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Content
1) Background 1
2) Why Understanding Climate Change Impact is Important ? 5
3) India’s position in climate change combat 11
4) Meeting Climate Change Challenge at the State level 27
5) Conclusion 30
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1
Background:
Climate Change debate has graduated tremendously since it first surfaced on the international
debates in the 1990s. Climate Change causes and impacts are no longer subjected to contest.
Scientists, policy makers, academicians have broadly agreed that climate change is an outcome
of anthropogenic activities. There is no doubt that climate change is one of the most discussed
topics in today’s world and the discussion covers wide spectrum of humankind. And, why would
not people be talking about climate change issues if it is believed to pose one of the greatest
problems to the humankind. Human civilization and aggressive path to economic prosperity is
held culprit in the climate change discourse. International Climate Change regime has divided
the world into three categories – Developed, Developing and Least Developed countries, on the
basis of nature of responsibility to combat the climate change. The developed countries, also
referred to as Annex I countries in Kyoto Protocol – trailblazer international climate changeagreement, have contributed largely to what has happened today in global climate. Linkages
are drawn between increased frequency of natural calamities and climate change. The impact
of climate change has been witnessed at different levels across the world; however, the
magnitude of impact varies depending upon the resilience capacity of the recipients. In other
words, the poor are more vulnerable to the impending climate change impacts. Incidentally,
high density of vulnerable population resides in the climatically vulnerable areas such as coastal
area in developing
countries. This
accentuates the riskof appalling climate
change impacts on
global poor and
vulnerable. Climate
Change debates
seem to have
“North-South
Divide” along the
cause and effectterms. North is
primarily held
responsible for
climate change
globally and the
Chronology of major climate change negotiations
Adoption of the UNFCCC
Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol
Adoption of Marrakech Accords
Kyoto Protocol entry into force
1st Conference of Parties/Meeting
of the Parties (COP/MOP 1)
Bali Action Plan
Adoption of Copenhagen Accord
May 1992
Dec 1997
Nov 2001
Feb 2005
Dec 2005
Dec 2007
Dec 2009
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Major highlights of the Copenhagen Accord
Stabilize concentration of GHG gases to limit the temperature rise below 20C
Achieve the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible
recognizing that the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing
countries
Low-emission development strategy is indispensible to sustainable
development
Enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at
reducing vulnerability and building resilience in developing countries
Developed countries to provide adequate , predictable and sustainable
financial resources, technology and capacity building to support
implementation of adaptation action in developing countries
Annex I countries to implement quantified economy-wide targets for 2020
Delivery of reductions and financing by the developed countries will be
measured, reported and verified (MRV) as per the COP guidelines
Non Annex-I countries to implement mitigation actions in the context of
sustainable development ; mitigation actions will be subjected to domestic
MRV and communicated every two years through National Communication
(NATCOM)
Mitigation actions will be voluntary and support based for least developed
countries and small island states
Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) seeking international
support will be recorded in the registry along with the type of support
sought for; the supported NAMAs will be subjected to international MRVs
Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation is crucial;
mechanisms like REDD plus required to mobilize funds from the developedcountries
Incentives to the developing countries to follow low-carbon path
Scaled up, new and additional predictable and adequate funding as well as
improved access to the developing countries to enable and support
enhanced mitigation actions, including reduction of emissions from
deforestation and degradation (REDD +)
Copenhagen Green Climate Fund to be established as an operating entity of
the financial mechanism to support projects, programs, policies and other
activities in the developing countries related to mitigation including
REDD+, adaptation, capacity building, technology development and
transfer
Establish Technology Mechanism to enhance action on technology
development and transfer
Assessment of the implementation of The Copenhagen Accord to be
completed by 2015 including consideration of strengthening the long term
goal referred to by the science
South is the one which is
hit the most by the dire
consequences of the
climate change.
Developing countries alsoreferred to as Non-Annex I
countries in Kyoto
Protocol, blame Annex I
countries and expect them
to finance the mechanisms
to enable the affected and
target population adapt to
the changing climate. Non-
Annex I countries use per
capita emissions in support
of their argument. There is
no doubt that high-carbon
growth path is directly
responsible for the climate
change, irrespective of
where this growth is taking
place. This understanding
has led to the agreement
that developing countries
will undertake nationally
appropriate mitigation
actions to reduce carbon
emissions. This action in
turn will help the
implementing countries to
reduce emissions of gases
other than greenhouse
gases (GHG).
Climate change imparts
multi pronged threats to
people, ecology,
economies and wildlife.
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The impacts are direct such as glacial meltdown and indirect such as increase in flood.
Agriculture, wildlife, forests, drought, water resources, energy, sea level, health, precipitation,
temperature, disease spread are some of the major areas which will witness severe impacts
due to climate change. In a way the impacts are cyclic - meaning that one impact leads to
another. Glacial meltdown due to increase in temperature causes floods and landslides, whichin turn damages agriculture, soil quality, water quality, livelihood and culminates in sea level
rise which again have consequent impacts.
Increasing awareness about the impacts of climate change and possible ways to mitigate the
cause and adapt to the changing environmental conditions, international community has met in
Copenhagen in December 2009. Copenhagen Climate Summit, 15th
Conference of Parties, was
expected to decide the fate of Kyoto Protocol. Though no successor of the Kyoto Protocol is
decided, an accord – Copenhagen Summit culminated in Copenhagen Accord which indicates at
achieving core mantra of Kyoto Protocol – “Common but differentiated responsibilities”. In a
way, Copenhagen had resulted in stronger alliance between the member parties towards
mitigation of the emission sources. Developing countries agreed to undertake mitigation
activities as per the national interest and capacity to do so. As the world is heading to
COP16/CMP6 in Cancun, more concrete roadmap and plausible actions from both the
developed and developing countries is expected.
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Why Understanding Climate Change Impact is Important?
Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change because of their limited ability
to combat it. These countries have limited social, financial, and technological resources. Climate
change may have serious far reaching affects on development initiatives of these countries and
hamper their recent rapid growth. Hence, climate change adaptation becomes high priority forthe governments and businesses of such vulnerable economies. For India’s economic
development, since many sectors of the economy are dependent on climate, climate plays an
extremely important role. Hence the concerns about climate change and corresponding
mitigation and adaptation measures need to be more pronounced in India since it has high
vulnerability towards climate change as illustrated below1.
With the northern region being home to nearly 32% of the population and having extreme
climatic conditions, has high susceptibility towards climate change in most of the region.
