43
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µ-DYDQHVH¶ DQG µ0X(-)+9 #$ .3' *5.'0+*.3 &5 .3' 5&0+'0 =0'()%'$. K,? KDUWR¶V 0'()1$*.)&$ *$% )$ .3' /&,0(' &5 .3' '$(,)$1 =&-).)/*- /3*$1'( ± )$ =*0.)/? ,-*0 .3' )$%'='$%'$/' &5 M*(. @)+&0 ±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

Christianity in Indonesia

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Christianity in Indonesia

!""

"

!"#$%%&'!()*+,&*''

!"#$%&$'($&)*$(*+(,-(.%$'/*0(*12.#2$.3**

+(&#-,45&$-(*"

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

" (-)+ 9"#$".3'"*5.'0+*.3"&5".3'"5&0+'0"=0'()%'$."K,?"0'()1$*.)&$"*$%")$".3'"/&,0('"&5".3'"'$(,)$1"=&-).)/*-"/3*$1'(" ")$"=*0.)/?

,-*0".3'")$%'='$%'$/'"&5"M*(."@)+&0" ">30)(.)*$("2'0'"0'='*.'%-4"%)(/0'%).'%"5&0"*--'1'%-4"=&()$1" *" .30'*." .&" #$%&$'()*$",$).46" *$%"3*<'";''$" )$<&-<'%";&.3" *("<)/.)+("*$%"='0='.0*.&0(" )$"<)&-'$." 0'1)&$*-" /-*(3'("2).3"D,(-)+(" .3*."/-*)+'%".3&,(*$%("&5"-)<'(9N"K)$/'".3'";'1)$$)$1"&5".3'"$'2"+)--'$$),+".3'"<)&-'$."/&$?5-)/.("3*<'"-'(('$'%6"4'.".3'"=0'((,0'"'G'0.'%"&$">30)(.)*$(";4"#(-*+)/"5,$%*+'$?.*-)(.(" (.)--" /&$.)$,'(",$%)+)$)(3'%" )$" .3'"D,(-)+?+*H&0).4" 0'1)&$(9"@3'" 5,.,0'"&5".3'">30)(.)*$(")$"#$%&$'()*"0'+*)$(",$/'0.*)$6"*$%"=-,0*-)(."(&/)'.4")("(.)--"&$".0)*-9"J&0".3)("0'*(&$".3'"().,*.)&$"&5">30)(.)*$(")$"#$%&$'()*")("*$")+=&0.*$.")((,'".3*."1&'("5*0";'4&$%"0'('*0/3"&$"*"+)$&0).46".&,/3)$1"&$"1'$'0*-")((,'("0'-*.)$1".&".3'"5&0+*.)&$"&5".3'"$*.)&$?(.*.'9""""

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8"7*$/*()-*")("*"7*-)".'0+".3*."0'-*.'(".&"5)<'"A!"#$"C"=0)$/)=-'(6"&0"0,-'("A%&'"C9"#."1&'(";*/O".&".3'"P,%?%3)(."+&0*-".'*/3)$1(".3*."%'+*$%".3'"*<&)%*$/'"&5"5)<'"&55'$/'(Q"O)--)$16"(.'*-)$16"-4)$16")++&0*-).46"*$%".3'"/&$(,+=.)&$"&5"%0,1(9"#$".3'"#$%&$'()*$"/&$.'G.".3'"5&--&2)$1"=0)$/)=-'("2'0'"'(.*;-)(3'%Q".3'";'-)'5")$"&$'"R&%6"%'+&/0*/46"(&/)*-"H,(.)/'6"3,+*$).*0)*$)(+6"*$%"$*.)&$*-",$).49"N">&+=*0'"K'*0-'"ANSSNCE"K)%'-"ANSSTCE"U'(('-"*$%"U)+3V5'0"ANSS8C9"

Page 2: Christianity in Indonesia

8S" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""

!"#$%&$'($&)*'(,*!-6-($'6$%7*"W0/3'&-&1)/*-" '<)%'$/'(" &5" .3'" 'G)(.'$/'" &5" >30)(.)*$" /&++,$).)'(" )$"

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

P&.3".3'"/&-&$)*-"*$%".3'"+&%'0$"#$%&$'()*$"(.*.'"*0'")$.'0.2)$'%"2).3".3'"%'<'-&=+'$.(",$%'01&$'";4">30)(.)*$).49"#.")("3*0%-4"=&(();-'".&"%0*2"*"%)<)%)$1"-)$'";'.2''$"=0&('-4.)L*.)&$"*$%"/&-&$)*-)(+6"'<'$".3&,13"+)(()&$*0)'("*$%"/&?-&$)*-"&55)/)*-("%)%"$&."*-2*4("=,0(,'".3'"(*+'")$.'0'(.(9_"I$".3'"&$'"3*$%6").")(")$%)(=,.*;-'".3*."70&.'(.*$."*$%">*.3&-)/")%'&-&1)'("3*%"*"()1$)5)/*$."(3*0'")$".3'")+=-'+'$.*.)&$"*$%"*//'=.*$/'"&5"5&0')1$"0,-'9"I$".3'"&.3'0"3*$%6")."2*("(/*0/'?

;%,)$1" *$%" =0&5).*;-4" 'G?=-&).)$1".3'")$%)1'$&,("=&=,-*.)&$"2).3".3'")%'*"&5"'(.*;-)(3)$1"*">30)(.)*$"$&$?M,0&='*$"/)<)-)L*.)&$9"@3'"%)<'01)$1"&;H'/.)<'("0'(,-.'%")$"%)<'01)$1"(.0*.'1)'("&5"%'*-)$1"2).3".3'")$%)1'$&,("='&=-'(9"U3)-'".3'"/&-&$)*-"*%+)$)(.0*.&0("=-*4'%"&55".3'"-&/*-"/,(.&+("*1*)$(."#(-*+6".3'"+)(()&$*0)'(".0)'%".&"0'=-*/'")$%)1'$&,("(.0,/.,0'(6" )%'*(6" *$%" +&(." $&.*;-4" 0'-)1)&$(" 2).3" >30)(.)*$).4" *$%" M,0&='*$"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Z">&+=*0'"R&3"ANSS_Q8CE"`*$"a-)$O'$"ANSSZQbC9"]"[)(.&0)'("&5">*.3&-)/)(+")$"#$%&$'()*"3*<'";''$"=,;-)(3'%";4"D,(O'$("A8!bS6"8!bZ6"8!b]6"8!b!C"*$%"K.''$;0)$O"ANSSZCE"Dc--'0?a0c1'0"A8!_b6"8!TTC"*$%"[&'O'+*"A8!!]6"NSS8C"20&.'"&$"70&.'(.*$.)(+9"W"1'$'0*-"3)(.&04"&5">30)(.)*$).4"*$%"#(-*+"3*(";''$"20)..'$";4"U*<'0"A8!b]CE"0'1)&$*-"(.,%)'("3*<'";''$"=0&<)%'(";4"('<'0*-"*,.3&0(9"@&"+'$.)&$"H,(."*"5'2"&5".3'+"W0).&$*$1"A8!ddC"20&.'"&$".3'"=0&/'(("&5"=0&('-4.)L*.)&$" " *+&$1" .3'" P*.*O6" F)'.0)/3" A8!d!6" 8!!]C" &$" J-&0'(6" ['$-'4" A8!!TC" &$" D)$*3*(*6"U).(/3)"A8!]NC"&$".3'"F*H*O"&5"P&0$'&"*$%"K+).3?a)=="A8!!S6"8!!_C"&$".3'"a*0&"A?P*.*OC9""_"@3)(")("=*0.)/,-*0-4".0,'"5&0">*.3&-)/)(+"23)/3"*00)<'%"2).3".3'"7&0.,1,'('")$".3'"()G.''$.3"/'$.,049"

Page 3: Christianity in Indonesia

>30)(.)*$).4")$"#$%&$'()*Q"W$"I<'0<)'2" " "88""/&$/'=.(" &5" /&++,$).49" >&-&$)*-" %'/)()&$" +*O'0(" O$'2" .3*." D,(-)+" -'*%'0("2'0'" 3&(.)-'" .&2*0%(" .3'+6" *$%" .3'4"2'0'" *2*0'"&5" .3'" =&2'05,-" *$.)?/&-&$)*-"=&.'$.)*-" &5" #(-*+9T" J0&+" .3')0" =&)$." &5" <)'26" )."2*(" &$-4" $*.,0*-" .&" 5&01'" *-?-)*$/'("2).3"-&/*-"0,-'0("*1*)$(.".3'"0'-)1)&,("-'*%'0(9"#$"+*$4"/*('(6"(,/3"*(".3'"(&?/*--'%"7*%0)"2*0(")$"U'(.?K,+*.0*6".3'4")$.'0<'$'%")$"-&/*-"/&$5-)/.("&$";'?

"(")b"*1*)$(." .3'" 9" #$"&0%'0" .&"(.0'$1.3'$" .0*%).)&$*-"$&$?0'-)1)&,(" -&/*-" -'*%'0(3)=" .3'" /&-&$)*-" 1&<'0$+'$." /&++)(()&$'%" '.3$&?10*=3)/"(.,%)'("&5""(")"*("2'--"*("&5"(&/)*-"*$%"=&-).)/*-"(.0,/.,0'(6"*$%"-'1*-)L'%".3'('"-&/*-".0*%).)&$(9d""

@3'"+)(()&$*0)'(6"23&"5'-."/&++)..'%".&"*"(='/)5)/"5&0+"&5"M,0&='*$"/)<)?-)L*.)&$"*$%"*((&/)*.'%".3'">30)(.)*$"5*).3"2).3"*"=*/O*1'"&5"/&++,$).4?;,)-%)$1"+'*(,0'(6"2'0'"$&."&$-4"(,(=)/)&,("*;&,.""(")";,."&5.'$".0)'%".&"'0*%)/*.'")."*-?.&1'.3'06"=*0.)/,-*0-4".3&('"'-'+'$.(" .3'4"%'5)$'%"*("0'-)1)&,(9"@3'"*$.30&=&-&?1)(."U';;"a'*$'"3*("=&)$.'%"&,." .3*." .3'" '55&0.("&5" .3'"+)(()&$*0)'(";*()/*--4"

