Chrysler

This article is about the automobile company. Forthe agship car division of FCA US LLC, see Chrysler(division). For other uses, see Chrysler (disambiguation).

Chrysler (/kraslr/), ocially FCA US LLC, is anAmerican automobile manufacturer headquartered inAuburn Hills, Michigan and owned by holding companyFiat Chrysler Automobiles, headquartered in London.[4]Chrysler is one of the "Big Three" American automo-bile manufacturers. It sells vehicles worldwide under itsagship Chrysler brand, as well as the Dodge, Jeep andRam. Other major divisions include Mopar, its automo-tive parts and accessories division, and SRT, its perfor-mance automobile division. In 2014, FCAUS LLC is theseventh biggest automaker in the world by production.[5]

The Chrysler Corporation was founded by WalterChrysler in 1925,[6] out of what remained of the MaxwellMotor Company. Chrysler greatly expanded in 1928,when it acquired the Fargo truck company and the DodgeBrothers Company and began selling vehicles under thosebrands; that same year it also established the Plymouthand DeSoto automobile brands.In the 1960s the company expanded into Europe, creat-ing the Chrysler Europe division, formed from the acqui-sition of French, British and Spanish companies. In the1970s, a number of factors including the 1973 oil crisisimpacted Chryslers sales, and by the late 1970s, Chryslerwas on the verge of bankruptcy, forcing its retreat fromEurope in 1979. Lee Iacocca was brought in as CEO andis credited with returning the company to protability inthe 1980s. In 1987, Chrysler acquired American MotorsCorporation (AMC), which brought the protable Jeepbrand under the Chrysler umbrella.In 1998, Chrysler merged with German automakerDaimler-Benz AG to form DaimlerChrysler; the mergerproved contentious with investors and Chrysler was soldto Cerberus Capital Management and renamed ChryslerLLC in 2007. Like the other Big Three automobile man-ufacturers, Chrysler was hit hard by the automotive in-dustry crisis of 20082010.Through a combination of negotiations with creditors, l-ing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on April30, 2009, and participating in a bailout from the U.S.government through the T.A.R.P. program, Chryslermanaged to remain in business. On June 10, 2009,Chrysler emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings withthe United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S.p.A., andthe U.S. and Canadian governments as principal own-

ers. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting onover $4 billion in debts. By May 24, 2011, Chrysler n-ished repaying its obligations to the U.S. government veyears early, although the cost to the American taxpayerwas $1.3 billion. Over the next few years Fiat graduallyacquired the other parties shares while removing muchof the weight of the loans (which carried a 21% interestrate) in a short period. On January 1, 2014, Fiat S.p.Aannounced a deal to purchase the rest of Chrysler fromthe United Auto Workers retiree health trust. The dealwas completed on January 21, 2014, making ChryslerGroup a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A.[4] In May 2014, FiatChrysler Automobiles, NV was born by merging FiatS.p.A. into the company. This was completed in August2014. Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary untilDecember 15, 2014, when it was renamed FCAUS LLC,to reect the Fiat-Chrysler merger.[7]

1 History

Main article: History of Chrysler

The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler(18751940) on June 6, 1925,[8][9] when the MaxwellMotor Company (est. 1904) was re-organized into theChrysler Corporation.[10][11]

Walter Chrysler arrived at the ailing Maxwell-Chalmerscompany in the early 1920s. He was hired to overhaulthe companys troubled operations (after a similar rescuejob at theWillys-Overland car company).[12] In late 1923production of the Chalmers automobile was ended.[13]

In January 1924, Walter Chrysler launched the well-received Chrysler automobile. The Chrysler was a 6-cylinder automobile, designed to provide customers withan advanced, well-engineered car, but at a more aord-able price than they might expect. (Elements of this carare traceable to a prototype which had been under devel-opment at Willys during Chryslers tenure).[14] The orig-inal 1924 Chrysler included a carburetor air lter, highcompression engine, full pressure lubrication, and an oillter, features absent from most autos at the time.[15][16]Among the innovations in its early years were the rstpractical mass-produced four-wheel hydraulic brakes, asystem nearly completely engineered by Chrysler withpatents assigned to Lockheed, and rubber engine mountsto reduce vibration. Chrysler also developed a wheel witha ridged rim, designed to keep a deated tire from ying