Figure 1: Climate Change Vulnerability Map (TERI, 2003)
1Coping with Global Change: Vulnerability and Adaptation in Indian Agriculture, TERI, 2003
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The presence of complex river basin system in the northern region is by virtue of glaciated
mountains. The glacial melt water and monsoonal precipitation provide a significant
component of water resources for these rivers leading to prospering agricultural belt. Climate
change is expected to have a detrimental effect on the glaciers. This will not only influence
future water availability but also result in additional threats and pressures on the sensitivemountain ecosystem, species and peoples.
A warmer climate, with its increased climate variability, will increase the risk of floods.
Agricultural productivity in the northern region can be affected by climate change in two ways:
first, directly, due to changes in temperature, precipitation and/or CO2 levels and second,
indirectly, through changes in soil, distribution and frequency of infestation by pests, insects,
diseases or weeds. This sector is considered to be the most vulnerable to climate change due to
low level of accessibility to resources for climate change adaptation purposes and highly
climate sensitive output. With a significant amount of agriculture produce still dependent on
monsoons, climate change, in the form of scanty, untimely, or heavy rainfall, can seriously
hamper productivity of this sector.
The industrial/manufacturing sector because of better access to resources and high capacity to
adapt is considered to be relatively less vulnerable to climate change than others, say,
agriculture or health. Industrial activities are, however, vulnerable to direct impacts such as
temperature and precipitation changes. Energy sector is particularly sensitive to climate change
– energy demand as well as energy production is likely to be affected. For instance, increasing
hot weather spells this year, particularly in NR, saw tremendous spurt in peak electricity
demand. Such abrupt increase in demand puts undue pressure on our inadequate
infrastructure leading to high deficits. Climate change can seriously impact energy productionand supply. For example, hydro based power generation is sensitive to the amount, timing and
geographical pattern of temperature and precipitation. Northern region which has over 30% of
hydro-based capacity may be seriously affected facing reduction in water supplies.
Industries dependent climate sensitive inputs for their raw materials, such as the food
processing, pulp & paper, and other agro-based industries are likely to be more sensitive to
climate change then other industries. In the longer run, with impacts of climate change
becoming more pronounced, these industries may face higher risks of increase in input costs,
supply chain disruption and change in regional pattern of production. Apart from the organized
industrial sector, India is also home to a huge base of small scale and traditional enterprises.
Extent of impact of climate change on small scale and cottage industry is likely to be dependent
on location in vulnerable areas (such as mountains, deserts, near river basins etc.), high
dependence on agro-based inputs, and access to resources to adapt to climate change2.
2Industry, settlement and society, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, IPCC (2007)
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Retail and commercial services have not been given enough attention in climate change impact
studies. Various links in retail supply chain – transportation, distribution etc. – may be seriously
disrupted due to extreme weather conditions such as heavy rains, storms, cyclones, drought
etc. Cost of transportation and distribution of perishable commodities (such as food items and
other agricultural based produce) may become increase as higher quality of storage would be
required in events of extreme weather conditions.
Impact on tourism industry and on those who are dependent on it for livelihoods may be quite
significant. In northern region particularly, Himalayan states, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and
Uttarakhand experience maximum tourist footfalls and a large part of their economy thrives on
tourism. Nature based tourism such as white water rafting, trekking, camping is likely to be
affected due to the climate change impacts on rivers, forests, etc. A large population which
earns its livelihood from this industry may be adversely affected with extreme weather
conditions hampering the transport and communications infrastructure in these regions.
In addition to the factors mentioned above, the effects of climate change will be more
pronounced in the northern region as most of the area experiences extreme weather
conditions during the year. Since the region encompasses major agricultural and industrial hubs
of the country, it is important to access the vulnerability of the region towards climate change.
The impacts of climate change in a region are determined not only by rise in temperature
degrees but also by the vulnerability of the region and its population.
Vulnerability to climate change in India
Geographical and social factors determine the vulnerability towards climate change. The table
below discusses how climate change has severe environmental repercussions and how it will
affect the social and economic condition of the country. Most of these factors are applicable
pan India; those in black are also specific to the northern region.
Geographical factors
Melting glaciers
affecting water
resources
• the Himalayan glaciers are retreating faster than any other glaciers3
• heavy dependence on the glacial melt waters from the Himalayan glaciers
• decline in glacier mass balance means less water available for rivers affecting the water supply
for irrigation
• the receding glacier trend could lead to the Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra and other rivers in
northern India becoming seasonal rivers
Rising sea levels
•
Land loss and population displacement.• Increased flooding of low-lying coastal areas.
• Agricultural impacts (like, loss of yield and employment) resulting from inundation,
salinization, and land loss.
• Impacts on coastal aquaculture.
• Impacts on coastal tourism, particularly the erosion of sandy beaches4
3Ibid
4India’s National Communication to UNFCCC, 2004, MoEF, Govt. of India, New Delhi
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Geographical factors
Flooding and
flood frequency
• Warming leads to change in the seasonality of river flows – in September 2008, rains caused
havoc in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh killing several people and forcing millions to flee their homes
• As more glaciers retreat due to global warming, river flows are increased in the short term:
• Human encroachment into flood plains is increasing leading to lack of flood response plans
which further increases the damage potential
Fall in
agriculture
productivity
• Agricultural productivity is sensitive to two broad classes of climate-induced effects—(1) direct
effects from changes in temperature and precipitation & (2) indirect effects through changes
in soil moisture and the distribution and frequency of infestation by pests and diseases
• loss in net revenue at the farm level is estimated to range between 9% and 25% for a
temperature rise of 2 °C–3.5 °C
• a 2°C rise in mean temperature and a 7% increase in mean precipitation would reduce net
revenues by 12.3% for the country as a whole
• losses are expected from major food-grain producing regions of Punjab, Haryana, and western
Uttar Pradesh
Altered
configuration
and
productivity of
forest eco-
systems
• forests in NR account for about 14% (95 million sq. km.) of the geographical area with nearly
200,000 forest villages
• with temperature rise of 1-2°C most ecosystems and landscapes are expected to be impactedthrough changes in species composition, productivity and biodiversity
• forest ecosystems for the two greenhouse gas emission scenarios for 2085, showed that 68
per cent and 77 per cent of forested grid are likely to experience shifts in forest vegetation
type5
• large-scale mortality of tree species is likely under the changed climatic conditions
• Increase temperatures could increase the rate of multiplication of insect pest, thus increasing
their destructive potential
• over half of the vegetation is likely to find itself less optimally adapted to its existing location,
making it vulnerable to adverse climatic conditions and to biotic stresses6
Extreme
weather
conditions
Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events particularly:
• droughts during the summer months
• increase in extreme rainfall and winds associated with tropical cyclones in• intense rainfall events causing landslides and severe floods;
• heat waves/hot spells in summer of longer duration, more intense and more frequent
Impact on
Indian Desert
Desert regions are likely to experience large scale climatic changes especially in rainfall and
temperature patterns leading to:
• Hotter and very dry north west Rajasthan and adjoining Punjab
• Hotter and slightly wetter eastern fringe of arid Rajasthan and adjoining Haryana
• Higher temperature in association with reduced rainfall will desiccate the soil further and
reduce chances of crop survival
Climate change over the past 25 years has caused temperatures to rise faster in the deserts, up
to 2OC, than the global average of 0.45
OC. The study also found that most deserts will see
temperature rise by 5-7OC by the end of the century and rainfall drop 10-20%
7.