$Aa'*$'"8!!TQ8ZdC9"[&2'<'06".3'"'G.'$.".&"23)/3".3'"+)(()&$*0)'("(,//''%'%")$"%'(.0&4)$1"-&/*-"/,-.,0'("(.)--"$''%(" .&";'"*(/'0.*)$'%";4" )$?%'=.3"0'('*0/36";'?/*,('".3'('"/,-.,0'(".,0$'%"&,.".&";'"0'()-)'$.6"/0'*.)<'-4"(.0)<)$1".&"*==0&=0)*.'"*$%" .0*$(5&0+" .3'" =&2'05 &/*-" ;'-)'5" (4(.'+(" *$%" 0).,*-" =0*/.)/'("2'0'" 5&0/);-4" /0,(3'%" )$" (&+'" 0'1)&$(" &5" #$%&$'()*E" )$" &.3'0(" .3'" /&+=-'.'"2)='?&,."&5"/,-.,0'("2*("=0&;*;-4" )$.'$%'%";,."/&,-%"$&.";'"=,." )$.&"=0*/.)/'9"Y,(."*(")$"&.3'0"=*0.("&5".3'"1-&;'6"-&/*-"*/.&0("0'(=&$%'%"/0'*.)<'-4".&".3'"/&$?50&$.*.)&$"2).3".3'"=&2'05,-"2&0-%"0'-)1)&$(9"@3'4"/0'*.'%")$%)1'$&,("5&0+("&5">30)(.)*$).46" *$%" )$"+*$4" /*('(" /&$<)$/)$1-4" (,//''%'%" )$" /&+;)$)$1" *$%" )$?.'02'*<)$1".3'"&2$"*$%".3'"5&0')1$")$"(,/3"*"2*4".3*."'(('$.)*-"'-'+'$.("&5".3')0"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""T"W$.)?/&-&$)*-"#(-*+)/"+&<'+'$.("'<'$",('%".3'"+'.*=3&0"&5"*"[&-4"U*09""J&0"W/'3"(''"@',O,"#;0*?3)+"W-5)*$"ANSSTC6"5&0"U'(.?K,+*.0*"(''"@*,5)O"W;%,--*"A8!d!C"*$%":&,$1"A8!!]C9"W-5)*$"A8!!]C"3*("20)..'$"*;&,.".3'"#(-*+)/"+&<'+'$."D,3*++*%)4*3",$%'0"/&-&$)*-"0,-'"*$%"K.''$;0)$O"A8!!ZC"5&/,(?'("&$".3'"0'-*.)&$(3)=";'.2''$"F,./3"/&-&$)*-)(+"*$%"#(-*+9""b"@3'".'0+""(")"%'0)<'("50&+".3'"W0*;)/"2&0%"""(")"A()$19""("*C"*$%"/*$";'".0*$(-*.'%"*(" -&/*-"/,(?.&+(9"+("),)$/-,%'(".3'"-&/*-";'-)'5"(4(.'+6".3'"(4+;&-)/"&0%'06"*0/3).'/.,0'6".3'"O)$(3)="&0%'0"*$%"*";,$/3"&5"%*)-4"=0*/.)('("(,/3"*("*10*0)*$"=0*/.)('(6"3*$%)/0*5." .'/3$)\,'("*$%"0).,*-(9" #." )("*"=&)$."&5"0'5'0'$/'" 5&0" H,0)(=0,%'$/'" *$%" .3'" *%+)$)(.0*.)&$" &5" H,(.)/'" *$%" -'1).)+)L'(" =&-).)/*-" *$%" 0'-)1)&,("*,.3&0).49""d"@3'"1)5.'%"(/3&-*0"&5"#(-*+)/"K.,%)'(6">30)(.)**$"K$&,/O"[,010&$H'6"1*)$'%"=*0.)/,-*0"=0&+)$'$/'"*("*"0'('*0/3'0"&$"#$%&$'()*$""("),*$%"*("*$"*%<)('0"&5".3'"/&-&$)*-"1&<'0$+'$.9"['"=-*4'%"*"/0,/)*-"0&-'")$".3'"/&$\,'(."*$%"/&-&$)L*.)&$"&5"W/'39"^'1*0%)$1".3'",('"&5""(")"*1*)$(."#(-*+"(''"*-(&Q"D*3*%)"A8!dbQN8NC9"

Page 4: Christianity in Indonesia

8N" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""/,-.,0'("(,0<)<'%6"'<'$".3&,13"(&+'.)+'(")$"*"+&%)5)'%"5&0+9"#$"&.3'0"/*('("/,-?.,0'(" 2'0'" )$%''%" -*01'-4" %'(.0&4'%" &0" ;'/*+'" .0*$(5&0+'%E" 4'." )$" .3'('" )$?(.*$/'(".3'"*/.&0("2'0'"$&."3'-=-'(("<)/.)+("').3'06";,."0*.3'0"5&,$%"2*4(".&".*O'"*%<*$.*1'" &5" .3'" $'2" ().,*.)&$9" :'." )$" &0%'0" .&" /&$<'0." .3'+" .&" >30)(.)*$).46"+)(()&$*0)'(" )$%)(=,.*;-4" 'G'0.'%" /&$()%'0*;-'" =0'((,0'" &$" '.3$)/" 10&,=(" .3*."*<&2'%".3'+('-<'(".&"*,.&/3.3&$&,("0'-)1)&$(9"

@3'"0'-*.)&$(3)=";'.2''$".3'"/&-&$)*-"1&<'0$+'$."*$%".3'"+)(()&$*04"(&?/)'.)'("2*("/3*0*/.'0)L'%";&.3";4"%)<'01'$/'("*$%"/&$<'01'$/'("&5")$.'0'(.(9"#$"&0%'0" .&" *<&)%" =0&;-'+(" 2).3" .3'" #$%&$'()*$" D,(-)+(6" '<*$1'-)/*-" */.)<).)'("2'0'"(.0)/.-4"/&$.0&--'%"*$%"0'1,-*.'%9"@3'"(&/)'.)'("$''%'%"*"(='/)*-"+)(()&$*04"='0+)." .3*." )$" '*/3" /*('" 2*(" &$-4" <*-)%" 5&0" *" (='/)5)/6" %'()1$*.'%" 0'1)&$9!"D,(O'$(" A8!b]Q!NC" 3*(" =&)$.'%" &,." .3*." %,'" .&" .3'('" 0'(.0)/.)&$(" .3'" /3,0/3'("/&,-%"$&."1*)$"*"5&&.3&-%")$"+*$4"0'1)&$(",$.)-"*5.'0"#$%&$'()*$")$%'='$%'$/'9"@3'('"=0&;-'+("$&.2).3(.*$%)$16"&//*()&$*-"%)((&$*$/'(";'.2''$"/&-&$)*-"&55)?/)*-(" *$%" +)(()&$*0)'(" (3&,-%" $&." ;'" &<'0'(.)+*.'%9" P&.36" +)(()&$*0)'(" *$%"+'+;'0("&5".3'"/&-&$)*-"*%+)$)(.0*.)&$"2'0'"(.0)/.-4"*1*)$(."*"5,0.3'0"'G=*$()&$"&5"#(-*+98S"J,0.3'0+&0'6"% "(")".3'4".&&O"*%<*$.*1'"&5".3&('"23&"/&$<'0.'%".&">30)(.)*$).4"*$%6".3,(6"5,$/.)&$*-)L'%"0'-)1)&$"5&0"=&-).)/*-"=,0=&('(988"@3'"/&-&$)*-"*%+)$)(.0*.)&$"'$.0,(.'%" .3'"+)(?()&$*04" (&/)'.)'("2).3" )+=&0.*$." .*(O(" )$" .'0+("&5"%'<'-&=+'$." =&-)/46" =,..)$1".3'+" )$" /3*01'" &5" .3'" '%,/*.)&$*-" *$%" 3'*-.3" /*0'" ('/.&0(9" I$" .3'" )(-*$%" &5"J-&0'(6"5&0"'G*+=-'6".3'"'$.)0'";,)-%?,="&5".3'"(/3&&-"*$%"'%,/*.)&$"(4(.'+"2*("=,.")$".3'"3*$%("&5".3'"K&/)'.*("`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

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!"@3)(")("234"J-&0'(6"5&0"'G*+=-'6";'/*+'"*"=,0'-4">*.3&-)/"+)(()&$"*0'*6"23'0'*(".3'"P*.*O"0'1)&$"&$"K,+*.0*"2*("'G/-,()<'-4"*(()1$'%".&"70&.'(.*$."+)(()&$*0)'(9""8S"^'1*0%)$1".3'"/&$.*)$+'$."&5"#(-*+")$"J-&0'("/&+=*0'"K.''$;0)$O"ANSSbQd_?8S!C9"88">&+=*0'"D,(O'$("A8!b!CE"K.''$;0)$O"A8!!ZCE"U*<'0"A8!b]C9"8N"J&0".3'"D)$*3*(*6"/&+=*0'"['$-'4"A8!!ZCE"5&0".3'"D&-,//*(6"(''"a0',L'0"ANSSSC9"8Z"W//&0%)$1" .&" *" /'$(,(" /&$%,/.'%" )$" .3'" 8!ZS(6" .3'"3)13'(." -).'0*/4" 0*.'" &5" .3'" '$.)0'" /&-&$4"2*("5&,$%")$".3'">30)(.)*$)L'%"D)$*3*(*9"#."*+&,$.'%".&"*-+&(."]SB6"23'0'*(")."2*("&$-4"8NB")$"Y*O*0.*"*$%"K,0*;*4*6"*$%"-&2'0".3*$"8SB")$".3'"0,0*-"D,(-)+"*0'*(9">&+=*0'"P,/33&-."A8!!]QZ8]?Z8_C9""

Page 5: Christianity in Indonesia

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

!"#$%&$'($&)*$(*8-%&5-6-($'6*+(,-(.%$'*"U3'$"#$%&$'()*"3*%";'/&+'")$%'='$%'$.6">30)(.)*$(")$).)*--4"5'*0'%".3*."