1

2 1 HISTORY

o the wheel. This wheel was eventually adopted by theauto industry worldwide.Following the introduction of the Chrysler, the Maxwellbrand was dropped after the 1925 model year. The new,lower-priced four-cylinder Chryslers introduced for the1926 year were badge-engineered Maxwells.[17] The ad-vanced engineering and testing that went into ChryslerCorporation cars helped to push the company to thesecond-place position in U.S. sales by 1936, a positionit would last hold in 1949.In 1928, the Chrysler Corporation began dividing its ve-hicle oerings by price class and function. The Plymouthbrand was introduced at the low-priced end of the mar-ket (created essentially by once again reworking and re-badging Chryslers four-cylinder model).[18] At the sametime, the DeSoto brand was introduced in the medium-price eld. Also in 1928, Chrysler bought the DodgeBrothers[19] automobile and truck company and contin-ued the successful Dodge line of automobiles and Fargorange of trucks. By the mid-1930s, the DeSoto andDodge divisions would trade places in the corporate hier-archy.

1955 Imperial car model shown on display at January 1955Chicago Auto Show

The Imperial name had been used since 1926, but wasnever a separate make, just the top-of-the-line Chrysler.In 1955, the company decided to spin it o as its ownmake and division to better compete with its rivals, Lin-coln and Cadillac.On April 28, 1955, Chrysler and Philco had announcedthe development and production of the Worlds First All-Transistor car radio.[20] The all-transistor car radioMoparmodel 914HR, was developed and produced by Chryslerand Philco, and was an $150.00 option on the 1956 Im-perial car models. Philco was the company, who hadmanufactured the all-transistor car radio Mopar model914HR, starting in the fall of 1955 at its Sandusky Ohioplant, for the Chrysler corporation.[21][22][23]

On September 28, 1957, Chrysler had announced the rstproduction electronic fuel injection (EFI), as an option on

some of its new 1958 car models (Chrysler 300D, DodgeD500, DeSoto Adventurer, Plymouth Fury). The rst at-tempt to use this system was by American Motors on the1957 Rambler Rebel.[24][25] Bendix Corporation's Elec-trojector used a transistor computer brain modulator box,but teething problems on pre-production cars meant veryfew cars were made.[26] The EFI system in the Ramblerran ne in warm weather, but suered hard starting incooler temperatures andAMCdecided not to use this EFIsystem, on its 1957 Rambler Rebel production cars thatwere sold to the public.[25] Chrysler also used the BendixElectrojector fuel injection system and only around 35vehicles were built with this option, on its 1958 pro-duction built car models.[27][28] Owners of EFI Chryslerswere so dissatised that all but one were retrotted withcarburetors (while that one has been completely restored,with original EFI electronic problems resolved).[28]

Imperial would see new body styles introduced every twoto three years, all with V8 engines and automatic trans-missions, as well as technologies that would lter down toChrysler corporations other models. Imperial was foldedback into the Chrysler brand in 1973.The Valiant was also introduced for 1960 as a distinctbrand. In the U.S. market, Valiant was made a model inthe Plymouth line for 1961 and the DeSoto make wasdiscontinued during 1961. With those exceptions perapplicable year and market, Chryslers range from low-est to highest price from the 1940s through the 1970swas Valiant, Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler, andImperial.[29]

In 1985, Chrysler entered an agreement with AmericanMotors Corporation (AMC) to produce Chrysler M plat-form rear-drive, as well as Dodge Omnis front wheeldrive cars, in AMCs Kenosha, Wisconsin plant. In 1987,Chrysler acquired the 47% ownership of AMC that washeld by Renault. The remaining outstanding shares ofAMC were purchased on the NYSE by August 5, 1987,making the deal valued somewhere between US$1.7 bil-lion and US$2 billion, depending on how costs werecounted.[30] Chrysler CEO Lee Iacocca wanted the Jeepbrand, particularly the Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ) thatwas under development, the world-class, brand-newman-ufacturing plant in Bramalea, Ontario, as well as AMCsengineering and management talent that became criticalfor Chryslers future success.[31] Chrysler established theJeep/Eagle division as a specialty arm to market prod-ucts distinctly dierent from the K-car-based productswith the Eagle cars targeting import buyers.[32] FormerAMC dealers sold Jeep vehicles and various new Eaglemodels, as well as Chrysler products, strengthening theautomakers retail distribution system.In 1998, Chrysler and its subsidiaries entered into apartnership dubbed a merger of equals with German-based Daimler-Benz AG, creating the combined entityDaimlerChrysler AG.[33] To the surprise of many stock-holders, Daimler subsequently acquired Chrysler in a