5Climate Change Impacts on Forestry in India, Ravindranath N. H.
6Ravindranath N. H., N. V. Joshi1, R. Sukumar and A. Saxena (2006) Impact of climate change on forests in India
Current Science, VOL. 90, NO. 3, pp 354-3617
Global Desert Outlook, UNEP
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It is important to understand that while geographical and topographical conditions have a
bearing on climate change repercussions, certain socio-economic factors may further aggravate
its impact. Vulnerability to climate change may significantly be affected by the factors discussed
below.
Social Factors
Lack of
infrastructure
• In a developing country like India, lack of resources and limited governmental support
makes it difficult for the people to adapt to rising temperatures
• Infrastructure like shelters and sea walls to protect people from extreme weather events
and sea level rise lack adequate funding
• majority of the population is poor and subsistence is dictated by their daily challenges and
they don’t have the luxury or the facilities to prepare for future risks and to adapt to
dangerous climate change
Heavydependence on
agriculture
Among India’s population of more than one billion people, about 68% are directly or
indirectly involved in the agricultural sector. And agriculture is expected to be effected
majorly by climate change:
• adaptability of farmers in India is severely restricted by the heavy reliance on naturalfactors and the lack of complementary inputs and institutional support systems
• farmers with lesser resources only afford land in regions which are drought prone, while
settlements of poor in the rural and urban area can be found close to rivers and creeks,
exposing their shelters and farmland to floods
• further decrease in already scarce resources like arable land and water, poor populations
are going to be pushed further to, or even over the edge
Poor health
facilities
• little access to a functional health system, poor people are also more susceptible to vector
borne diseases like malaria or dengue. lack of infrastructure and access to emergency
health services
• transmission windows (TWs) for malaria are predicted to increase with climate change
• access to health service centers might be severely disrupted due to natural calamities
aggravated by climate change• heavy rains, floods bring with them scare of epidemics like, malaria, diarrhea etc.
Acute water
scarcity
Climate change can affect the quantitative and qualitative status of water resources by
altering hydrological cycles and systems, which, in turn affect different variables at local level
including:
• Surface and ground water availability and demand
• Water quality including temperature and nutrient content
• Intensity and frequency of floods and droughts
Energy security
• With a growing economy, energy and electricity needs have also grown rapidly. Under XI
Plan, plans of adding thermal based capacity of approx. 55 GW- indicates increasing
reliance on fossil fuels to meet energy demand
• Climate change is likely to affect both energy use and energy production. For eg. Cooling
needs are going to amplify in case of temperature increases implying rise in electricitydemand. This could put further stress on our weak infrastructure
• Hydropower may be adversely affected due to climate change – reduced stream flows
may jeopardize hydropower generation
Livelihood
challenges due to
limited income
sources
• Nature based tourism such as white water rafting, trekking, camping will be affected due
to the climate change impacts on rivers, forests, etc.
• The livelihood of the population dependent on the tourism will be marginalized, especially
in the Himalayan ecosystem which is home to huge biodiversity is likely to be affected by
anthropogenic activities.
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Most of the states in northern region have higher
adaptive capacity vis-à-vis the states in other
regions. Hence, as the adaptive capacity of this
region is high (as shown in the figure below),efforts made for adaption can yield rich dividends
when compared to the investments that they
demand. Policy makers at state level should
consider geographical as well as socio-economic
factors, as discussed above, while formulating
adaptation strategies.
Figure 2: Adaptive Capacity - a combination of
biophysical, social and technological vulnerability
indices (TERI, 2003)
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India’s position in climate change combat
India has maintained a strong position in the international climate regime. India is one of the
most important stakeholders in the ongoing climate change negotiations. India’s view on the
climate change has also evolved with time. India’s acceptance of the Copenhagen Accord
stands as an evidence of this evolution. The Kyoto Protocol speaks about “common but
differentiated responsibilities”, which puts responsibility of combating climate change on all the
countries party to the convention. However, Non-Annex I countries were exempt from the
legally binding actions. India, as per the Kyoto Protocol, does not have legally binding
commitment to implement mitigation measures. India’s position since the ratification of Kyoto
Protocol has changed. India has been proactive in combating climate change on both fronts –
mitigation and adaptation. India achieved one of the major milestones with the release of
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in June 2008. India has voluntarily committed
to reduce 20-25% of its total emissions against 2005 baseline till 2020. This commitment has
shifted India’s position from no-quantification-of-mitigation-targets to real targets of GHG
emissions reduction. This shift in India’s position puts India on both sides of combat against
climate change impacts. India is host to more than 500 successfully registered Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) projects; thus occupying 1/4th
of the total registered projects
worldwide. This makes India
the country with the largest
number of offset projects. In
other words, India has
considerable number of clean
and low-carbon intensity
activities being implemented in
different sectors generating 42
million tonnes of carbon
emissions reductions annually
contributing to neutralizing
10% of total emissions by 2012.
With the advent of low carbon
technology, India’s carbon intensity has gone down by 17.6 percent between 1990 and 2005.This downward trend in national carbon intensity is very encouraging and to a larger extent,
CDM projects are responsible for this progress. Now with evolution in India’s position to take
voluntary emissions cut, the carbon intensity can be expected to go further down.
Figure 3: Registered CDM Projects in the Northern Region
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The Copenhagen Accord requires all the major
developing countries party to the accord to
provide nationally appropriate mitigation actions
(NAMA) to the UNFCCC. India has approved the
Copenhagen Accord and hence is required toimplement NAMAs. National Action Plan on
Climate Change (NAPCC) provides guidelines to
mitigate as well as adapt to climate change.
NAPCC has eight missions, out of which four
missions focus on mitigation, three on adaptation
and one on capacity enhancement to mitigate andadapt.
Per capita emission for India is much lower than
that of the developed countries. The proposed
mitigation measures are hence voluntary
commitments which will be translated to achieve
low carbon growth. Path to low carbon growth
implies the reduction of GHG emissions without
compromising the national interest of achieving
higher economic growth. Implementation of
mitigation measures through offset projects and
low carbon technology reinforce India’s
commitment of never exceeding per capita
emissions of the developed countries.
