

Carbon-to-value and Power-to-X

• CO2 to concrete and

• E-fuels (green hydrogen)

CO2 removal and DAC

• Nature- and technology-based approaches

• Direct air capture as feedstock and CO2 removal service

Labor & just transition

• Clean manufacturing

• Just-transition & disadvantaged communities

• Managing costs for low-income stakeholders


Example Companies and Projects in Carbon-to-Value

Opus-12 Solidia Carbon Cure Solid Carbon

Products

• Electrolyzer/reverse

fuel cell

• Products: CO, CH4,

CO3OH, C2H4• 37,000 trees in a

suitcase

• Will ship in 2019-20

• Cement curing w/ CO2(large volumes)

• Strong investors

(Total, BP, BASF,

KleinerPerkins)

• 40% avoided CO2• 10-30% embodied CO2• Ready for scale-up

• Cement curing w/

CO2 (large volumes)

• Ready-mix, masonry,

white paper

• ~10% avoided CO2• 2-20% embodied CO2• Ready for scale up

• C nanotubes, C black

& composites

• Deep IP portfolio

• High-bay plant in UT

fully electrical

• CH4 & CO2 feedstock,

can be tuned

Low-C cement & concrete products: lower than market costs today!


E-fuels: direct electrical conversion of CO2 & water to fuel

Source: Making Mission Possible (ETC 2020)

Inputs

• Zero-C electricity

• CO2

• Water (or H2)

Products

• Fuels (jet-A, natural gas)

• Chemicals (methanol)

Benefits

• Existing infrastructure

• Displaces carbon-intensive fuels

• Domestic production


Many approaches to CO2 removal

12

WHAT INDUSTRIES HOLD POTENTIAL FOR CARBONREM OVAL SOLUTIONS?

Forest ry/ Land Agricult ure Energy M anufact uring M ining

Tim ber

Ecosystem

Restorat ion Biochar

Land M anagem ent

Bioenergy + CCS

Direct Air Capture

Carbon Negat ive

M aterials

Enhanced

Weathering

BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL

WHY DO WE NEED CARBON REM OVAL? (cont .)

Path to 2°CBillio

n T

on

s C

arb

on

Dio

xid

e

CARBON

REMOVAL

2100

0

100

-20

50

205020252000 2075

“The large majority of scenarios produced

in the literature that reach roughly 450

ppm CO2eq by 2100 are characterized by

concentration overshoot facilitated by the

deployment of carbon dioxide removal

(CDR) technologies.”

IPCC: Fifth Assessment Report on Climate Change. Chapter 6 from Working Group 3

Models show that carbon removal solutions are not just critical for limiting global tempera-

ture increases to 2°C, but also are relied upon to prevent even higher scenarios of warming.

BAU

Graphic adapted from the Climate Institute Moving Below Zero report

Carbon180, 2018

https://www.icef-forum.org/roadmap/


CA is pursuing ambitions net-zero programInnovative approaches are at the heart of the roadmap

LLNL, 2020

https://www-gs.llnl.gov/content/assets/docs/energy/Getting_to_Neutral.pdf



LLNL, 2020


80% of solution involves CO2 storage70% involves biomass-to-hydrogen for fuel



CCS enables climate-positive hydrogen from biomass

Source: GCCSI; Mehmeti et al., 2018

16www.energypolicy.columbia.edu | @ColumbiaUenergy 16


It turns out we can do a lotWe have companies that turn CO2 to stone:

Climeworks + CarbFix

Hellisheidi Power Station, Reykjavik


DACCS has no resource constraint and “uniform” costs for application

Cost curve is flat, so cost should vary chiefly as a function of deployment

Rhodium Group, 2019


Carbon management benefits to a just transition

Source: EFI & Stanford Univ, 2020


CCS Jobs: high local value

Local job creation

• Both project and long-lived

• Cement, manufacturing, power

• High wages & secure positions

Local pollution reduction 80-99%

Estimated US jobs: 1 megaton/y DAC plant

Source: Rhodium Group, 2020


Carbon management can help keep costs and tariffs down


Source: EFI & Stanford Univ, 2020

In some markets and applications, CCS & C2V are lowest cost pathways

Benefits flow from

• Use of existing infrastructure (avoided buildout)

• Avoided overcapacity construction

• Simply cheaper in local context


Direct air capture: high value to local economies


Targeted innovation focus

• New capture materials

• Low-C heat

• Capex/Opex reduction (LBD)

• Systems design integration

Good industrial and jobs position

Potential service and demonstrations

• Low-C heat in abundance

• Low-C power in abundance

• Potential CO2 recycling and removal applications

Estimated US jobs: 1 megaton/y DAC plant


Carbon

management is

important work

for rapid

decarbonization

CO2 recycling, CO2removal, and

conventional CCS

all add speed,

reduce cost, and

reduce risk to the

energy transition

Accelerates deep decarbonization

• Adds more options

• Uses existing technology

• Provides low-cost option in some important applications

Help communities

• Creates & sustains jobs

• Reduces pollution

• Avoids dislocations

Helps economies

• Creates new manufacturing base

• Creates potential exports (goods, services, fuels)

• Serve as an investment magnet


Thank You

Documents

Circular Carbon Economy with Carbon Capture, Carbon-to ......Circular Carbon Economy with Carbon Capture, Carbon-to-Value, and CO 2 Removal, Dr. S. Julio Friedmann ... Re d u c e Re