.3'"/&$%).)&$("5&0".3')0"+)(()&$*04"*/.)<).)'("+)13."2&0('$6"=*0.)/,-*0-4";'/*,('"

.3'0'"3*%";''$"0'='*.'%"/*--("5&0"*";*$"&$">30)(.)*$"=0&('-4.)L*.)&$9":'.6".3)("().?,*.)&$" %)%" $&." /3*$1'" *5.'0" .3'" /&-&$)*-" 0,-'" 3*%" '$%'%9" U'$%'-)$" U*<'0"A8!b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b6"23'$" >30)(.)*$(" 2'0'" *//,('%" )$" *" (,01'" &5" =*+=3-'.(" *$%" )$5-*++*.&04"

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

Page 6: Christianity in Indonesia

8]" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""(=''/3'(8T"&5"3*<)$1"-,0'%"D,(-)+(")$.&"/&$<'0.)$1".&".3')0"5*).3";4"%)(.0);,.)$1"+*.'0)*-" *)%9" @3'('" %'+*1&1)/" =*+=3-'.(" )++'%)*.'-4" .0)11'0'%" ('<'0*-" *$.)?>30)(.)*$"0)&.(6"23)/3";'1*$"&$"8"I/.&;'0"8!Tb"2).3".3'"%'+&-).)&$"&5"/3,0/3'(")$"D*O*((*0"*$%"(,;('\,'$.-4"(=0'*%".&"Y*<*"23'0'">30)(.)*$"(/3&&-(6"/3,0/3'(6"*$%"/'+'.'0)'("2'0'"<*$%*-)L'%9"

@3'"(.*.'" 5,0.3'0+&0'"(,==&0.'%" .3'" )%'*-"&5"+&%'0$)L*.)&$"*%<*$/'%";4".3'"+)(()&$*0)'(6"23)/3"/3*0*/.'0)L'%"-&/*-"(&/)'.)'("*("%'5)/)'$."*$%")$"$''%"&5"%'<'-&=+'$.9"K.*.'"&55)/)*-(",01'%".3'")$%)1'$&,("='&=-'(".&";)%"5*0'2'--".&".3')0"/,-.,0*-" 2*4(6" .&" *;*$%&$" .3')0" 0).,*-(6" .&" ;,)-%"+&%'0$" 3&,('(6" *$%" .&" *%&=."+&%'0$" .'/3$)\,'("&5" 5*0+)$19"e&/*-" /,-.,0'("2'0'" .&";'" 0'%,/'%" .&" .3&('" *(?='/.(" .3*." /&,-%" ;'" +*0O'.'%" *(" 5&-O-&0'9" @3)(" =&-)/4" 3*(" /3*$1'%" *5.'0" .3'"'$*/.+'$."&5"0'1)&$*-"*,.&$&+4"-*2("()$/'"8!!d9"K=,00'%";4"*$",$%'0(.*$%*;-'"('-5?)$.'0'(.6"-&/*-"*$%"0'1)&$*-"=&-).)/)*$(")$"=*0.)/,-*0"/*--"5&0".3'"0'<).*-)L*.)&$"&5"-&/*-"/,-.,0'(98b"70)+&0%)*-"('$.)+'$.("*$%"5''-)$1("&5"'G/-,()<'";'-&$1)$1"*0'"5&(.'0'%";4"+'+;'0("&5".3'"-&/*-"'-).'(6"+*)$-4")$".)+'("&5"'-'/.)&$(9"M.3$)/"*$%"0'-)1)&,(" /*.'1&0)'("$&2",$%)(1,)('%-4" ('0<'"*("+*0O'0("&5" /&--'/.)<'" )%'$.).46"*$%" *+*-1*+*.'" )$.&" /0).'0)*" &5" (&/)*-" *55)-)*.)&$9" J,0.3'0" /&$5-)/.(" .3,(" (''+"*-+&(.")$'<).*;-'6"23)/3"+*4"*-(&"/&+=-)/*.'".3'"/&'G)(.'$/'"&5">30)(.)*$("2).3"*%3'0'0("&5"&.3'0"5*).3("AW(=)$*--"*$%"J'*-4"NSSZE"`*$"a-)$O'$"NSSS6"NSSZC9""

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b"K''"F*<)%(&$"*$%"['$-'4"ANSSbCE"M0;6"70)4*+;,%)"*$%"J*,/3'0"ANSS_C9"

Page 7: Christianity in Indonesia

>30)(.)*$).4")$"#$%&$'()*Q"W$"I<'0<)'2" " "8_"")$.&"*$")$%)1'$&,("#$%&$'()*$";'-)'5"(4(.'+")$".3'"/&,0('"&5".3'"=*(."/'$.,0)'(9"f$%'01&)$1"*"=0&/'(("&5")$%)1'$)L*.)&$"*$%"*%*=.*.)&$".&"-&/*-".0*%).)&$(6").";'?/*+'"*"<'04"+,-.)?5*/'.'%6"(4$/0'.)(.)/*--4"&0)'$.'%")$%)1'$&,("0'-)1)&$".3*."(.)--"0'<'*-(".3'"/,-.,0*-"3'0).*1'"&5".3'")$%)<)%,*-"'.3$)/"10&,=(9"^'=0'('$.*.)<'("&5"/3,0/3"*$%"(.*.'"3*<'"*+;)<*-'$."5''-)$1(" )$".3'"5*/'"&5" .3)("*==0&=0)*.)&$"*$%"(='/)5)/",.)-)L*.)&$"&5".3'"5&0')1$9"D)(()&$*0)'("*$%")$%)1'$&,("=0)'(.("*==0'/)*.'"

.?.'0" .&" /'0.*)$" 5&-O-&0)(.)/" *(='/.(9" 7&-).)/*-" 0'=0'('$.*.)<'(6" &$" .3'" &.3'0" 3*$%6"3&$&,0".3'"*<&2*-".&"*"3)13"0'-)1)&$"A"-"."C"4'."5'*0".3'"=&.'$.)*-"&5"&==&().)&$")$3'0'$.")$"(4$/0'.)(+9"

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

#$"(=).'"&5"(&+'"+,.,*-"0'('$.+'$.".3'"'<'04%*4"0'-*.)&$(";'.2''$">30)(?.)*$("*$%"D,(-)+("3*<'";''$"-*01'-4"='*/'5,-")$".3'"=*(.68d"*$%"(&+'.)+'("2'0'"'<'$" '+;'%%'%" )$" .3'" *,.&/3.3&$&,(" 0).,*-" (4(.'+"23&('" 0'/'$." '0&()&$" 2*("/*,('%")$"'\,*-"+'*(,0'";4".3'"*/.)<).)'("&5"#(-*+)/"*$%">30)(.)*$"5,$%*+'$.*-?)(.(98!"

**

9-5'6*!-(:6$5&%*'(,*;.6$<$-4%*;".&-#$5*$(*&".*8-%&=>4"'#&-*?#'*"

#$".3'"/&,0('"&5".3'"$'2"5&0+*.)&$"&5"-&/*-6"0'1)&$*-6"*$%"$*.)&$*-"=&2'0"(.0,/.,0'("5&--&2)$1".3'"5*--"&5"K,3*0.&6").";'/*+'"*==*0'$.".3*.".3'"$*.)&$*-",$)?.4";*('%"&$"0'-)1)&,("*//'=.*$/'"2*("5)/.)&$"0*.3'0".3*$"0'*-).49"I$"+*$4")(-*$%(".3'0'"2*("*$"&,.;0'*O"&5"/)<)-?2*0"-)O'"3&(.)-).)'(";'.2''$">30)(.)*$("*$%"D,(?

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8d"K''"P'/O"ANSSNC9"8!">&+=*0'"P*0.'-("A.3)("<&-,+'CE"a0',L'0"ANSSSC9"

Page 8: Christianity in Indonesia

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

@3'")+*1)$'%"/&++,$).)'("AW$%'0(&$"8!d_C";'/*+'"0'*-).4")$"<)&-'$."=0*/.)/'9"@3)(";'/&+'("<'04"&;<)&,("50&+".3'"/&$5-)/.(".3*.";'5'--".3'"D&-,//*("*.".3'".,0$"&5".3'"+)--'$$),+9"@3'('"/&$5-)/.("*-(&"%'+?&$(.0*.'".3'"=&.'$/4"&5"3)(.&0)/*-"0'/&$(.0,/.)&$(6"&5"1'$'*-&1)'("&5"/&$5-)/.".3*."3*<'".3')0"&0)1)$("2*4";*/O")$"/&-&$)*-".)+'(9"

@3)(")("=*0.)/,-*0-4".0,'"5&0".3'"/&$5-)/.(";'.2''$"D,(-)+("*$%">30)(.)*$("&$".3'"K&,.3"D&-,//*(6"23&('"+*)$"*$%"*.".3'"(*+'".)+'"/'$.0*-")(-*$%")("W+?;&$9" #$"/&-&$)*-" .)+'(">30)(.)*$)L'%"K&,.3"D&-,//*$("3*%"=0)<)-'1'%"*//'((" .&"1&<'0$+'$.*-"=&().)&$("*$%"/&$(.).,.'%"=*0."&5".3'"/&-&$)*-"*0+'%"5&0/'(9"#$".3'"-*..'0"5,$/.)&$".3'4"0'='*.'%-4"=,."%&2$"0';'--)&$(6"*$%"2'0'"5'*0'%")$".3'"*0/3)?='-*1&9"W//&0%)$1".&"7'.'0"a0',L'0"ANSSSQ8]C6"50&+"*"D,(-)+"=&)$."&5"<)'2".3'"/&-&$)*-" =&2'0(" 3*%" )$).)*.'%" *" (&/)&'/&$&+)/" (.0*.)5)/*.)&$" &5" (&/)'.4" &$" .3'";*()("&5" 0'-)1)&,(";&,$%*0)'(9"F,'" .&" .3')0" -&4*-.4" .&" .3'"X'.3'0-*$%("*$%" .3')0"5'*0" .&" -&('" .3')0" =0)<)-'1'(6" .3'" K&,.3'0$"D&-,//*$">30)(.)*$(" ;'/*+'" *"2'-?/&+'")$(.0,+'$."&5"F,./3"=&2'0"(.0*.'1)'("5&--&2)$1"#$%&$'()*$")$%'='$%'$/'6"*$%")$"8!TS"*"('/'(()&$)(."+&<'+'$."(,==&0.'%";4".3'"5&0+'0"/&-&$)*-"1&<'0$?