Highlights of NAPCC
• National Solar Mission
a. Solar power generation
b. Solar Photovoltaic generation
c. R&D
• National Mission for Enhanced Energy
Efficiency
a. Mandatory decreases in energy
consumption in 9 sectors
b. Policy options and capacity building
• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
a. Energy Efficiency in Residential and
commercial sectorsb. Municipal Solid Waste management
c. Urban Public transport promotion
• National Water Mission
a. Surface, ground and fresh water resources
management
b. Wetland conservation
c. Development of Desalination technologies
• National Mission for Sustaining the
Himalayan Ecosystema. Enhancing conservation of Himalayan
ecosystem
b. Adopt “best practice” norms in all aspects
of development
• National Mission for a Green India
a. Increase in forest cover
b. Biodiversity conservation
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
a. Risk Management
b. Dryland agriculture
c. Access to information
d. Biotechnology
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Most of the missions in the NAPCC have specific targets to be achieved through
implementation of the activities prescribed in the action plan. Figure XX gives a brief summary
of the different targets envisaged by the NAPCC.
The Copenhagen Accord: What does it mean to India and the Northern India
The Copenhagen Accord received mixed reactions, especially by the parties who were expecting
decision on the Kyoto Protocol successor and more tangible emissions reduction targets for
developed countries. On the other hand, anticipators have welcomed the decision towards
actual implementation of common but differentiated responsibility by all the countries
irrespective of being Annex I or Non-Annex I countries.
India is a party to the Copenhagen Accord and this association brings with it lot of responsibility
to India. The emissions- emitted and averted will be under international radar. Most the tenets
of the Copenhagen Accord have repercussions on India – some require immediate action, some
require commitment with no specific time frame while others provide window of opportunity
to implement the measures committed voluntary by India. Following are the Copenhagen
Accord tenets which will have direct relevance and impact on India and Indian companies:
Achieve the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible recognizing that
the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing countries
Low-emission development strategy is indispensible to sustainable development
Enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing
vulnerability and building resilience in developing countries
Developed countries to provide adequate , predictable and sustainable financial resources,
technology and capacity building to support implementation of adaptation action in
developing countries
Non Annex-I countries to implement mitigation actions in the context of sustainable
development; mitigation actions will be subjected to domestic MRV and communicated
every two years through National Communication (NATCOM)
Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) seeking international support will be
recorded in the registry along with the type of support sought for; the supported NAMAs will
be subjected to international MRVs
Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation is crucial; mechanisms like REDD
plus required to mobilize funds from the developed countries
Incentives to the developing countries to follow low-carbon path
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Scaled up, new and additional predictable and adequate funding as well as improved access
to the developing countries to enable and support enhanced mitigation actions, including
reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD +)
Copenhagen Green Climate Fund to be established as an operating entity of the financial
mechanism to support projects, programs, policies and other activities in the developingcountries related to mitigation including REDD+, adaptation, capacity building, technology
development and transfer
Establish Technology Mechanism to enhance action on technology development and
transfer
In response to the Copenhagen Accord, India has updated its national GHG inventory. First
inventory was done using 1994 data in the first National Communication (NATCOM) to the
UNFCCC in 2004. Indian Network of Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) under aegis of Ministry
of Environment and Forests, Government of India published India’s greenhouse gas emissions
inventory in the report titled ‘India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007’. India has thus become
the first non-Annex I country to publish such updated numbers and the decision of updating the
emission inventory is also the first of its kind by a developing country. This only shows
government’s commitment towards combating climate change and protecting vulnerable
sectors affected by it.
Developing countries will have an obligation of charting out and implementing NAMAs to
combat climate change. The targets and activities envisaged in the NAPCC can be considered to
be NAMAs for India. Hence, the implementation of the mitigation oriented NAPCC missions will
help India meet its international commitment. To make this effort more wide spread and havedistinctive impact, these targets needs to be translated to the state and even local level. In
other words, the state and local governments will have additional responsibility towards
attaining mitigation targets and comply with the NAPCC requirements. The states with higher
energy intensity will have to take more aggressive measures to reduce their carbon and energy
footprint. The states should be able to charter state appropriate mitigation action (SAMA)
under its low carbon growth agenda.
Copenhagen Accord mentions establishment of a Copenhagen Green Climate Fund to help
developing countries to combat climate change through mitigation as well as adaptation
activities. This will have direct implication on India as the implementation of NAMAs and SAMAs
will be facilitated with the external funding. Apart from this fund, the accord promises to
provide incentives to developing countries to follow low carbon growth.
Green India Mission is one of the very optimistic missions of the NAPCC. The Copenhagen
Accord has special provisions for the forestry related carbon activities. NAPCC targets to
increase the forest cover and make it 1/3 of the total geographical area of the country. The
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current efforts of protecting forest from degradation and deforestation can also lead to carbon
benefits to India through REDD and REDD+ path. REDD is one of the central agendas in the
Copenhagen Accord – be it on technology transfer, or allocation of Copenhagen green climate
fund or channelizing the other funds from the developed countries. Northern India, especially
Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh, havecomparatively large area under forests. Northern region comprises of Himalayan as well as dry
areas – both these extremes are highly vulnerable from climate change perspective. The
environmental stress in these regions has higher impact owing to their fragile ecosystem. NAP
aims to maintain two-thirds of the mountainous area under forest cover in order to prevent
erosion and land degradation and ensure the stability of the fragile ecosystem. Through the
provisions stipulated in the Copenhagen Accord, protection of forest against degradation and
deforestation along with biodiversity conservation can be funded through multiple funding
sources on REDD/REDD+ programmes.
India along with other major developing countries has taken very strong stands in the
negotiations. India advocated for collaborated research on low carbon technology, REDD+ and
monitoring and verification protocol for NAMAs. Being an active member of BASIC countries,
India has more responsibilities in implementing the activities it advocated and being agreed
upon as Copenhagen Accord. Technology mechanism has been proposed for systematic
transfer of technologies from the developed countries to undertake mitigation activities in the
developing countries. India has voluntary committed to reduce 20-25% GHG emissions by 2020
against 2005 levels. Technology mechanism can provide opportunity to import state-of-the-art
emission reduction technology to help meet the target. NAPCC envisages developing and
establishing integrated facilities photovoltaic at the rate of 1,000 MW per annum. The solarpanel technology is still in nascent stage in India as compared to that of the developed
countries. The technology mechanism of the Copenhagen Accord can serve as the path to
attaining national solar mission goals.
Similarly, the energy efficiency measures to be exercised in the industries can also be
transferred to India. Businesses in the Northern region such as agriculture, infrastructure, auto
industry can import energy efficiency and low-polluting technology to reduce energy intensity
thereby reducing GHG emissions and hence help in meeting targets set by the NAPCC.