3In 1987 Chrysler purchased American Motors from Renault

stock swap,[34] before the retirement of Chrysler CEOBob Eaton. His lack of planning for Chrysler in the1990s, to become their own global automotive com-pany, is widely accepted as the reason why the mergerwas needed. Under DaimlerChrysler, the company wasnamed DaimlerChrysler Motors Company LLC, with itsU.S. operations generally called DCX. The Eagle brandwas retired shortly after Chryslers merger with Daimler-Benz in 1998[35] Jeep became a stand-alone division, andeorts were made to merge the Chrysler and Jeep brandsas one sales unit.[36] In 2001, the Plymouth brand was alsodiscontinued.On May 14, 2007, DaimlerChrysler announced the saleof 80.1% of Chrysler Group to American private eq-uity rm Cerberus Capital Management, L.P., thereafterknown as Chrysler LLC, although Daimler (renamed asDaimler AG) continued to hold a 19.9% stake.[37] Theeconomic collapse of 2007 - 2009 pushed an already frag-ile company to the brink. On April 30, 2009, the au-tomaker led for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection to beable to operate as a going concern, while renegotiating itsdebt structure and other obligations,[38] which resulted inthe corporation defaulting on over $4 billion in secureddebts.[39] The U.S. government described the companysaction as a prepackaged surgical bankruptcy.[38]

The sale of substantially all of Chryslers assets to NewChrysler, organized as Chrysler Group LLC was com-pleted on June 10, 2009. The federal government pro-

vided support for the deal with US$8 billion in nanc-ing at near 21%. Under Sergio Marchionne, WorldClass Manufacturing or WCM, a system of completeand thorough manufacturing quality, was introduced andseveral products re-launchedwith quality and luxury. The2010 Jeep Grand Cherokee very soon became the mostawarded SUV - Ever. The Ram, Jeep, Dodge, SRT andChrysler divisions were separated to focus on their ownidentity and brand and 11major model refreshes occurredin 21months. The PT Cruiser, Nitro, Liberty and Calibermodels (created during DCX) were discontinued. OnMay 24, 2011, Chrysler repaid its $7.6 billion loans tothe United States and Canadian governments.[40][41] TheUS Treasury, through the Troubled Asset Release Pro-gram, invested $12.5 billion in Chrysler and recovered$11.2 billion when the company shares were sold in May2011, resulting in a $1.3 billion loss.[42][43][44][45] On July21, 2011, Fiat bought the Chrysler shares held by theUnited States Treasury.[46] With the purchase, Chrysleronce again became foreign owned; however, this timeChrysler was the luxury division. The Chrysler 300 wasbadged Lancia Thema in some European markets (withadditional engine options), giving Lancia a much neededreplacement for its agship.On January 1, 2014, Fiat announced it would be ac-quiring the remaining shares of Chrysler owned by theVEBA worth $3.65 billion.[47] The deal was completedon January 21, 2014.[4] Several days later, the intendedreorganization of Fiat and Chrysler under a new hold-ing company, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, together witha new FCA logo were announced.[48] The most challeng-ing launch for this new company came immediately inJanuary 2014 with a completely redesigned Chrysler 200.The vehicles creation is from the completely integratedcompany, FCA, executing from a global compact-wideplatform.[49]

On 16 December 2014, Chrysler Group LLC announceda name change to FCA US LLC.[50]

2 Corporate governance

2.1 Board of directors Stephen Wolf Leo W. Houle Erickson N. Perkins Ruth J. Simmons Alfredo Altavilla Sergio Marchionne, Chairman and Chief ExecutiveOcer

Ronald L. Thompson Douglas Steenland

4 3 SALES AND MARKETING

Chrysler House landmark executive oces in the Detroit Finan-cial District

John Lanaway

2.2 Management team Mark Chernoby, Senior Vice President of Quality Reid Bigland, Ram brand CEO, U.S. sales chief &President and CEO Chrysler Canada[51]