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""NS">&+=*0'"W%).H&$%0&" ANSSS*6" NSSS;CE"W-%*3*0" ANSSSCE"W0*1&$" ANSS86" NSSNCE"`*$"a-)$O'$" A8!!!6"NSSS6"NSS8C9"N8">&+=*0'"J'*-4"ANSS8*6"NSS8;CE"X&&03*)%)"A.3)("<&-,+'C9"NN" >&+=*0'" P'0.0*$%" ANSS]CE" P&&.3" A8!!!CE" >0&,/3" ANSSSCE" [,G-'4" ANSSNCE" e*$.)" ANSSNCE" ^&3%'"ANSS8CE"K/30')$'0"A8!!!6"NSSSCE"K/30V.'0"ANSS8C9"NZ"U3)-'"*/.("&5"<)&-'$/'".*01'.'%")$"=*0.)/,-*0".3'">3)$'('"+)$&0).4"*$%">30)(.)*$(6"4'.")."3*%"(='/)5)?/*--4"-&/*-"/&$$&.*.)&$("*("2'--9"I$"a*-)+*$.*$6"5&0"'G*+=-'6"*$"*--)*$/'"&5"F*4*O"*$%"D*-*4("0&('",="*1*)$(."D*%,0'('"+)10*$.(6"23&"2'0'"='0/')<'%"*(" )$.0,%'0(6" )$"8!!!6"+*((*/0)$1"*$%"'G='--)$1".3&,(*$%("&5" .3'+9"@3'"(&?/*--'%"X)$H*"+,0%'0(")$"M*(."Y*<*6"23'0'"+*(O'%"1*$1("'G'/,.'%"='&=-'"23&"3*%";''$"%'$&,$/'%"*("2)./3'(6"2'0'"*+&$1".3'"+&(.",$('..-)$1")$/)%'$.("&5".3*.".)+'9""N]">&+=*0'"K/30')$'0"ANSSSCE"K/30V.'0"ANSS8C9"

Page 9: Christianity in Indonesia

>30)(.)*$).4")$"#$%&$'()*Q"W$"I<'0<)'2" " "8b""+'$."%'+*$%'%")$%'='$%'$/'"50&+"#$%&$'()*"*$%".3'"=0&/-*+*.)&$"&5" *"K&,.3"D&-,//*$"^'=,;-)/"A^'=,;-)O"D*-,O,"K'-*.*$C9N_" #$" .3'"/&,0('"&5" .3'",=0)()$1".3'0'"2'0'"0'='*.'%"&,.;0'*O("&5"*$.)?D,(-)+"<)&-'$/'9NT""

M<'$"(&6".3'")(-*$%("2'0'"5&0"4'*0("/&$()%'0'%"*("'G'+=-*04"5&0"*"='*/'5,-"/&'G)(.'$/'"&5")$%)1'$&,("D,(-)+("*$%">30)(.)*$(9Nb"F,'".&"*"+*(()<'")$5-,G"&5"D,(-)+("50&+"K,-*2'()")$".3'"8!bS("*$%"8!dS(".3'"%'-)/*.'";*-*$/'";'.2''$".3'"*%3'0'0("&5".3'".2&"5*).3("(3)5.'%6"*$%".3,(".3'"'/&$&+)/"'\,)-);0),+".&==-'%"*("2'--" AY&$'(" NSSNC9"@3'" $'2/&+'0("2'0'" <)'2'%" *(" *110'(()<'" ;,()$'((='&=-'"23&")$"=*0.)/,-*0".0)'%".&"1'."3&-%"&5"=&().)&$(")$".3'"-&/*-"*%+)$)(.0*.)&$9"@3'('"2'0'" .0*%).)&$*--4" )$" .3'"3*$%("&5">30)(.)*$(9"W//&0%)$1" .&"*$"'(.)+*.'";4"<*$"a-)$O'$6" N_B" &5" .3'" W+;&$'('" =&=,-*.)&$" -)<'%" &$" 1&<'0$+'$." (*-*0)'(" )$"8!!!ENd"(,/3"(3)5.(")$".3'"/-)'$.'-'"(.0,/.,0'".3,(")$'<).*;-4"/*,('%"'G.0'+'".'$?()&$(9"

#$" .3')0" (.0,11-'" 5&0" 1&<'0$+'$.*-" ()$'/,0'6" ;&.3" >30)(.)*$" *$%"D,(-)+"10&,=("*<*)-'%".3'+('-<'("&5"$'.2&0O(".3*."'G.'$%'%"*--".3'"2*4".&"Y*O*0.*9" #$"8!!N".3'"D,(-)+"WO);"e*.,/&$()$*"2*("*==&)$.'%"1&<'0$&09"[)("&==&$'$."2*("J0'%%4"e*.,3*+)$*6"*">30)(.)*$"23&"2*("*"+'+;'0"&5".3'".3'$"(.)--"0,-)$1"R&-?O*0"7*0.49"e*.,/&$()$*"5)--'%"('<'0*-")+=&0.*$."=&().)&$(")$".3'"-&/*-"*%+)$)(.0*?.)&$"2).3"5'--&2"D,(-)+(9"U3'$".3'"0,+&0"2*("(=0'*%".3*."3'"3*%"0'=-*/'%"*--">30)(.)*$(" )$" -'*%)$1" *%+)$)(.0*.)<'" =&().)&$(" 2).3" D,(-)+(6" ;-&&%4" /&$5-)/.(";'.2''$" >30)(.)*$(" *$%" D,(-)+(" '0,=.'%" )$" W+;&$" )$" 8!!!" A`*$" a-)$O'$"8!!!C9""

@3'"=&.'$.)*-"5&0"<)&-'$/'"(.0,/.,0*--4")$3'0'$.")$".3*."().,*.)&$"2*(")$.'$?()5)'%";4" .3'" 5*/." .3*." ;&.3" .3'">30)(.)*$"*$%" .3'"D,(-)+"$'.2&0O("2'0'" )$5)-?.0*.'%";4"/0)+)$*-"&01*$)L*.)&$(9"*$%"1*+;-)$1"3*--("&$"Y*<*";,."2'0'"*-(&",('%"*("3*0%?3)..)$1"('/,0).4",$).(";4"<*0)&,("=&-).)/*-" 5*/.)&$(9"W0+'%" /&$5-)/.(" ;'.2''$" .3'('" 10&,=("2'0'" $&.3)$1",$,(,*-9"#$"8!!!".3)(".4='"&5"1*$1"5)13.("2*("'G=&0.'%6"(&".&"(='*O6".&".3'"D&?-,//*(Q">30)(.)*$"*$%"D,(-)+"10&,=(";*00)/*%'%" .3'+('-<'(" )$" .3')0" 0'(='/.)<'"(*$/.,*0)'(" " .3'">30)(.)*$(" )$" .3'"D*0*$*.3*">3,0/36" .3'"D,(-)+(" )$" .3'"W-?

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""N_">&+=*0'"F'/O'0"A8!_bC9"NT"U*<'0"A8!b]Q8]d?8]!C"0'=&0.(".3*.".3'0'"2'0'"'G'/,.)&$(";4"(3&&.)$16"*$%".3*."&$'")+*+"2*("=,;?-)/-4"/,.")$".2&"2).3"*"(2&0%")$"W+;&$9""Nb"[&2'<'06" .3'0'" 3*<'" *-2*4(" ;''$" /&$()%'0*;-'" .'$()&$(" ;'.2''$" )$%)1'$&,("D&-,//*$(" *<&2)$1".3'+('-<'(".&">30)(.)*$).4"&0"#(-*+"&$".3'"&$'"()%'"*$%"D,(-)+"+)10*$.("&$".3'"&.3'09"Nd">&+=*0'"<*$"a-)$O'$"A8!!!C9"@3'")$/)=)'$."2*0"5&,13.")$".3'"+'%)*")("%)(/,(('%")$".3'"/&$.0);,.)&$";4"P)01)."P0g,/3-'0"A.3)("<&-,+'C9"

Page 10: Christianity in Indonesia

8d" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""J*.*3"D&(\,'" "*$%"=0'=*0'%"5&0".3'"/-*(3"2).3".3')0"*%<'0(*0)'(9"#.".&&O"+'0'-4"(&+'"/*.*-4(.".&"(=*0O".3'"*/.,*-" 5)13.9"#$"NSSS".3'"/&$5-)/."2*("5,0.3'0"5,'--'%";4"*"+&;)-)L*.)&$"&5"0*%)/*-"D,(-)+("23&".&&O"*/0&((".&".3'"D&-,//*("50&+"Y*?<*"*$%"&.3'0")(-*$%(9"W"=0&+)$'$."=*0.")$".3)("2*("=-*4'%";4".3'"e*(O*0"Y)3*%6"*"<)&-'$/'?=0&$'"5,$%*+'$.*-)(."&01*$)L*.)&$".3*."2*("/&,$.'0*/.'%"&$".3'">30)(?.)*$"()%'";4".3'"(&?/*--'%"e*(O*0"a0)(.,(9"