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Targets envisaged by NAPCC
Mission Target
National Solar Mission To deliver at least 80% coverage for all low temperature (<1500C), & at least 60%
coverage for medium temperature (150 to 2500C) applications of solar energy in all
urban areas, industries and commercial establishments over the 11th
and 12th
Plan
periods
To aim for local Photovoltaic (PV) production from integrated facilities at a level of
1000MW p.a.
Establish at least 1000MW of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) generation capacity.
National Mission for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency in Industry
To enhance overall energy efficiency, the efficiency band-width of industrial sector is
divided into four bands. The energy efficiency improvement target, in %age from
current levels for each unit varies with its band. These targets, as per this paper, would
have to be achieved within a period of 3 to 5 years with in each group.
To restructure fertilizer subsidies to eliminate the absence of incentive to under-take
energy-efficiency investments.
To make specific energy consumption decreases mandatory in large energy consuming
industries and facilities those have been notified as Designated Consumers under the
Energy Conservation Act.
National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat
The National Mission on Bio-Diesel aims in the first (demonstration) phase to establish
bio-diesel plantations in 26 states, while the second phase will lead to production of
sufficient bio-diesel to enable a 20% blend in vehicle diesel in 2011-12
For the transport sector, tightening of regulatory standards such as enforcing fuel-
economy standards for automobile manufacturers has been proposed.
Establishing mechanisms to promote investments in development of high capacitypublic transport systems.
Abandoning of old vehicles to be made illegal with suitable legislation and fixing the
responsibility of handing over the end-of-life vehicle to collection centers on the last
owner of vehicle
Setting up a Combustion research Institute to facilitate R&D in advanced engine design
National Water Mission To manage and regulate ground water resources, govt. plans to make water harvesting
and artificial recharge in relevant urban areas mandatory
Making water assessments and audits mandatory
Regulation of power tariffs for irrigation which would be a step towards management
and regulation of groundwater resources
To formulate and implement a regulatory regime to ensure wise use of wetlands at the
national, state, and district levels
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As a part of development of Desalination Technologies, desalination has been
recognized as an important cross disciplinary technology area for R&D in the 11th
Plan
where by, various development activities have been initiated in various laboratories in
the country.
National Mission for Sustaining the
Himalayan Ecosystem
Two-thirds of the mountainous area under forest cover in order to prevent erosion
and land degradation and ensure the stability of the fragile ecosystem
National Mission for a “Green
India”
Under the 11th
Plan, the Working Group on Forests plans to increase the annual rate of
planting to 3.3 million hectares from 1.6m hectares during 2001-02 to 2005-06. The
final target under this programme is to bring one-third of the geographic area of India
under forest cover
Under the Greening India Programme, 6 million hectares of degraded forest land
would be afforested with the participation of Joint Forest Management Committees
(JFMCs).
National Mission for Sustainable
Agriculture
To manage the risk factor that agricultural sector, priority has been given to
development of GIS and remote sensing methodologies for detailed soil resource
mapping and land use planning at the level of a watershed or a river basin
Strategic Knowledge for Climate
Change
Setting up dedicated climate change research centers
Developing climate models
Establishing Climate Science Research Fund
Current emission status:
Gross emissions from different sectors in India were 1904 million tonnes of carbon dioxide
equivalent in 2007. Electricity and agriculture sectors were the highest contributors of GHG
emissions. Power generation is the biggest polluter accounting for approximately 38% of thetotal GHG emissions. This is attributed to the thermal power plants, majority of which use old
technology and have very low efficiency. Though this data shows all-India emissions, some cue
can be taken from them for northern region as well. With more than 24 GW8,9
of thermal
capacity in NR, emissions from thermal power stations are the biggest source of emissions in
this region. Agriculture, on the other hand, contributed to 18% of the total national GHG
emissions. Enteric fermentation from the livestock, manure management, rice cultivation, soils
and crop residue are considered in the agricultural sector. Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab
fall in the agricultural belt of the country; therefore in this region where over 70% of the people
depend on agricultural activities for their livelihoods, GHG emissions from this sector should becarefully observed while developing mitigation and adaptation strategies.
8As on March 31
st, 2010
9“Power Scenario at a Glance”, Central Electricity Authority, Planning Wing, April 2010
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Energy Sector
According to INCCA report, emissions from
energy sector are approximately 58% of the
total gross emissions of the country. Energy
sector comprises emissions from electricity
generation (38%), transport (7.5%),
residential (7.2%), and other sources of
energy consumption such as petroleum
refining, commercial sector etc. (5.3%). Total
electricity supply of India is approximately
690 billion kWh which translates into 600
kWh per capita electricity consumption10
.
Per capita electricity consumption in India is
just quarter of the world average. Ministry of
Power aims to increase per capita electricity
consumption to 1000 kWh by 2012. This
unmet need for electricity supply can be
supplied by increasing the share of more
efficient and low carbon technology.
Emission reduction in energy sector can be
looked at from two sides: from energy generation side, and energy consumption side. Under
NAPCC, National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, and National
Mission for Sustainable Habitat deals, directly and indirectly, with emission reduction from
energy segment.
10Power Sector in India- Past, Present and Future. iQuest Solutions.2010.
Figure 4: Sectoral GHG Emission Scenario of India in 2007 (INCAA, 2010)
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Market
Northern Region has ample renewable energy
(RE) potential that is yet to be harnessed –
solar and wind in Rajasthan, small hydro in
Himachal, Uttarakhand and J&K, and biomass
in the agricultural belt. With introduction of
guidelines on soon to be launched REC
market, these states now have an additional
incentive to harness their RE potential
beyond the specified Renewable Purchase
Specification (RPS) by the regulator.
REC market would serve as a platform for
buying-selling of renewable power, where
states which do not have enough renewable
potential (eg. Delhi) will be able to buy RECs
from those which are able to produce RE in
excess of their RPS target.
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To reduce emissions from energy generation side, NAPCC concentrates on adding clean energy
to India’s energy generation mix which would also address the issue of energy security. Solar
Mission envisages deployment of 20GW of grid connected solar power by 2022. Jawaharlal
Nehru Solar Mission (JNSM) has laid down its strategy to achieve this ambitious target in three
phases – it mentions the implementation of mandatory RPS targets along with feed-in tariffsand lays emphasis on enhanced international finance and technology transfer to accomplish
this target.
Since power generation along accounts for around 38% of total emissions of the country and
clean renewable energy only accounts for 28% in the capacity/generation mix, there remains
much scope for reduction in emissions through increase in the renewable energy quotient and
improvement in energy efficiency. Energy Efficiency Mission has been set up with this aim.
Power sector is one of the nine Designated Consumers under the Perform, Achieve and Trade
(PAT) scheme which will force inefficient thermal units to undertake mandatory efficiency
improvement measures.