Saad Chehab, President and CEO - Chryslerbrand[52]

Mark M. Chernoby, Senior Vice President of Prod-uct Development

Olivier Francois, Chief Marketing Ocer, ChryslerGroup and Fiat Group Automobiles, Head of FiatBrand[53]

Scott R. Garberding, Senior Vice President of Man-ufacturing

Ralph Gilles, SRT brand CEO and President ofDesign[51]

Pietro Gorlier, Mopar brand CEO and President ofService, Parts and Customer Care

Bill Cousins Mircea Gradu, Head of Transmission Powertrainand Driveline Engineering (departing)

Peter M. Grady, Vice President of Network Devel-opment and Fleet

Michael J. Keegan, Senior Vice President of SupplyChain Management

Timothy Kuniskis, President and CEO of Dodgebrand

Scott G. Kunselman Jody Trapasso Jason Stoicevich Robert (Bob) Lee, Head of Engine, Powertrain andElectried Propulsion Systems Engineering

Robert E. Lee Holly E. Leese Laurie A. Macaddino MichaelManley, President and CEO Jeep brand andCOO APAC (Asia Pacic Region)

Richard Palmer, Senior Vice President and ChiefFinancial Ocer

Barbara J. Pilarski Nancy A. Rae, Senior Vice President of Human Re-sources

Gualberto Ranieri Scott A. Sandschafer Joseph Trapasso Joseph Veltri Daniel W. Devine, Vice President, Oce of TaxAairs

3 Sales and marketing

3.1 United States salesChrysler is the smallest of the Big Three U.S. automak-ers (Chrysler Group LLC, Ford Motor Company, andGeneral Motors). In 2013 Chrysler sold 1,800,368 vehi-cles, 9% up from 2012, and fourth largest in sales behindGM, Ford and Toyota.[54]

Chryslers sales have uctuated dramatically over the lastdecade. In 2007 sales reached 2,076,650,[55] falling to931,402 units in 2009, the companys worst result indecades.It is reported that Chrysler was heavy on eet sales in2010, hitting as high as 56 percent of total sales in Febru-ary of that year. For the whole year, 38 percent of sales

3.4 Marketing 5

of Chrysler were to eet customers. The industry averagewas 19 percent. However, the company hopes to reduceits eet sales to the industry average in 2011 with a re-newed product lineup.[56]

3.2 Global sales

Chrysler is the worlds 11th largest vehicle manufactureras ranked by OICA in 2012.[57] Total Chrysler vehicleproduction was about 2.37 million that year, up from 1.58million in 2010.

3.3 Product recalls

3.3.1 Brake booster shield recall, March 2014

In April 2014, Chrysler recalled brake boosters fromDodge Durango and Jeep Grand Cherokee Vehicles man-ufactured in the years 2011-2014 stating that, A brakeboosters center shell may corrode and allow water to getinside, which could freeze and limit the braking abilityof the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash. Chrysler isoering a free repair for any aected SUV worldwide,all that is required is the drive to a local dealer for therepair.[58]

3.4 Marketing

3.4.1 Lifetime powertrain warranty

In 2007, Chrysler began to oer vehicle lifetime pow-ertrain warranty for the rst registered owner or retaillessee.[59] The deal covered owner or lessee in U.S.,Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, for 2009 model yearvehicles, and 2006, 2007 and 2008 model year vehiclespurchased on or after July 26, 2007. Covered vehiclesexcluded SRT models, Diesel vehicles, Sprinter models,RamChassis Cab, Hybrid System components (includingtransmission), and certain eet vehicles. The warrantyis non-transferable.[60] After Chryslers restructuring, thewarranty program was replaced by ve-year/100,000mile transferrable warranty for 2010 or later vehicles.[61]

3.4.2 Lets Refuel America

In 2008, as a response to customer feedback citing theprospect of rising gas prices as a top concern, Chryslerlaunched the Lets Refuel America incentive campaign,which guaranteed new-car buyers a gasoline price of$2.99 for three years.[62] With the U.S. purchase of eligi-ble Chrysler, Jeep and Dodge vehicles, customers couldenroll in the program and receive a gas card that imme-diately lowers their gas price to $2.99 a gallon, and keepsit there for the three years.