@3'"('/&$%"/&$5-)/.".3*."1&.".3'"D&-,//*("2&0-%2)%'"*..'$.)&$"&//,00'%")$"+)%?W,1,(."8!!!6")$<&-<)$1"+)10*$.("50&+"D*O)*$"*$%".3'"-&/*-"=&=,-*.)&$"&5".3'"a*&"(,;%)(.0)/.9"@3'"<)&-'$/'"2*(",$-'*(3'%";4"$'2(".3*.".3'0'"2'0'"=-*$(".&"'(.*;-)(3"*"$'2"(,;%)(.0)/."A01$".")"#C"$*+'%"D*O)*$"F*0*.*$")$".3'"(&,.3?'0$"3*-5"&5" .3'"a*&"%)(.0)/.9"@3'"$'2"(,;%)(.0)/."2*(" .&" )$/-,%'"*--" <)--*1'("&5"D*O)*$"+)10*$.("23&"3*%";''$"0'('..-'%")$"8!b_"5&--&2)$1".3'"*$$&,$/'+'$."&5"*$")++)$'$."<&-/*$)/"'0,=.)&$")$".3')0"3&+'-*$%9":'.".3'0'"2'0'"*-(&"(&+'"<)-?-*1'("&5".3'")$%)1'$&,("7*1,"*$%"Y*)&-&")$".3*."0'1)&$6"23&"2'0'"$&."2)--)$1".&"-'."D*O)*$(" 1&<'0$" .3'+9" W" \,*00'-" &<'0" 0'(&,0/'(" 2*(" (+&,-%'0)$1" *$42*4";'.2''$".3'"D,(-)+"+)10*$.("*$%".3'">30)(.)*$"a*&"5&--&2)$1".3'"%)(/&<'04"&5"*"1&-%"+)$'")$"D*-)5,.9"@3'"+)10*$.(6"23&"*//&0%)$1".&"W-3*%*0"ANSSSQ8_C"3*%"%'<'-&='%"*" (.0&$1"2&0O"'.3)/"%,'" .&" .3'"/)0/,+(.*$/'("&5" .3')0" %)(=-*/'+'$.6"2'0'" <'04" (,//'((5,-" *("+)$'0(" *$%" .3,(" *0&,('%" .3'" '$<4"&5" .3')0" )$%)1'$&,("$')13;&,0(9N!"#$"I/.&;'0"8!!!".3'"<)&-'$/'"'(/*-*.'%".&"(,/3"*$"'G.'$.".3*."*;&,."8_6SSS"D*O)*$("5-'%".&"@'0$*.'"*$%"@)%&0'9"U3*."3*%";*()/*--4"(.*0.'%"&,."*("*$"'.3$)/" /&$5-)/." A'<'$" .3&,13" .3'" 0'-)1)&,(" *(='/." 3*%" *-2*4(" ;''$" =0'('$." ;'?/*,('".3'"+*H&0).4"&5".3'"D*O)*$("2'0'"D,(-)+("*$%".3'"a*&"2'0'">30)(.)*$(C"$&2"'+'01'%")$.&"*$"'G=-)/)."/&$5-)/.";'.2''$"D,(-)+("*$%">30)(.)*$(9"U3'$")."2*(" 0,+&0'%" .3*." >30)(.)*$(" =-*$$'%" .&" -*,$/3" *..*/O(6ZS" .3'"D*O)*$(" /3*('%"*;&,."8Z6SSS">30)(.)*$(" *2*4" .&"X&0.3"[*-+*3'0*" *$%"X&0.3"K,-*2'()6"23'0'">30)(.)*$"+)-).)*("+,0%'0'%"3,$%0'%("&5"D,(-)+(")$"F'/'+;'0"8!!!9"@3'0',=&$".'$("&5".3&,(*$%("&5"D,(-)+("%'+&$(.0*.'%")$"Y*O*0.*"&$"b"Y*$,*04"NSSS6"/*--)$1"5&0"H)3*%"&$".3'"D&-,//*(9"@3'"&01*$)L'0("&5".3'('"=0&.'(.(")$/-,%'%"W+)'$"^*)("".3'"-'*%'0"&5".3'"D,(-)+"+*(("&01*$)L*.)&$"D,3*++*%)4*6"23&")("/&$()%'0'%"+&%'0*.'" "*$%".3'"/,00'$."`)/'"70'()%'$.6"[*+L*3"[*L=0'*/3'0"23&"3*%"5&0+'0-4"5&,13.")$"W513*$)(.*$6"2*("*+&$1".3'"+&0'"0*%)/*-"=*0.)/)=*$.(6"*$%"*%<&/*.'%".3'")+=-'+'$.*.)&$"&5".3'"%*"/& "9"@3*-);"0'/0,).'%"*"10&,="&5"+'$" .&";*..-'" .3'" )$5)%'-("&$" .3'"D&-,//*(9"f$3)$%'0'%";4" .3'"=&-)/'""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""N!">&+=*0'"P,;*$%."ANSS8C9"ZS"W"5*O'"5-4'0"2*(")$"/)0/,-*.)&$6"/*--)$1"5&0"3&-4"2*0"*1*)$(.".3'"D,(-)+("*$%"5&0"5&0/'%";*=.)(+9"

Page 11: Christianity in Indonesia

>30)(.)*$).4")$"#$%&$'()*Q"W$"I<'0<)'2" " "8!""*$%".3'"+)-).*046"*;&,."Z6SSS"+'+;'0("&5".3'"e*(O*0"Y)3*%".0*<'--'%".&".3'"D&?-,//*(9"#."2*("$&.",$.)-"D*4"NSSN".3*."K'/,0).4"D)$)(.'0"K,()-&"P*+;*$1":&%?3&4&$&"*$$&,$/'%"*"1&<'0$+'$.*-")$).)*.)<'"*)+)$1"*.".3'"'G=,-()&$"&5".3'"+)-)?.)*("50&+".3'"D&-,//*(9"

F,0)$1".3'"/&$5-)/."&$".3'"D&-,//*(6";&.3">30)(.)*$("*$%"D,(-)+(",('%"*"0'-)1)&,(" 03'.&0)/" .3*." =,." .3')0" (.0,11-'" )$.&" *" -*01'0" $*.)&$*-" /&$.'G.9" U3)-'">30)(.)*$("<)'2'%".3'"*/.)<).)'("&5".3'"e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

"*

;.2$&'6$@'&$-(*-:*+(,-(.%$'(*+%6'7A*'(,*+(&.##.6$<$-4%*B.(%$-(%*"

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a)$1"ANSS]C9"Z]">&+=*0'"F*<)%(&$"ANSSdCE"7'-,(&"*$%"[*02'--"ANSS8C9"Z_" >&+=*0'6" *+&$1" &.3'0(6"W-+&$.'" ANSS8CE" P*$%&0&" ANSSNCE" P)%%-'" ANSSNCE" J'*-4" ANSSNCE" K,O+*"ANSSNC9"

Page 12: Christianity in Indonesia

NS" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""'G*+=-'6"2*("<)'2'%"*("3*<)$1"*"=0)+*0)-4"'.3$)/"/&$$&.*.)&$6"'<'$".3&,13".3'"D*%,0'('" *0'"D,(-)+(" *$%"+*$4"F*4*O" *0'">30)(.)*$(9" @3'"2*0" &5" .3'"W/'3"1,'00)--*"*1*)$(.".3'"#$%&$'()*$"(.*.'"-)O'2)('"3*%"5)0(."*$%"5&0'+&(."*$"'.3$)/?$*.)&$*-)(."/&$$&.*.)&$6"'<'$".3&,13"3)(.&0)/*--4")."2*("%'5)$).'-4"(=,00'%";4"0'?-)1)&,("+&.)<'("*("2'--6" *$%" .3'" )$%'='$%'$/'"+&<'+'$."/*--'%" 5&0" .3'" )+=-'?+'$.*.)&$" &5" .3'" %*"/& "9" @3'" 7*=,*$(" 5&,13." *1*)$(." =&-).)/*-" %)(/0)+)$*.)&$"*$%".3'"1&<'0$+'$.*-" )++)10*.)&$"=0&10*+(".3*."3*%" .,0$'%".3'+")$.&"+)$&0)?.)'(")$"+*$4"%)(.0)/.("&5".3')0"&2$"3&+'-*$%(9"K.)--6")."2*("$&."2).3&,."()1$)5)/?*$/'".3*.".3'"+)10*$.("2'0'"D,(-)+("23)-'".3'"7*=,*$("*0'"+'+;'0("&5">30)(?.)*$"/3,0/3'(6"*$%"2'0'"(,==&0.'%")$".3')0"(.0,11-'";4"$*.)&$*-"*$%")$.'0$*.)&$*-">30)(.)*$"&01*$)L*.)&$(9"

^'-)1)&$" 3*(" *-2*4(" ;''$6" *$%" (.)--" )(6" *" /&$(.).,'$." 5*/.&0" &5" /&--'/.)<'")%'$.).)'(")$"#$%&$'()*9"U3)-'">30)(.)*$).4"2*(")%'&-&1)/*--4"*((&/)*.'%"2).3".3'"F,./3" /&-&$)*-" +*(.'0(6" #(-*+" '(.*;-)(3'%" ).('-5" *(" *$" *$.)?/&-&$)*-" -);'0*.)&$"5&0/'" *(" '*0-4" *(" )$" .3'" ;'1)$$)$1" &5" .3'" $)$'.''$.3" /'$.,049" @3)(" ;'/*+'" &;?<)&,(" 23'$" .3'" (&?/*--'%" 7*%0)" 2*0" ;0&O'" &,." )$" 8dN89ZT" W" 0*%)/*-" #(-*+)/"+&<'+'$.6" )$(=)0'%";4"=)-10)+("23&"3*%"/&+'" )$" .&,/3"2).3" .3'" .'*/3)$1("&5"D,3*++*%" );$" W;%" *-?U*33*;" )$" D'//*6" *)+'%" 5&0" *$" #(-*+)/" 0'$'2*-" )$"U'(."K,+*.0*6"*$%"(.*0.'%"&,."*"0'<&-."*1*)$(.".3'"-&/*-"$&;)-).49"U3'$".3'"-*..'0"(&,13.".3'"*(()(.*$/'"&5".3'"F,./3"+)-).*04"*5.'0"+&(."+'+;'0("&5".3'"0&4*-"5*+?)-4"3*%";''$"+,0%'0'%6"%)%".3'"0'<&-.".,0$")$.&"*$"*$.)?/&-&$)*-",=0)()$19Zb"J0&+".3&('"%*4("&$6"*$.)?/&-&$)*-"0'()(.*$/'"3*%"0'='*.'%-4";''$"H,(.)5)'%";4",()$1".3'"+'.*=3&0" &5" *" 3&-4" 2*06" &$'" /*('" )$" =&)$." ;')$1" W/'3" 23'0'" .3'" =&=,-*.)&$"5&,13."*1*)$(.".3'"F,./3"&//,=*.)&$"&5").("3&+'-*$%"5&0"5&0.4"4'*0(ZdE".3)("(.0,1?1-'"/&$.)$,'%"*5.'0"U&0-%"U*0"##"23'$".3'"F,./36"23&"3*%";'5&0'";''$"'G='--'%";4" .3'" Y*=*$'('" *0+46" .0)'%" .&" 0'/&$\,'0" .3')0" 5&0+'0" /&-&$)*-" =&(('(()&$(" ;4"5&0/'"&5"*0+(9"@3'" #(-*+)/"+*(("&01*$)L*.)&$"X*3%-*.,-"f-*+*" )((,'%"*" 5*.2*"*1*)$(.".3'"F,./3"*$%".3'">&,$/)-"&5"#$%&$'()*$"D,(-)+"W((&/)*.)&$("AD*H'-)("

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""ZT"@3'"2*0"-*(.'%"50&+"8dN8".&"8dZb"*$%"'$%'%"*5.'0".3'"7*%0)"-'*%'0"@,*$O,"#+*+"P&$H&-"3*%";''$"%'.*)$'%"*$%"'G)-'%9"Zb"@*,5)O"W;%,--*"A8!d!C"*$%":&,$1"A8!!]C"3*<'"20)..'$"&$"#(-*+"*$%"*$.)?/&-&$)*-"(.0,11-'")$"U'(."K,+*.0*6"F&;;)$"A8!dZC"=0&<)%'("*"%'.*)-'%"*$*-4()("&$".3'"/&,0('"&5".3'"7*%0)"2*09"Zd"@3'"2*0"*1*)$(.".3'"W/'3$'('"-*(.'%"50&+"8dbZ".&"8!S]9"#."2*(".3'"-&$1'(.")$".3'"3)(.&04"&5"F,./3"/&-&$)*-)(+9"W$.)?/&-&$)*-"#(-*+)/"+&<'+'$.("'<'$",('%".3'"+'.*=3&0"&5"*"[&-4"U*09""@3'"W/'3$'('"0'()(.*$/'"5)13.'0("%'/-*0'%"*"!/"#-,%"2&'6"*"3&-4"2*0"*1*)$(.".3'"F,./3"*$%"+&;)-)L'%")$".3'"$*+'"&5"#(-*+"*1*)$(." .3'"&//,=*.)&$"&5" .3')0"3&+'-*$%9"K''"@',O," #;0*3)+"W-5)*$" ANSSTC9"J&0"*$"&<'0<)'2"&<'0"W/'3$'('"3)(.&04"(''"^')%"NSS_6"NSSTE"5&0"*"1'$'0*-"%)(/,(()&$"&5"#(-*+"*$%"/&--'/.)<'")%'$.).4")$"W/'3"/&+=*0'"*-(&"W(=)$*--"NSS!9""