Energy sector also comprises energy consumption from transportation, residential, commercial
and other sources. Sustainable Habitat Mission aims to promote energy efficiency in residential
and commercial sectors and promote public transport. With electricity demand expected to
grow at approximately 7-8% annually in the coming decade and further if significant
investments are made to put adequate systems in place to meet the latent demand. A large
portion of this electricity demand is expected to come from residential, commercial, and
institutional consumers. This mission aims to target energy efficiency measures that reduce
Figure 5: Bachat Lamp Yojana
Salient Features of BLY
Replaces inefficient incandescent bulbs with
CFLs for households only at reduced price
(Rs.15)
Uses CDM to generate CERs thereby recover
balance cost
About 80% energy savings without
compromising lumen intensity
400 million light points presently estimated on
incandescent bulbs could reduce energy
consumption upto10,000 MW
CFL supplier must make arrangements for buy
back of fused bulbs and their safe disposal.
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emissions from energy use in buildings. The Government has already put mechanisms, such as
Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC), standards and labelling programme for electrical
appliances and Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY) under this mechanism to achieve the identified saving
potential in residential (30% for new buildings) and commercial (40% for new buildings) sectors.
BLY is in the early stages of implementation in most of the states, including Northern states.Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY) is the first CDM project from India to be registered as a PoA. This
scheme was envisaged under Energy Efficiency Mission of NAPCC. It replaces inefficient
incandescent bulbs with CFLs for households at reduced price (Rs.15) and the remaining cost is
recovered through CER generation. There is still quite a bit of market that remains untapped
under this scheme, as can be seen in the map. Emission reduction from this scheme has been
estimated to be approximately 35,000 MtCO2 per annum which implies a potential reduction of
6,000 MW in electricity demand.
The scope of implementation of BLY and energy saving in the Northern region is high owing to
its dense population. Real estate is one of the booming sectors in the Northern region and
hence implementation of the BLY at the state level can translate into huge energy savings.
These energy savings can be diverted to industrial development and also to mind the gap of
unmet electricity needs.
Industrial Sector
Industries emit approximately 22% of the total GHG emissions of the country, with heavy
industries like, cement and iron & steel being the largest emitters. Northern region does nothave many heavy industries. The industries prevalent in the Northern region are auto mobile,
farm equipment, light engineering. Ministry of Power has identified nine sectors as the most
energy intensive ones and has classified them as Designated Consumers. These nine sectors are
advised to minimise their energy consumption. Northern region does not seem to have large
number of the designated consumers. The designated consumers are thermal power plants,
railways, chlor alkali plants, cement industries, iron and steel industries, aluminium, fertilizers,
textile and pulp & paper industries. Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts) will be issued under this
programme to those units outperforming their targets. These certificates can be bought by
those unable to meet the energy efficiency benchmarks set for them. By 2015, it is envisagedthat such a scheme will help save about 5 per cent of annual energy consumption and nearly
100 million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year. This also implies avoided generation capacity
installation of more than 19GW11
once the scheme is fully implemented- which is just slight
lower than peak demand of NR12, 13
. There are also plans to introduce a similar mechanism to
11National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, India Environmental Portal
1221.3GW as on 31
stMarch 2010
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improve the efficiency of small and medium enterprises. Also, currently whatever standards
and labelling programmes exist in India, they are only for consumer durables, to improve
industry sector efficiency, it is important to introduce such a programme for industrial
equipments and machinery as well.
13“Power Scenario at a Glance”, Central Electricity Authority, Planning Wing, April 2010
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Mitigation Options for Designated Consumers
Sector Criterion for
Notification as
designated consumer
Average energy intensity Mitigation measures
Thermal
power
stations
> = 30,000 MTOE14
per
year-
• R&M of old plants
• Advanced generation technologies like Supercritica• Clean coal technologies like IGCC, ISTIG, PFBC
• Combined cycle gas turbine power plants
• DSM measures
Cement>= 30,000 MTOE per
year
Thermal energy consumption (1998-2001):
734 Kcal/kg clinker; Power consumption
(1998 -2001): 89 KWh/ t cement15
• Energy efficiency measures
• Waste heat recovery
• Fuel switch to less carbon intensive fuel
• Production of blended cement
Iron and
steel
>= 30,000 MTOE per
year19.1 GJ/tonne of crude steel
17
• Replacement / switch of carbon intensive fuel (e.gcoal to gas)
• Energy efficiency in the process technology
• Waste processing• Waste heat recovery projects
• Reduction in steam consumption
• Coke dry quenching technology
• Coal dust injection technology
Chlor Alkali>= 12,000 MTOE per
yearBest technology (2003-04) – 2150 KW/ton
18
• Switch to membrane cell technology
• Reduction in process energy consumption
Aluminium >= 7,500 MTOE per year 15,000-16,500 KWH per ton of aluminium19
• Calcination
• Waste heat utilization
14
Metric tonne of oil equivalent15Energy Management Policy – Guidelines for Energy Intensive Industry in India,
Chapter 4, pp 36-65 by Bureau of Energy Efficiency16
2000 Data, TERI at http://www.ccap.org/Presentations/Kumar~India%20Electricity%20and%20Major%20Industry%20Preliminary%
%20Oct%2005~FINAL.pdf 17
FICCI CCTF18
http://www.basic-project.net/data/Johannesburg/Amit_Garg_Indias_approach_to_climate_change_mitigation.pdf 19
BEE, 2004
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Sector Criterion for
Notification as
designated consumer
Average energy intensity Mitigation measures
• Operational energy efficicency improvemenst
• Reduced carbon anode consumption per kilogram
produced.