3.4.3 Lancia co-branding

Chrysler plans for Lancia to codevelop products, withsome vehicles being shared. Olivier Francois, LanciasCEO, was appointed to the Chrysler division in October2009. Francois plans to reestablish the Chrysler brand asan upscale brand.[63]

3.4.4 Ram trucks

In October 2009, Dodges car and truck lines were sepa-rated, with the name Dodge being used for cars, mini-vans and crossovers and Ram for light- and medium-duty trucks and other commercial-use vehicles.[64]

3.4.5 Imported From Detroit

In 2011, Chrysler unveiled their Imported FromDetroitcampaign with ads featuring Detroit rapper Eminem, oneof which aired during the Super Bowl. The campaignhighlighted the rejuvenation of the entire product lineup,which included the new, redesigned and repackaged 2011200 sedan and 200 convertible, the Chrysler 300 sedanand the Chrysler Town&Country minivan.[77][78] As partof the campaign, Chrysler sold a line of clothing itemsfeaturing the Monument to Joe Louis, with proceeds be-ing funneled to Detroit-area charities, including the Boysand Girls Clubs of Southeast Michigan, Habitat for Hu-manity Detroit and the Marshall Mathers Foundation.[79]Following the Eminem ad, there was also an ad for De-troit Lions defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh driving aChrysler 300 to Portland, Oregon, to visit his mother, anad featuring Detroit-born fashion designer John Varvatoscruising through a shadowy Gotham while Kevin Yonsfamiliar baritone traces the designers genesis.[80]

In March 2011, Chrysler Group LLC led a lawsuitagainst Moda Group LLC (owner of Pure Detroit cloth-ing retailer) for copying and selling merchandise with theImported from Detroit slogan.[81] Chrysler claimed ithad notied defendant of its pending trademark appli-cation February 14, but the defendant argued Chryslerhad not secured a trademark for the Imported From De-troit phrase. On June 18, 2011, U.S. District JudgeArthur Tarnow ruled that Chryslers request did not showthat it would suer irreparable harm or that it had astrong likelihood of winning its case. Therefore, PureDetroits owner, Detroit retailer Moda Group LLC, cancontinue selling its Imported from Detroit products.Tarnow also noted that Chrysler does not have a trade-mark on Imported from Detroit and rejected the au-tomakers argument that trademark law is not applicableto the case.[82][83] In March 2012, Chrysler Group LLCand Pure Detroit agreed to aMarch 27 mediation to try tosettle the lawsuit over the clothing companys use of Im-ported from Detroit slogan.[84] Pure Detroit stated thatChrysler has made false claims about the origins of threevehicles - Chrysler 200, Chrysler 300 and Chrysler Town

6 4 PRODUCT LINE

& Country - none of which are built in Detroit. PureDetroit also said that Chryslers Imported From Detroitmerchandise is not being made in Detroit.Chryslers Jeerson North Assembly, which makes theJeep Grand Cherokee and Dodge Durango, is the onlycar manufacturing plant of any company remaining en-tirely in Detroit (General Motors operates a plant whichis partly in Detroit and partly in Hamtramck).[85]

In 2011, Eminem settled a lawsuit against Audi allegingthe defendant had ripped o the Chrysler 300 Super Bowlcommercial in the Audi A6 Avant ad.[86]

3.4.6 Half Time in America

Again in 2012, Chrysler advertised during the SuperBowl. Its two-minute February 5, 2012 Super BowlXLVI advertisement was titled Half Time in Amer-ica. The ad drew criticism from several leading U.S.conservatives, who suggested that its messaging impliedthat President Barack Obama deserved a second termand, as such, was political payback for Obamas supportfor the federal bailout of the company.[87] Asked aboutthe criticism in a 60 Minutes interview with Steve Kroft,Sergio Marchionne responded just to rectify the record Ipaid back the loans at 19.7% Interest. I don't think I com-mitted to do to a commercial on top of that and charac-terized the Republican reaction as unnecessary and outof place.[88]

Americas Import

In 2014, Chrysler started using a new slogan, AmericasImport in ads introducing their all-new 2015 Chrysler200, targeting foreign automakers from Germany toJapan with such ads (German performance and Japanesequality), and at the ending of selected ads, the advertise-ment will say, We Built This, indicating being built inAmerica, instead of overseas.