Page 13: Christianity in Indonesia

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

h,).'"*"5'2"D,(-)+"-'*%'0("5'-.";'.0*4'%";4"K,O*0$&).9"@3'4"*)+'%"5&0"*"X'1*0*"#(-*+"#$%&$'()*6"*$"#(-*+)/"^'=,;-)/"&5"#$%&$'()*6"*$%"0'5,('%".&"=*4"*--'1)*$/'".&".3'"$'2"1&<'0$+'$.9"#$"U'(."Y*<*".3'"+)-).)*?+*$"K'O*0+*%H)"D*0)%H*$"a*0.&(&2)0H&"%'/-*0'%"*"0'1)&$"&//,=)'%";4"3)("=*0.)?(*$("*("F*0,-"#(-*+"A.3*.")(6".3'"3&,('"&0".'00).&04"&5"#(-*+C6"*$%"-&/*-"2*0-&0%("5&--&2'%"3)("'G*+=-'" )$"K&,.3"K,-*2'()"*$%"W/'39"f=" .&" .3'"+)%?8!TS(".3'0'"2'0'"5)13.(";'.2''$"1&<'0$+'$." .0&&=("*$%".3'".30''"0'1)&$*-"2)$1("&5" .3'" #(?-*+)/"W0+4"&5"#$%&$'()*" A@'$.*0*"#(-*+"#$%&$'()*C6"*$%".30''"()L'*;-'"0'1)&$("&5"#$%&$'()*"2'0'",$%'0".3'"/&$.0&-"*$%"*%+)$)(.0*.)&$"&5".3'"#(-*+)(.(9"I$'"&5".3'"0'(,-.("&5" .3'"#(-*+)(.",=0)()$1"2*("*$" )$/0'*()$1"0'=0'(()&$"&5"=&-).)/*-" #(?-*+9"@3'"(.*.'"*==*0*.,(";'/*+'".)13.'$'%6"*$%")$"8!_!"K,O*0$&"=0&/-*)+'%"3)("/&$/'=."&5" (1.30/"%&, )1/!&.!&.C6"23)/3"<'(.'%"3)+"2).3"=&2'0(".3*.".&&O".3'"=0)$/)=-'("&5"%'+&/0*.)/"%'/)()&$"+*O)$1"*%"*;(,0%,+9"#$"8!TS".3'"&==&().)&$*-">&,$/)-"&5"#$%&$'()*$"D,(-)+"W((&/)*.)&$("AD*H'-)("K4,?0&"D,(-)+)$" #$%&$'()*6"D*(H,+)C"2*("=0&3);).'%9"f$%'0" .3'"('/&$%"=0'()%'$.6"

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

Page 14: Christianity in Indonesia

NN" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""0'<)<*-"&5"#(-*+"*."*--"-'<'-("&5"(&/)'.49"[&2'<'06".3'('"/&$/'(()&$("%)%"$&."3'-="3)+" .&" 0'+*)$" )$" =&2'06" *(" .3'" #(-*+)/" &01*$)L*.)&$("2'0'" *+&$1" .3&('"23&"5&0/'%"K,3*0.&".&"0'()1$")$"8!!d9"

K)$/'".3*.".)+'6"&0.3&%&G"*$%"5,$%*+'$.*-)(."#(-*+)/".'$%'$/)'("3*<'" )$?/0'*()$1-4"1*)$'%"10&,$%")$"#$%&$'()*9"X'2"=&-).)/*-"=*0.)'("2'0'"5&,$%'%6"*$%"&$'"&5".3'('6".3'"70&(='0&,("Y,(.)/'"7*0.4"A7*0.*)"a'*%)-*$"K'H*3.'0*6"7aKC"2*("*;-'".&"*/3)'<'",$%0'*+.?&5"(,//'((")$"'-'/.)&$(9]S"X'2"&01*$)L*.)&$("5&0+'%"*("2'--E"(&+'"&5".3'+6"(,/3"*(".3'" #(-*+)/"F'5'$%'0"J0&$."AJ0&$."7'+;'-*"#(-*+C"*$%".3'"*;&<'+'$.)&$'%"[&-4"U*0"U*00)&0("Ae*(O*0"Y)3*%C"+&;)-)L'%".3'"5)13."*1*)$(." ;&.3" *$%"D,(-)+(" (,(='/.'%" &5" -)<)$1" *" $&$?#(-*+)/"2*4" &5"-)5'9"K)$/'".3'")$.0&%,/.)&$"&5"%'+&/0*/46"#(-*+)(."10&,=("3*<'"*..*/O'%"$,+'0?&,("U'(.'0$")$(.).,.)&$("*$%">30)(.)*$"/3,0/3'(E".3'";-&&%)'(."&5" .3'('"*((*,-.("2'0'" .3'";&+;)$1(" )$"a,.*"&$"P*-)6" /-*)+)$1"NSN" -)<'(9" #$"NSS_" .3'"=&2'05,-">&,$/)-" &5" #$%&$'()*$" f-'+*" AD*H'-)(" f-'+*" #$%&$'()*6"Df#C" )((,'%" '-'<'$"4")5"%")$"23)/3".3'4"'G=-)/).-4"/&$%'+$'%"-);'0*-)(+6"('/,-*0)(+6"*$%"=-,0*-)(+"*(" ;')$1" ,$?#(-*+)/9" D&0'&<'06"D,(-)+(" 2'0'" 5&0;)%%'$" .&" =0*4" H&)$.-4" 2).3"+'+;'0("&5"&.3'0"5*).3(6"*$%".&")$.'0+*004"2).3">30)(.)*$(9"@3'('"%'/0''(")((,'%";4" .3'"Df#" 0'(,-.'%" )$" .3'"/-&()$1"&5" $,+'0&,(" (+*--" /3,0/3'(9"W//&0%)$1" .&"#$%&$'()*$" -*26" 0'-)1)&,(" /'$.'0("$''%" .&";'"*//'=.'%";4" .3'" 0'(='/.)<'"$')13?;&,03&&%("(,00&,$%)$1".3'+E")5" .3'4"*0'"$&.6"='0+)(()&$".&";,)-%"*$%"+*)$.*)$"(,/3" ;,)-%)$1(" 2)--" $&." ;'" 10*$.'%9" @3)(" )(" 234"+*$4" >30)(.)*$" /3,0/3'(" *0'"('+)?-'1*-6"+'0'-4".&-'0*.'%")$(.).,.)&$(9"W5.'0".3'" 4")5"%"3*%";''$"=0&/-*)+'%6"D,(-)+("+&;)-)L'%" *1*)$(." .3'('" (+*--" 3&,('(" &5"2&0(3)=6" *$%"2).3)$" *" (3&0.".)+'"5&0/'%"%&L'$("&5".3'+".&"/-&('9]8"`)&-'$/'"*1*)$(.")$%)<)%,*-">30)(.)*$(")(")$/0'*()$1"*("2'--6"+&(."$&.*;-4")$"3&."(=&.(9"I$"8T"I/.&;'0"NSST6"5&0"'G*+=-'6".3'"('/0'.*04"1'$'0*-"&5".3'"70&.'(.*$.">3,0/3"&5">'$.0*-"K,-*2'()6".3'"^'<'0'$%"#0)*$.&"a&$1O&-)6"2*("O)--'%";4"*"(3&.")$".3'"3'*%")$";0&*%"%*4-)13.")$".3'".&2$"&5"7*-,9"@3'"0'(,01'$/'"&5"*$"&0.3&%&G"&0"$'&?&0.3&%&G"#(-*+")("3)13-4"<)();-'")$" =,;-)/" -)5'9" #(-*+)/" /-&.3)$1" )(" %&+)$*.)$1" .3'" (.0''.(/*='(" &,.()%'" Y*O*0.*6"*$%"*"(&?/*--'%"*$.)?=&0$&10*=34"-*2")((,'%")$"NSSd"/0)+)$*-)L'("'<'04.3)$1".3*."%&'("$&."/&$5&0+".&".3'"+&0*-")%'*("&5"#(-*+)/"3*0%-)$'0(E"*.").("&2$"0'\,'(.".3'"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""]S"@3'"=*0.4"2*("5&,$%'%"*("Y,(.)/'"7*0.4")$"8!!d"*$%"/3*$1'%").("$*+'")$.&"70&(='0&,("Y,(.)/'"7*0.4")$"NSSN9"F,0)$1".3'"NSS]"'-'/.)&$(".3'"7aK"2&$"b6Z"B"&5".3'"<&.'(E"NSS!".3'4"1*)$'%"b6!"B9"]8" #$" 0'(=&$('" .&" .3'" )$/0'*()$1" .30'*.(" .&" (+*--"/3,0/3'(6" -*01'"3&,('("&5"2&0(3)="*0'";,)-." .3*."*/?/&++&%*.'"3,$%0'%("&0"'<'$" .3&,(*$%("&5";'-)'<'0(9"I$'"&5".3'('" )(" .3'"^'5&0+'%"D)--'$$),+">*?.3'%0*-")$".3'"/'$.'0"&5"Y*O*0.*6"23)/3"&='$'%")$"K'=.'+;'0"NSSd"*$%"3*("0&&+"5&0"d6SSS"='&=-'9"

