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7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
1/10
HPT_Ch2
1
Nhc liCC KHI NIM VNH LUT C BNcn cho Ha phn tch
CHNG 2Cc tin t ca n v o
Dung dch
Mt h ng th do sphn tn ca phn thay ion gia hai hay
nhiu cht.
Thnh phn c ththay i trong gii hnrng.
Gm cht phn tn(cht tan) v mi trngphn tn (dung mi)
Dung mi
Mui
Nc
Cht tan
Dung dch
Dung dch rn:
rn / rn
Dung dch lng kh / lng
lng / lng
rn / lng
Dung dch rn
lng / rn
rn / rn
Ph bin trong ha phn tch:
dung dch rn/ lng
dung dch lng/lng.
7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
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HPT_Ch2
2
Dung dch
Dung dch long
Dung dch m c
Dung dch cha bo ha
Dung dch bo ho
Dung dch qu bo ho
Nng dung dchNng ca mt dung dch l i lng o biu din
lng cht tan ha tan trong mt lng dung dch nhtnh.
C th p dng vi mu dng kh v dng rn.
Mt sn v nng thng dngTn gi n v K hiu
Nng mol M
Nng ng lng N
Nng molal m
Nng khi lng g/L
Nng % khi lng % w/w
Nng % th tch % v/v
Nng % khi lng/thtch
% w/v
Nng phn triu ppm
Nng phn t ppb
Nng dung dch
tan (S)
s gam cht tan trong 100 g dung mi khi dung dch boho mt nhit , p sut xc nh.
7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
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HPT_Ch2
3
V d
ha tan ca mt s mui trong nc theo nhit
Nng dung dch
Nng khi lng hay nng g/L :
s g cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch.
Nng dung dch
chun (T):
s g hay mg cht tan trong 1 mL dung dch.
hoc
Nng dung dch
Nng mol/L (M) hay nng mol
S mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch.
7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
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HPT_Ch2
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Nng dung dch
Nng mol/L (M) hay nng mol (cont.)
Nng mol phn tch
Tng s mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch (tng ng vicng thc).
V d: NaCl, Na2SO4 Nng mol cn bng
Nng mol ca mt cu t trong dung dch trng thicn bng.
V d: [H+], [Cl-]
Nng dung dch
Nng molan (Cm ):
s mol cht tan trong 1000 g dung mi (mol/kg).
- Khng ph thuc nhit .
(q - s gam dung mi)
Nng dung dch
Nng phn mol (Ni):
t s gia s mol ni ca cu t i v tngs mol N cacc cht to thnh dung dch.
- + + + = 1
Nng dung dch
Nng ng lng (CN):
sng lng gam cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch.
:ng lng gam ca cht tan c khi lng phn t M
n: n v ng lng
7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
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HPT_Ch2
5
Nng dung dch
Nng phn trm (C %):
C% (m/m): Khi lng cht tan (g) ctrong 100 g dung dch.
C% (m/v): Khi lng cht tan (g) ctrong 100 mL dung dch.
C% (v/v): Th tch cht tan (mL) ctrong 100 ml dung dch.
Nng dung dch
Nng phn triu (ppm): khi lng cht tan trong106 ln khi lng mu c cng n v.
.
Mu rn: 1 ppm = 1 mg/kg = 1 g/g.
Mu lng: 1 ppm = 1 L/L = 1 nL/mL
Mu rn-lng: 1 ppm = 1 mg/L = 1 g/mL.
Nng dung dch
Nng phn t (ppt): khi lng cht tan trong 109
ln khi lng mu c cng n v.
.
.
Mu rn: 1 ppb = 1 g/kg.
Mu lng: 1 ppb = 1 nL/L = 1 pL/mL
7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
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HPT_Ch2
6
Khi lng ring v t trng
Khi lng ring ca mt cht l khi lng ca mt nv th tch cht mt nhit nht nh, thng lg/mL hay g/cm3 20 oC.
T trng (tng i) l t s gia khi lng ca mt thtch cht , thng 20 oC, v khi lng ca cng thtch nc ct 4 oC (hoc 20oC).