3.4.7 Slogans

Engineered to the Power of Cars (19982001) Drive = Love (20022004) Inspiration comes standard (20042007) Engineered Beautifully (2007-mid 2010) Imported From Detroit (2011-2014) Americas Import (2014present)

4 Product line Chrysler: Luxury sedans, convertibles, and mini-vans

Ram 1500, one of Chryslers best selling vehicles[69]

Dodge: Passenger, performance cars, minivans,crossovers and SUVs

Ram: Trucks and commercial vehicles Jeep: O-road vehicles, SUVs and crossovers Mopar: Upscale versions of selected cars, trucks,and SUVs from Chrysler, Dodge, Ram, Jeep, andFiat (new for 2012). Also brand for dealer serviceand customer service operations.

4.1 Mopar Mopar: Replacement parts for Chrysler-built vehi-cles.

Mopar Performance: a subdivision pro-viding performance aftermarket parts forChrysler-built vehicles.

4.2 Fiat

In 2010, Fiat Auto was planning to sell seven of its vehi-cles in the U.S. by 2014, while Fiat-controlled ChryslerGroup was to supply nine models to sell under Fiat brandsin the European market, according to a ve-year planrolled out on April 21, 2010 in Turin, Italy, by Fiat andChrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne. At least ve of theFiat Auto models were expected to be marketed in theU.S. under its Alfa Romeo brand. Showing the level of in-tegration envisioned, a product introduction timeline en-visaged Chrysler-built compact and full-size SUVs goingon sale in 2012 and 2014, respectively, in both Europeanand North American markets.[89]

4.3 Chrysler Uconnect

First introduced as MyGig, Chrysler Uconnect is a sys-tem that brings interactive ability to the in-car radio and

7telemetric-like controls to car settings.[90] As of mid-2015, it is installed in hundreds of thousands of FiatChrysler vehicles.[91] It connects to the Internet via themobile network of Sprint, providing the car with its ownIP address.[91] Internet connectivity using any Chrysler,Dodge, Jeep or Ram vehicle, via a Wi-Fi hot-spot, isalso available via Uconnect Web. According to ChryslerLLC, the hotspot range extends approximately 100 feet(30 m) from the vehicle in all directions, and combinesboth Wi-Fi and Sprints 3G cellular connectivity. Ucon-nect is available on several current and was available onseveral discontinued Chrysler models including the cur-rent Dodge Dart, Chrysler 300, Aspen, Sebring, Townand Country, Dodge Avenger, Caliber, Grand Caravan,Challenger, Charger, Journey, Nitro, and Ram.[92]

In July 2015, IT security researchers announced a severesecurity aw assumed to aect every Chrysler vehiclewith Uconnect produced from late 2013 to early 2015.[91]It allows hackers to gain access to the car over the Inter-net, and in the case of a Jeep Cherokee was demonstratedto enable an attacker to take control not just of the radio,A/C, and windshield wipers, but also of the cars steering,brakes and transmission.[91] Chrysler published a patchthat car owners can download and install via a USB stick,or have a car dealer install for them.[91]

5 Electric and hybrid vehiclesThe rst electric vehicle produced by Chrysler was the1992 Dodge EPIC concept minivan. In 1993, Chryslerbegan to sell a limited-production electric minivan calledthe TEVan; however only 56 were produced. In 1997, asecond generation, called the EPIC, was released. It wasdiscontinued after 1999.Chrysler owned the Global Electric Motorcars company,building low-speed neighborhood electric vehicles, butsold GEM to Polaris Industries in 2011.Chrysler intended to pursue new drive concepts throughENVI, an in-house organization formed to focus onelectric-drive vehicles and related technologies which wasestablished in September 2007. In August 2009, Chryslertook US$70 million in grants from the U.S. Departmentof Energy to develop a test eet of 220 hybrid pickuptrucks and minivans. ENVI was disbanded by November2009.[93]

The rst hybrid models, the Chrysler Aspen hybridand the Dodge Durango hybrid, were discontinued afew months after production in 2008,[94] sharing theirGM-designed hybrid technology with GM, Daimler andBMW.[95]

Chrysler is on the Advisory Council of the PHEV Re-search Center, and undertook a government sponsoreddemonstration project with Ram andminivan vehicles.[96]