Page 15: Christianity in Indonesia

>30)(.)*$).4")$"#$%&$'()*Q"W$"I<'0<)'2" " "NZ""=0&<)$/'"&5"W/'3"2*("10*$.'%".3'"0)13.".&"+*O'".3'"%*"/& ",.3'";*()("&5").("/0)+?)$*-"-*26"*$%"%*"/& "";4-*2("2'0'"=*(('%")$"+*$4"%)(.0)/.("*$%"/&++,$).)'(9"W("*"/&$('\,'$/'6"(.,%'$.(")$".3'"/).4"&5"7*%*$1"AU'(."K,+*.0*C"*0'"$&2"0'\,)0'%".&"5,0$)(3"=0&&5".3*.".3'4"*0'"5*+)-)*0"2).3".3'"a&0*$6"5'+*-'"(.,%'$.("*$%"1&<?'0$+'$."'+=-&4''("3*<'".&"2'*0".3'"#(-*+)/"3'*%(/*05"A6&'2"2C6"*$%".3'"=&=,-*?.)&$" 3*(" .&" =*0.)/)=*.'" )$" #(-*+)/" .0*)$)$1" /&,0('(9" K)$/'" .3'('"+'*(,0'(" 2'0'")$.0&%,/'%" .3'0'" 3*<'" ;''$" 0'='*.'%" *((*,-.(" &$"2&+'$"23&" 2'0'" &,." )$" .3'"=,;-)/"2).3&,."*"+*-'"'(/&0.6"&0"23&('"/-&.3)$1"2*("$&.")$"/&$5&0+).4"2).3"#(?-*+9""

W--" .3'('"%'<'-&=+'$.("+*O'">30)(.)*$).4" )$" #$%&$'()*"*" .&=)/"&5" )++'?%)*.'")$.'0'(.")$"=&-).)/*-"*$%"/,-.,0*-".'0+(9"X&.3)$1"-'((")("*."(.*O'".3*$".3'"1&?<'0$*$/'"&5" .3'" #$%&$'()*$"(.*.'"*("*"=-,0*-)(."$*.)&$6"23'0'"*%3'0'0("&5"+*$4"0'-)1)&$("*--"(3*0'".3'"(*+'"0)13.("*$%"%,.)'(9"@3)(")("0'*(&$"'$&,13".&"-&&O")$.&".3)("=3'$&+'$&$")$"%'=.3")$"*"/&--'/.)&$"&5"'((*4(9"""

B".*>5-C.*-:*B"$%*D--E*"

:'.",$-)O'".3'")$.0&%,/.)&$"+*4"(,11'(.6".3)(";&&O")("$&."*"2&0O"&5"=&-).)?/*-"(/)'$/'9" #." 0*.3'0"*)+("*."'-,/)%*.)$1".3'"=3'$&+'$&$"&5">30)(.)*$).4")$"#$?%&$'()*"50&+".3'"='0(='/.)<'("&5"<*0)&,("%)(/)=-)$'(")$"&0%'0".&"10*(=").("%)<'0()?.4"*$%".&"1*)$"*"%''='0",$%'0(.*$%)$19"K&+'"&5".3'"/&$.0);,.&0(".&".3)("<&-,+'"2'0'"=*0.)/)=*$.("&5" *" /&$5'0'$/'"/&$<'$'%";4"M%2)$"U)'0)$1*"*$%"+4('-5" *.".3'"R&'.3'?f$)<'0().4"&5"J0*$O5,0.")$"NSSZE"&.3'0("*10''%"*."*"-*.'0".)+'".&"20).'"*0.)/-'(9"@3'"*,.3&0(" 0'=0'('$."<*0)&,("(/3&-*0-4"%)(/)=-)$'(" .3*." )$"+4"&=)$)&$"/*$"/&$.0);,.'"()1$)5)/*$." )$()13.(" .&" .3'" .&=)/",$%'0"%)(/,(()&$Q"3)(.&046"(&/)*-"*$.30&=&-&146"=3)-&(&=346".3'&-&146"*$%"=&-).)/*-"(/)'$/'9""

(?.)*$).4")$"#$%&$'()*"2*("1,)%'%";4".3'"5&--&2)$1"\,'(.)&$(Q"[&2"%)%".3'">30)(?.)*$"+)$&0).46" 23)/3" /&$()(.(" &5" <*0)&,(" %)55'0'$." /3,0/3'(" *$%" &01*$)L*.)&$(6"/&$(.).,.'" ).('-5"3)(.&0)/*--4i"[&2"2*(">30)(.)*$).4"*;(&0;'%";4".3'")$%)1'$&,("=&=,-*.)&$6" *$%"3&2"2*(" )." )$%)1'$)L'%i"[&2"/*$"2'" .0*/'" .3'"=0&/'((" )$" .3'"/&,0('"&5"23)/3"*%3'0'0("&5" -&/*-" .0*%).)&$(";'/*+'">30)(.)*$(i"U3*." )+=*/.("%)%" >30)(.)*$)L*.)&$" 3*<'" &$" .3&('" 0'1)&$(" .3*." 2'0'" )$3*;).'%" ;4" D,(-)+(i"U3*." 2'0'" .3'" $')13;&,0-4" 0'-*.)&$(" )$" .3'('" 0'1)&$(" -)O'i"F)%" ='&=-'" /0'*.'"/&++&$" 0).,*-(" &0" 5&01'" *--)*$/'(" .3*." 2'0'" '55'/.)<'" )$" +*)$.*)$)$1" ='*/'i"

Page 16: Christianity in Indonesia

N]" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""U3*." 3)(.&0)/*-" 0&&.(" /*$";'" )%'$.)5)'%"2).3" 0'1*0%" .&" /&$.'+=&0*04" /&$5-)/.(i"U3*.")$()13.("/*$";'"1*)$'%";4"<)'2)$1"<)&-'$."/&$5-)/.(";'.2''$">30)(.)*$("*$%"D,(-)+("50&+".3'")$()%'"='0(='/.)<'"&5".3'"-&/*-"*/.&0(i"W$%6"-*(.";,."$&."-'*(.6".3'0'"2*("*-2*4(".3'")((,'"&5"$'2"*==0&*/3'(".&"='*/'?O''=)$16"&5"=&(();)-).)'(".&"/&$.)$,'".3'"=0&H'/."&5"*"=-,0*-)(."#$%&$'()*")$".3'"$'2"+)--'$$),+"*("2'--9"

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d!S"*$%"8!Nd";4"/&-&$)*-"&55)/)*-("*$%"+)(()&$*0)'("&5".3'"W+'0)/*$"D)(()&$"70'(("2).3"0'1*0%".&"'%,/*.)&$*-"=&-)/46"23'0'".3'"20).)$1"&5"(/3&&-";&&O(")$".3'"D*?-*4" -*$1,*1'"=-*4'%"*$" )+=&0.*$." 0&-'9"a*0'-"K.''$;0)$O"=,.(">30)(.)*$"'%,/*?.)&$*-" */.)<).)'(" )$.&" .3'" /&$.'G." &5" %'<'-&=+'$." *)%" =0&10*+(6" *$*-4L)$1" .3'"/&++).+'$." &5" .3'">*.3&-)/">3,0/3" .&" (,/3" =0&H'/.(" )$" #$%&$'()*" )$" .3'" .)+'";'.2''$"8!T_"*$%"8!dS9"@3'"=0)'(.("2'0'"+*(.'0(")$".3'"*0."&5"0*)()$1"5,$%("5&0".3')0"'$%'*<&,0(6"*$%"%)%";4"$&"+'*$(" 'G/-,()<'-4"%0*2"&$"1&<'0$+'$.*-"*$%"/3,0/3-4"(&,0/'("&5"/*=).*-9"f=".&".3'"8!dS("D,(-)+"&01*$)L*.)&$("2'0'",$*;-'".&"/&+='.'"*1*)$(." .3'"5)$*$/)*-"=&2'0"&5" .3'"/3,0/3'(6"'<'$")$"D,(-)+"3'*0.?-*$%("(,/3"*("Y*<*9""

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

Page 17: Christianity in Indonesia

>30)(.)*$).4")$"#$%&$'()*Q"W$"I<'0<)'2" " "N_"".3*$"2)--)$1" .&" 1)<'",=" .3')0" &-%" (*/0'%"&;H'/.(" )$" 5*<&0" &5" .3'" $'26" =&2'05,-"=0&.'/.)<'"5&0/'9""

[&2'<'06"(,/3"0*%)/*-"/3*$1'("%)%"$&.".*O'"=-*/'")$"*--"0'1)&$("&5".3'"#$?%&$'()*$"*0/3)='-*1&9" #$" 5*/.6" .3'0'" *0'" ()1$)5)/*$."%)55'0'$/'(";'.2''$"70&.'(?.*$."*$%">*.3&-)/"+)(()&$"*0'*(9"I$".3'")(-*$%"&5"J-&0'(6"23)/3"3*(";''$"2).3)$".3'"(=3'0'"&5")$5-,'$/'"&5" .3'">*.3&-)/"K&/)'.*("`'0;)"F)<)$)"()$/'"8!8Z6".3'0'"2*("+,/3"-'(("=0'((,0'"&$"-&/*-".0*%).)&$(".3*$")$"0'1)&$("23'0'"70&.'(.*$."+)(?()&$*04"(&/)'.)'("3*%"'(.*;-)(3'%".3'+('-<'(9" #"(3*--"'G*+)$'".3'"/&+=-'G"0'-*?.)&$(3)=(" ;'.2''$" +)(()&$*0)'(" *$%" -&/*-" */.&0(" 23&" 50&+" <*0)&,(" +&.)<'("2')13'%" *1*)$(." #$".3*."=0&/'((6".3'4"/0'*.'%"*$")$%)?1'$)L'%" 5&0+" &5" >*.3&-)/)(+"23)-'" *." .3'" (*+'" .)+'" (,55)/)'$.-4" *--&2)$1" 5&0"$&$?>30)(.)*$"0'-)1)&,("=0*/.)/'(9""