Khi lng ring ca nc: dH2O = 1,0000 g/mL 4 oChoc dH2O = 0,99821 g/mL 20 oC
Lin h gia cc loi nng
Dung dch v nng dung dch
Hm p hay gi trp
[H+] pH
[Ba2+]pBa
[Cl-] pCl
[Cl-] = 2.45 x 10-5 MpCl = 4.6108 = 4.61 = 4,611?
Pha ch dung dch
Pha dung dch chun gc (stock solution): ta(g)cht rn tinh khit hoc V (mL) dung dch tinh khit,
thm dung mi v pha long n th tchxc nh.
Pha long dung dch Nguyn tc: Khi lng cht tankhngi trong qu trnh
pha long.
Quytc:
Cmc Vmc = Clong Vlong
7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
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HPT_Ch2
7
Mt s dng c dng trong pha ch dung dch
ng lng
&nh luttc dng ng lng
Khi nim ng lng
ng lng gam ca mt nguyn t hay mthp cht: l s phn khi lng ca nguyn t hay
hp cht thay th va vimt n v ng lng,tng ng vi gi tr:
# 1,008 phn khi lng ca H2
# 8 phnkhi lng ca O2
# 1 ng lng ca mt nguyn thay hp cht khc
7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
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HPT_Ch2
8
Khi nim ng lng
1 mol phn t H2O c:
2 phn khi lng Hydro 2 L ca H
16 phn khi lng Oxy 2 L ca O
trong H2O c2 L canguyn tH tc dngva vi 2 L ca nguyn t O
Khi nim ng lng
ng lng ca nguyn t:
n: ho tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht
Khi nim ng lng
AB + nY C + D
MAB: Khi lng ca 1 ng lng cht ABng lng ca mt hp cht AB:
(n: s n v ng lng AB tham gia p)
Tnhs n v ng lng ca hp chtAB
PHN NG OXY HA - KH
AB ne- C + D
1 mol electron 1 ng lng
n: s mol electron trao i va vi 1 mol hpcht AB.
7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
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HPT_Ch2
9
Tnhs n v ng lng ca hp chtAB
PHN NG ACID BAZ
AB + nH+/OH- C + D
1 mol H+/OH- 1 ng lng
n: smol H+/OH-thc s tham gia trao i ivi 1 molAB
Tnhs n v ng lng ca hp chtAB
PHN NG TRAO I ION
AB + nM+/M- C + D
1 mol M+/M- 1 ng lng
n: s mol M+/M- thcs tham gia trao i vi1 molAB
nh lut tc dng ng lng
Trong mt phn ng ha hc,s ngl n gca cc cht tham gia phn ng
phi bng nhau.
V1.C1 = V2.C2
dng trong phn tch nh lng.
Cn bng ha hc nh lut tc dng khi lng
Khi nim hot
Cn bng ha hc
nh lut tc dng khi lng
7/23/2019 Chuong 2 ct co ban
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HPT_Ch2
10
Khi nim hot
- Nu cht tan trong dung dch hin din di dng ion.
- S tc ngca nhiu ion khcnhau trong dung dch gy ralctng tc ion .
- Lc tng tc ion lm gimkh nng hotngca ion ionhin din vi nng hiu dng a (hot )
- Lc tng tc ion tl thun vi nng v in tchca tng ion.
Ci, Zi nng v in tch ca ion I trong dung dch
Khi nim hot
a = f.c
(f : h s hot )
lgf = (): thay i theo lc ion
f 1
Dung dch long: 0 f 1 a c
p dng trong ha phn tch vi dung dch long(nng thp)
quy c f =1
nh lut tc dng khi lng
T s gia tch hot (nng) ca sn phm trntch hot (nng ) ca tc cht l mt hng s.
Dung dch long:
nh lut tc dng khi lng
Cn bng ng tun theo nguyn l Le Chtelier.
K1 cng ln phn ng theo chiu 1 cng chim
u th.
K > 107: phn ng honton.
p dng vi dung dch long khng in li hay in li yu.