In 2012, Chrysler/Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne said that

Chrysler and Fiat both plan to focus primarily on alterna-tive fuels, such as CNG and Diesel, instead of hybrid andelectric drivetrains for their consumer products.[97]

6 Special programsDuring World War II, essentially all of Chryslers facili-ties were devoted to building military vehicles (the Jeepbrand came later, after Chrysler acquired American Mo-tors Corporation).[98] They were also designing V12 andV16 hemi-engines producing 2,500 hp (1,864 kW; 2,535PS) for airplanes, but they did not make it into productionas jets were developed and were seen as the future for airtravel.[99] During the 1950s Cold War period, Chryslermade air raid sirens powered by its Hemi V-8 engines.

6.1 Radar antennasWhen the Radiation Laboratory at MIT was establishedin 1941 to develop microwave radars, one of the rstprojects resulted in the SCR-584, the most widely recog-nized radar system of the war era. This system includeda parabolic antenna six feet in diameter that was mechan-ically aimed in a helical pattern (round and round as wellas up and down).One of Chryslers most signicant contributions to thewar eort was not in the eld of vehicles but in the radareld. For the nal production design of this antennaand its highly complex drive mechanism, the ArmysSignal Corps Laboratories turned to Chryslers CentralEngineering Oce. There, the parabola was changedfrom aluminum to steel, allowing production forming us-ing standard automotive presses. To keep weight down,6,000 equally spaced holes were drilled in the face (thishad no eect on the radiation pattern). The drive mech-anism was completely redesigned, using technology de-rived from Chryslers research in automotive gears anddierentials. The changes resulted in improved perfor-mance, reduced weight, and easier maintenance. A largeportion of the Dodge plant was used in building 1,500of the SCR-584 antennas as well as the vans used in thesystems.[100][101]

6.2 Aircraft Chrysler VZ-6

6.3 MissilesIn April 1950, the U.S. Army established the OrdnanceGuidedMissile Center (OGMC) at RedstoneArsenal, ad-jacent to Huntsville, Alabama. To form OGMC, over1,000 civilian and military personnel were transferredfrom Fort Bliss, Texas. Included was a group of German

8 8 SEE ALSO

scientists and engineers led by Wernher von Braun; thisgroup had been brought to America under Project Paper-clip. OGMC designed the Armys rst short-range bal-listic missile, the PGM-11 Redstone, based on the WWIIGerman V-2missile. Chrysler established theMissile Di-vision to serve as the Redstone prime contractor, settingup an engineering operation in Huntsville and for produc-tion obtaining use from the U.S. Navy of a large plant inWarren, Michigan. The Redstone was in active servicefrom 1958 to 1964; it was also the rst missile to test-launch a live nuclear weapon, rst detonated in a 1958test in the South Pacic.[102]

Working together, the Missile Division and von Braunsteam greatly increased the capability of the Redstone, re-sulting in the PGM-19 Jupiter, a medium-range ballis-tic missile. In May 1959, a Jupiter missile launched twosmall monkeys into space in a nose cone; this was Amer-icas rst successful ight and recovery of live space pay-loads. Responsibility for deploying Jupiter missiles wastransferred from the Army to the Air Force; armed withnuclear warheads, they were rst deployed in Italy andTurkey during the early 1960s.[103]

6.4 Space boosters

In July 1959, NASA chose the Redstonemissile as the ba-sis for the Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle to be usedfor suborbital test ights of the Project Mercury space-craft. Three unmanned MRLV launch attempts weremade between November 1960 and March 1961, two ofwhich were successful. TheMRLV successfully launchedthe chimpanzee Ham, and astronauts Alan Shepard andGus Grissom on three suborbital ights in January, Mayand July 1961, respectively.Americas more ambitious manned space travel plansincluded the design of the Saturn series of heavy-liftlaunch vehicles by a team headed by Wernher vonBraun. Chryslers Huntsville operation, then designatedthe Space Division, became Marshall Space Flight Cen-ters prime contractor for the rst stage of the Saturn Iand Saturn IB versions. The design was based on a clus-ter of Redstone and Jupiter fuel tanks, and Chrysler builtit for the Apollo program in the Michoud Assembly Fa-cility in East New Orleans, one of the largest manufac-turing plants in the world. Between October 1961 andJuly 1975, NASA used ten Saturn Is and nine SaturnIBs for suborbital and orbital ights, all of which weresuccessful;[104] Chrysler missiles and boosters never suf-fered a launch failure. The division was also a subcon-tractor which modied one of the Mobile Launcher Plat-forms for use with the Saturn IB rockets using Saturn Vinfrastructure.