Railways
One traction substation
in each zonal railway,
production unit and
workshops of Indian
railways having annual
energy consumption >=
30,000 MTOE
Electrical energy consumption: 12.8 billion
units in 2006-0720
Diesel fuel consumption: 2080 million litres
• Lower electricity consumption
• Improving rail technology and capacity augmentati
• Freight optimization
• Railways Electrification from diesel use
• Blending of biodiesel
• Using energy efficient lighting
Fertilizer>= 30,000 MTOE per
year
• Gas : 5.42 to 6.86 Gcal/MT
• Naptha : 5.55 to 7.69 Gcal/MT
• Fuel Oil : 7.92 to 8.23 Gcal/MT21
• Energy consumption Urea plants(2002-03):
6.59 Gcal/t• Energy consumption Ammonia Plants
(2002-03): 9.3 Gcal/t
• N2O emission abatement
• Energy efficiency
• Fuel switching measures
• Recovering Carbon dioxide
Textile >= 3,000 MTOE per year -
• Energy efficient technologies like friction spinningspinning
• Advanced dryinig processes to reduce energy consu30%
• Solar energy for water heating
• Steam conservation
Pulp and
Paper
>= 30,000 MTOE per
year
Heat: 15-30 GJ/t
Electricity (except pulp mill): 800 -1500
KWh/t
• Renewable energy for fuel switch
• Optimization of steam consumption
• Efficiency improvement
• Efficient use of industrial biomass residue
20 http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/BATF/BATF%20Projects%20Workshops/Energy%20Efficiency/EE%20Procurement%20Rail
21*FAI statistics (2006-07)
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Agriculture and Land Use Sector
India is one of the highest contributors of GHG Emissions from agriculture sector. Agriculture is
third largest GHG emitting sector in India after energy and industry sector. Livestock emitted
more than 200 million tonnes of GHG whereas paddy fields contributed 70 million tonnes of
GHG in2007. Uttar Pradesh and Punjab are third and fourth largest cultivators of rice
contributing to 11% and 10% of the total rice production respectively. In terms of milk, eggs and
wool production Northern region contributes to 45%, 20% and 62% respectively. In other
words, Northern region contributes significantly to the national GHG emissions from agriculture
sector. Agriculture sector is both cause and victim of climate change. National Mission on
Sustainable Agriculture suggests ways of increase resilience against climate change impacts and
increase production without increasing the carbon footprint.
Because of high vulnerability
of this sector, NationalMission for Sustainable
Agriculture of NAPCC has
been designed more with the
intent of improving
adaptability of agriculture to
the impacts of climate
change. Northern region
which is the agricultural belt
of the country is particularlysusceptible and needs to focus on this mission. Agriculture mission focuses primarily on dry-
land agriculture, risk management, access to information and use of bio technology – all of
which are applicable to NR.
Forests and Biodiversity
Degradation of forests
contributes to about
25% of global GHG
emissions. In India,forest covers about
23% of the
geographical area.
Northern region which
occupies about 32% of
total geographical area
-67.8
-207.52
10.49
-0.038
87.84
-177.03
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Forest Land Crop Land Grassland Settlements Fuelwood Use Net Removals
M t o f C O 2 e q .
Figure 6: India’s GHG emissions and removals from LULUCF Sector (INCAA, 2010)
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of the country has only 14% of total forest cover in the region. Forest and cropland covers
function as sinks that sequester the potent green house gas CO2. It is estimated that about 70%
of CO2 potential lies in the forestry sector. As per India’s latest GHG inventory report, LULUCF
(land use, land use
change, and forestry)sector is net sink and
sequestered 177.03
MtCO222
.
The Northern region
is also home to rich
biodiversity as it
spans across
Himalayan,
temperate, desert
and sub tropical
ecosystems.
Himalayan glaciers serve as a major source of fresh water which feeds to a large extent the
hydropower generation capacity and the agricultural production of India. A fast rate of glacial
retreat could endanger already scarce fresh water resources in India. Hence preserving the
Himalayan ecosystem is one of the main needs of India in order to lessen its vulnerability to
climate change impacts. The Himalayan states (mainly Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh) account for 19.4% of the forest cover of India, and
has remained largelyunchanged for this region.
In the Northern region,
Uttarakhand, Jammu and
Kashmir and Rajasthan are
the states which have high
forest cover to land ratio.
National Mission for
Sustaining the Himalayan
Ecosystem aims to protect
the biodiversity of this
region to establish
observation and monitoring
22India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007, Ministry of Environment and Forests (Government of India), May 2010
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%50%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
U
t t a r a
k
h a n d
J & K
R a j a s t h a n
H i m a c h a l
P r a d e s h
U t t a r
P r a
d e s h
P u n j a b
H a r y a n a
D e l h i
F o r e s t C o v e r ( i n 0 0 0 k m . )
Total Forest Cover
Forest Cover as a % Geographical Area
Figure 7: Forest Cover of the States in the Northern Region
Natural
Geological
wealth Water,
ice, snow and
glaciers
Forest
resource and
plant diversity
Micro flora and
fauna, wild life
and animal
population
Traditional
Knowledge
Systems
Himalayan
AgricultureInstitutional
Arrangements
under G-SHE
Figure 8: Proposed Institutional Arrangements for Technical work Functions under
Governance for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (G-SHE)
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networks, to adopt land use and watershed planning in the Himalayan region, encourage
plantation and sustainable agriculture and involve the local communities in conservation
programs. In September 2009, Ministry of Environment and Forest released guidelines on this
mission. The guidelines cover a wide variety of issues – including urbanization, tourism, water
security, energy, forest management and infrastructure – all of which are highly pertinent asthe Himalaya faces new and increased pressures.
National Mission on Sustainable Himalayas and National Green Mission can be implemented
with strategic roadmap. The central objective of these missions is to increase the forest cover
and hence protect the fragile ecosystem. Avoiding degradation and deforestation of existing
forest can also contribute towards increase in forest cover. Protection of forest not only
increases the natural sink of carbon dioxide but also provide shelter to many endangered and
abundant species. Reduced emissions from avoiding deforestation and degradation (REDD) has
been brought to central table of discussion in the Copenhagen. India has been pushing for
REDD+ and REDD++ issues in the Copenhagen summit. Northern region can comply with the
NAPCC and also implement REDD+ and REDD++.
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Meeting Climate Change Challenge at the State level
Climate Change is no doubt one of the biggest challenge humankind is facing today. Every GHG
emitting activity counts and every mitigation and adaptation measure adds to the global
combat to climate change. Kyoto Protocol has very rightly coined the term – Common but
differentiated responsibility. Yes, it is every nation, every nation state and every earth citizen’s
responsibility to contribute towards global combat against climate change. India has progressed
significantly on its path to emission reduction commitments and building resilience against
climate change impact. India has been one of the major contributors to the Copenhagen Accord
on behalf of BASIC countries. India has become the first non-Annex I country to report updated
GHG inventory to the UNFCCC since the first NATCOM. India has come up with National Action
Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in 2008 which lays out mitigation and adaptation measures as
well as strategic knowledge management to mitigate as well as adapt to challenges posed by
changing climate. Now, the responsibility is shifted to the states and the local governments to
translate / adapt these national missions to the micro level. NAPCC requires each state toprepare State level action plan on climate change (SAPCC). States in the Northern region have
been comparatively active in developing SAPCC. Delhi government released its climate change
agenda in January 2009. Himachal Pradesh has constituted state level governing council for
climate change following release of NAPCC in 2008. Some other states have announced that
initiatives have been taken to make these states carbon neutral. Every state can’t apply all the
eight missions of the NAPCC. Some missions are more relevant than the others and hence
should be adapted the first to gain maximum mileage in the low carbon growth path.