7 Discontinued brands Chrysler Europe (sold to Peugeot)

Rootes Group Sunbeam (19011976) Humber (18981976) Singer (19051970) Commer (19051979) Hillman (19071976) Karrier (19081977)

Simca (19341977) Barreiros (19591978)

American Motors (AMC) (19541988) Hudson (19091957) Nash (19171957) Rambler (19001914; 19501969)

Maxwell (19041926) Graham Brothers (19161929) Fargo (19201972) DeSoto (19281961) Plymouth (19282001) Imperial (19551975; 19811983) Valiant (19601976) The Valiant was intro-duced in 1960 as a separate Chrysler brand, thenwas incorporated into the Plymouth line in the U.S.starting in 1961.

Valiant (19621981). Valiant (19601966) Chrysler marketedthe Valiant as a separate Chrysler model inCanada until 1967, when the CanadaUnitedStates Automotive Products Agreement of1965 facilitated the sale of American-builtPlymouth Valiants in Canada.

Eagle (19881998) GEMCAR (19982011) sold to Polaris Indus-tries.

SRT (2012-2014). Merged with Dodge.

8 See also American Motors Corporation Carl Breer Chrysler Building

9 Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center Chrysler Hemi engine Chrysler Proving Grounds Frederick Morrell Zeder History of Chrysler Lee Iacocca List of Chrysler engines List of Chrysler factories List of Chrysler platforms List of Chrysler vehicles Mopar Owen Ray Skelton Seida The Three Musketeers (Studebaker engineers) Walter Chrysler Walter P. Chrysler Museum

8.1 Countries Chrysler Australia Chrysler Fevre Argentina - sold to Volkswagen in1980[105]

Chrysler Canada Chrysler Kamyon Turkey - sold to the ASKAM in2003.

9 Notes1. Fiat is exercising their right to increase their sharein the company, and have announced that they want tobuy an additional ~6.6% of the shares from VEBA Trust,but VEBA disagrees with the price set by Fiat. The mat-ter is currently the subject of proceedings at DelawareChancery Court.[2]

10 References[1] Management. Chrysler Group LLC. Retrieved April 4,

2014.

[2] 2014 Annual Report. Securities and Exchange Com-mission. March 4, 2015.

[3] Meinero, MarkM. (January 1, 2014). Fiat gains full con-trol of Chrysler. money.cnn.com. Retrieved January 3,2014.

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[101] Colton, Roger B. (1947), Radar in the United States Army(PDF) 33, Proceedings of the I.R.E., pp. 740753, re-trieved April 28, 2012

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11 Further reading Adler, Dennis (2000). Chrysler. MBI Publish-ers. ISBN 0-7603-0695-8. Retrieved November 7,2012.

Breer, Carl; Anthony J Yanik (1994). The birth ofChrysler Corporation and its engineering legacy. So-ciety of Automotive Engineers. ISBN 1560915242.Retrieved November 7, 2012.

Curcio, Vincent (2001). Chrysler: The Life andTimes of an Automotive Genius. Oxford UniversityPress. ISBN 0-19-507896-9. Retrieved November7, 2012.

Yanik, Anthony J. (2009). Maxwell Motor and theMaking of the Chrysler Corporation. Wayne StateUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3423-2. Re-trieved June 3, 2014.

12 External links Fiat Chrysler Automobiles US corporate website Chrysler Ocial UK brand site Chrysler Scientic Labs and Test Services Chrysler SEC Filings

13

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13.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

History Corporate governance Board of directors Management team

Sales and marketing United States sales Global sales Product recalls Brake booster shield recall, March 2014

Marketing Lifetime powertrain warranty Lets Refuel America Lancia co-branding Ram trucks Imported From Detroit Half Time in America Slogans

Product line Mopar Fiat Chrysler Uconnect

Electric and hybrid vehicles Special programs Radar antennas Aircraft Missiles Space boosters

Discontinued brands See also Countries

NotesReferences Further reading External links Text and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license