General roadmap to low carbon growth:
Different states are at different stages on the low carbon growth trajectory. Some have already
formulated plans and have an agenda to follow whereas others are still at the nascent stages of
conceptualizing.
a. Establishment of a state governing council : State needs to establish a dedicated
governing council under the aegis of department of environment and forests. This
council should constitute of the inter-disciplinary members from different departments,
academia, businesses and public forums. This council should be tasked with the
formulation of state climate change agenda.
b. Formulation of state climate change agenda: State climate change agenda should
address all the pounding climate change risks and the areas that are affected the most
by the climate change. NAPCC has addressed Himalayan ecosystem, agriculture,
industry, transportation, municipal waste, residential buildings, power, forests and
water as the vulnerable areas and suggested mitigation and adaptation measures. While
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formulating the state climate change agenda the authorized agency/council should
balance mitigation as well as adaptation measures. Each state needs to carry out the
inventory of all the environmental problems such as air, water, soil, noise pollution
along with the ecosystem inventory. Mapping of existing environmental conditions will
help to identify the areas that need urgent mitigation and/or adaptation measures. Theproportion of mitigation and adaptation measures to be implemented will depend on
the existing sectors, climatic conditions and the resilience against the climate change.
For instance, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh would focus more on
Himalayan ecosystem, sustainable agriculture, hydro power generation, increasing
forest cover over the industrial mitigation measures in its climate change agenda.
Punjab and Haryana would focus more on REDD, sustainable agriculture, enhanced
energy efficiency in industries over other missions.
c. Preparation of implementation guidelines: The formulation of climate change agenda
should be followed by implementation guidelines. Agenda alone will not lead to
implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures. Each of the missions/agenda
prescribed in the climate change plan needs to have a robust implementation guideline.
These guidelines will include, inter alia, the mitigation measure implementation
schedule, quantification of each mitigation measure, estimated amount of GHG
emissions reduced, monetary benefits of the corresponding mitigation measure, and
activities to be undertaken to implement adaptation measures. The guidelines should be
state specific and should prioritize the activities on the basis of urgency and
effectiveness of implementation.
d. Develop monitoring plan: Actual benefits of the plan will be attained only through
honest implementation of the activities stipulated in the plan. Strong enforcement plan
and monitoring plan needs to be in place to maximize the effect of implementation. In
the absence of robust monitoring, climate change agenda will not be translated into
action and be deemed an inappropriate policy.
e. Coupling with state environment policy: The climate change agenda should be coupled
with the existing state environment policy and be made its integral part. The
enforcement of the plan should be ensured with the similar or even better level of
stringency. Depending upon the level of implementation urgency, the activities should
be made mandatory.
f. Setting up evolving emission reduction targets: For the states that have high energy
intensive and carbon intensive industries, evolving emission reduction targets need to
be set up. National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency has developed Perform,
Achieve and Trade to provide incentives to increase energy efficiency of the operations
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in nine designated consumers. If need be, state appropriate targets and similar market
mechanism can be introduced for sectors that are crucial for that particular state.
g. Participating in international climate negotiations: Many initiatives are taken in other
countries at state level. These states participate in the international climate
negotiations. States in India can also follow the similar path. States in India can twin
with local governments in other countries for technology transfer and exchange of
knowledge.
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Conclusion
World has started witnessing the impacts of climate change. The increase in the frequency and
magnitude of natural calamities like flood, cyclones, landslides, droughts, glacial retreats are
the consequences of climate change. India has also faced many of such calamities in the recent
past, such as drought in 2008-09, floods in Bihar, forest fires. These impacts on natural
calamities translate into losses in human life, crops, biodiversity and businesses. Hence, it is
important for countries and the businesses in those countries to embrace low carbon growth
path. India has released NAPCC and announced voluntary cut in the emissions reduction by
2020. Now, it is the turn for the states to formulate state action plan on climate change and
derive state appropriate mitigation actions.
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Confederation of Indian IndustrySince 1895
The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) works to create and sustain an environment
conducive to the growth of industry in India, partnering industry and government alike through
advisory and consultative processes.
CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry led and industry managed organisation, playing
a proactive role in India's development process. Founded over 115 years ago, it is India's
premier business association, with a direct membership of over 8100 organisations from the
private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of over
90,000 companies from around 400 national and regional sectoral associations.
CII catalyses change by working closely with government on policy issues, enhancing efficiency,
competitiveness and expanding business opportunities for industry through a range of
specialised services and global linkages. It also provides a platform for sectoral consensus
building and networking. Major emphasis is laid on projecting a positive image of business,
assisting industry to identify and execute corporate citizenship programmes. Partnerships with
over 120 NGOs across the country carry forward our initiatives in integrated and inclusive
development, which include health, education, livelihood, diversity management, skill
development and environment, to name a few.
CII has taken up the agenda of “Business for Livelihood” for the year 2010-11. Businesses arepart of civil society and creating livelihoods is the best act of corporate social responsibility.
Looking ahead, the focus for 2010-11 would be on the four key Enablers for Sustainable
Enterprises: Education, Employability, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. While Education and
Employability help create a qualified and skilled workforce, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
would drive growth and employment generation.
With 64 offices in India, 9 overseas in Australia, Austria, China, France, Germany, Japan,
Singapore, UK, and USA, and institutional partnerships with 223 counterpart organisations in 90
countries, CII serves as a reference point for Indian industry and the international business
community.
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ICF International (NASDAQ: ICFI) partners with government and commercial clients to deliver
consulting services and technology solutions in the energy, climate change, environment,
transportation, social programs, health, defense, and emergency management markets. The
firm combines passion for its work with industry expertise and innovative analytics to produce
compelling results throughout the entire program life cycle, from analysis and design through
implementation and improvement. Since 1969, ICF has been serving government at all levels,
major corporations, and multilateral institutions. More than 3,500 employees serve these
clients worldwide and with revenues in excess of $700 million. We have over 4 decades of
experience and are very active internationally on climate change.
Climate Change has been the core competence of ICF since the mid-1980s and globally,
approximately 300 of ICF’s more than 3,500 employees work full-time for a variety of corporate
and government clients to help devise and implement climate change related strategies. Over
the past two decades, ICF has carefully earned an international reputation in the field of climate
change consulting for its analytical rigour, in-depth market expertise, and technical integrity.
ICF International’s capabilities in Climate Change and CDM have been recognized
internationally since 2006 by Environmental Finance Magazine for three consecutive years, as
the Best Advisory Company in categories such as EU Emissions Trading Scheme, North American
GHG Markets, Kyoto Project Credits, Voluntary Markets, etc.
ICF international maintains fully staffed offices in New Delhi, Beijing, London, Moscow, Rio de
Janeiro, Toronto and 26 offices in different states of US
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