@3'"*0.)/-'("&5"K,(*$$'"^&%'+')'06"F)'.'0"P*0.'-(6"*$%"e&00*)$'"W0*1&$"5&/,(" &$" .3'" (='/)5)/" /3*--'$1'(" '+'01)$1" )$" +,-.)?0'-)1)&,(" ('..-'+'$." '$<)?0&$+'$.(9"K,(*$$'"^&%'+')'0"3*("/&$%,/.'%"'+=)0)/*-" 0'('*0/3" )$" .3'"'*(.'0$"#$%&$'()*$"W-&0"W0/3)='-*1&"23'0'"D,(-)+(6"70&.'(.*$.(6"*$%">*.3&-)/("*0'"-)<?)$1" .&1'.3'0" )$" $*00&2" /&$5)$'(9" K3'" '-,/)%*.'(" .3'" )$.'10*.)<'" %)+'$()&$(" &5"(3*0'%" +4.3(" *$%" 0).,*-(6" 4'." *-(&" =&)$.(" &,." .3*." 1&<'0$+'$.*-" )$.'0<'$.)&$("(,/3" *(" .0*$(+)10*.)&$" =0&10*+(" /*$" %'(.0&4" .3*." 50*1)-'" '\,)-);0),+"2).3)$" *"(3&0.".)+'9"@3'"/&$('\,'$/'("&5"(,/3"*"/&--*=('"&5")$%)1'$&,("+&%'-("0'1,-*.)$1"0'-)1)&,(" /&'G)(.'$/'" ;'/&+'" *==*0'$." )$" .3'" /&$.0);,.)&$" ;4" F)'.'0" P*0.'-(9"P*0.'-("%'(/0);'("3&2")$%)1'$)L'%"<'0()&$("&5"70&.'(.*$.)(+"*$%"#(-*+".3*."'G?)(.'%"&$".3'"D&-,//*$")(-*$%"&5"W+;&$"2'0'"10*%,*--4"=,0)5)'%6";&.3";4"*+;)?.)&,(" *1'$.(" &5" .3'" 70&.'(.*$.">3,0/3" *$%" .3'" #(-*+)/"D,3*++*%)4*3" *$%" ;4"1&<'0$+'$.*-"%'/0''("*1*)$(.""(")E")$".3*."=0&/'((6".3'")$.'10*.)<'"'-'+'$.("%)(?*=='*0'%9"D*$4"W+;&$'('"*/.&0(";'-)'<'".3*.".3'"*;&<'+'$.)&$'%"<)&-'$."/&$?5-)/.(";'.2''$">30)(.)*$("*$%"D,(-)+(")$".3'"2*O'"&5".3'"5*--"&5"K,3*0.&"2'0'"*"0'(,-."&5".3'('"%'<'-&=+'$.(6"*$%"/*--"5&0"*"0'*/.)<*.)&$"&5"-&/*-"0'-)1)&,("(.0,/?.,0'(9" e&00*)$'"W0*1&$" 0'<)().(" .3'" 3)(.&04" &5" 0'-)1)&,(" 0)<*-04" ;'.2''$">30)(?.)*$(" *$%"D,(-)+(A" /&+='.).)<'" #$%&$'()*$" $*.)&$*-)(+6" *$%" .3'" ,$5&-%)$1" &5"<)&-'$."/&$5-)/.")$">'$.0*-"K,-*2'()")$".3'"-*.'"8!!S(9"@3'"/&+='.).)&$";'.2''$"70&.'(.*$.("*$%"D,(-)+("5&0"0'(&,0/'(".,0$'%"<)&-'$."*.".0*$().)&$*-"+&+'$.(")$"=&-).)/(6" .3'" +&(." 0'/'$." 'G*+=-'" ;')$1" .3'" =&(.?K,3*0.&" 7&(&" <)&-'$/'" .3*."'0,=.'%" )$" -*.'" 8!!d" 2).3)$" .3'" /&$.'G." &5" +)10*.)&$" =0&/'(('(6" 1-&;*-" 'G=&0."+*0O'.(6" *$%" -*$%" *-)'$*.)&$" =0'((,0'(9" [*<)$1" (.*0.'%" *(" *" /&++,$*-" (.0''."5)13.")$".3'"+)%(."&5"*$",$(*<&,04"=&-).)/*-"/*+=*)1$".3*."2'$."&$")$".3'"%)(.0)/.6"

Page 18: Christianity in Indonesia

NT" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0"".3'"7&(&"/&$5-)/.".,0$'%")$.&"*"0'-)1)&,(-4"=&-*0)L'%"/)<)-"2*0"23'0'"/*--("5&0"0'?.*-)*.)&$"*..0*/.'%"$&$?-&/*-"+)-).)*(E"-*.'06".3*."/&$5-)/."*0&,('%")$.'0$*.)&$*-"*.?.'$.)&$")$".3'"2*O'"&5"88"K'=.'+;'0"NSS89"

P)01)."P0g,/3-'06"K<'$"a&('-6"*$%"X&&03*)%)"[*(*$"*%%0'(("03'.&0)/("*$%"(.0*.'1)'("&5"*/.)&$"'+=-&4'%";4"*/.&0(")$")$.'00'-)1)&,("/&$5-)/.(9"P)01)."P0g,/3?-'0"*$*-4('(".3'"0&-'"=-*4'%";4".3'"#$.'0$'." )$" .3'"D&-,//*$"/&$5-)/.6",()$1".3'"'G*+=-'"&5".3'"+&(.")+=&0.*$."10&,=("&5"*/.&0(Q".3'">0)()(">'$.'0"&5".3'"F)&/'('"&5"W+;&$"A>>FWC"*$%".3'"D*(*0)O,"$'.2&0O"&$".3'">30)(.)*$"()%'6"*$%".3'"J&?

" ()%'9"P&.3"()%'("'+=-&4'%".3'"#$.'0$'."*("*"+'*$("&5"('-5?0'=0'('$.*.)&$"*$%"5&0"+&;)?-)L)$1"(,==&0.6"<)'%"2).3"'*/3"&.3'0"5&0"<)/.)+3&&%6"*$%"H,(.)5)'%".3')0"&2$"<)&?-'$."&,.0*1'(";4"=&0.0*4)$1".3'+"*("*/.("&5"('-5?%'5'$/'"*1*)$(."*$",$(/0,=,-&,("*110'((&09"D)-).*$.">30)(.)*$(" )$"X&0.3"K,-*2'()" 5'-." H,(.)5)'%" .&" .*O'"*/.)&$"*("2'--E".3*."0'1)&$6"H,(."*(".3'"K&,.3"D&-,//*(6"2*("/3*0*/.'0)L'%";4"*"=*0.)/,-*0"/-&('$'((".&".3'"F,./3"/&-&$)*-"=&2'0")$"/&-&$)*-".)+'(9"K<'$"a&('-"'-*;&0*.'(",=&$" .3'" )$.'0/&$$'/.)&$(" ;'.2''$" =&-).)/(" *$%" =*0*+)-).*04" &01*$)L*.)&$(6"23)/3"3*<'"*-2*4("=-*4'%"*$")+=&0.*$."0&-'")$"#$%&$'()*$"3)(.&049"M<'$".3&,13"+*$4" &5" .3'" +)-).)*+'$" '$.'0" ('0<)/'" *(" +'0/'$*0)'(" 2).3" .3'" 3)13'(." ;)%%'06".3'4" *--" (3*0'" *" 0&+*$.)/" )%'&-&146" <)'2)$1" .3'+('-<'(" *(" .3'" %'5'$%'0(" &5" *">30)(.)*$"D)$*3*(*"*1*)$(."D,(-)+"%&+)$*$/'")$"#$%&$'()*6"23)/3")("='0/')<'%"*(".30'*.'$)$19"@3'"3)(.&0)/*-"=&)$."&5"0'5'0'$/'"&5".3'('"=&-).)/*-?0'-)1)&,("*/.&0("*0'"'<'$.(" "+&(."$&.*;-4".3'"(.0,11-'"5&0".3'"0'=0'('$.*.)&$"&5">30)(.)*$"+)$&0)?.)'(" ".3*."&//,00'%"23'$".3'")$%'='$%'$."#$%&$'()*$"$*.)&$"2*(";&0$9"@3'"+)-)?.)*+'$".3)$O"&5".3'+('-<'("*("5)13.'0("&5".3'"#$%&$'()*$"7*$/*()-*"$*.)&$"*1*)$(.".3'" #(-*+)L*.)&$" &5" .3'" (.*.'9" [*(*$" X&&03*)%)" 0'/&,$.(" *" /&$/,00'$." #(-*+)/"$*00*.)<'" H,(.)54)$1" *$4" O)$%" &5" <)&-'$/'9" ['0'6" .&&6" /&$.'+=&0*04" %)(/&,0('("/*$";'"-)$O'%".&"/&$$'/.)$1"5*/.&0(")$"3)(.&049"U3)-'">30)(.)*$"*/.&0("2)--".,0$".&"5&0')1$"(,==&0.'0("23'$")."/&+'(".&"+&;)-)L)$1"5)$*$/)*-"0'(&,0/'(6".3')0"=&-).)?/*-"*01,+'$.("*0'"0&&.'%")$"*$"#$%&$'()*$"/&$.'G.9"#(-*+)(."*/.&0(6"&$".3'"&.3'0"3*$%6" &='0*.'" &$" *$" )$.'0$*.)&$*-" -'<'-" )$" .'0+(" &5" %)(/&,0('" *$%" =0*/.)/'(9"X&&03*)%)" 0'5'0(" .&" .3'" =30*('" &5" *" (,==&('%" 1-&;*-" Y'2)(3?>30)(.)*$" /&?/&$(=)0*/46"23)/3")(",('%";4"#$%&$'()*$"#(-*+)(."10&,=("(,/3"*(".3'"e*(O*0"Y)?3*%"&0"e*(O*0"D,H*3)%)$".&"H,(.)54".3')0")$.'0<'$.)&$")$"-&/*-"/&$5-)/.(9"@3'"/&+?;)$*.)&$"&5"1-&;*-6"$*.)&$*-6"*$%"-&/*-"03'.&0)/";'/*+'"=*0.)/,-*0-4"*==*0'$."%,0?)$1" .3'"D&-,//*$" /&$5-)/.9" #." /&+'(" *(" $&" (,0=0)('" .3*." .3'" =&-).)/*-" %)(/&,0('".'$%(".&"+*$)5'(.".&.*-).*0)*$".0*).("%,0)$1"/0)()("().,*.)&$(9"K.'0'&.4=)$16"'G*11'?

Page 19: Christianity in Indonesia

>30)(.)*$).4")$"#$%&$'()*Q"W$"I<'0<)'2" " "Nb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

**

!"#$%&$'($&)*$(*&".*>-5$'6*'(,*!46&4#'6*>5$.(5.%""f$.)-" <'04" 0'/'$.-46" >30)(.)*$).4" 2*(" *"+*01)$*-" .&=)/" )$" .3'" (&/)*-" *$%"

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

Page 20: Christianity in Indonesia

Nd" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""J'$'--*" >*$'--" *..'+=.'%" .&" )$).)*.'" .3'" '(.*;-)(3>30)(.)*$). ?8!!S(" ('<'0*-" &.3'0" *,.3&0(" A['5$'0" 8!!Z;E"`''0"8!!TC"3*<'";''$"%)(/,(()$1">30)(.)*$).4"2).3"0'1*0%".&"=0&/'(('("&5"+&%?'0$)L*.)&$"*$%"+&%'0$"$*.)&$";,)-%)$19"W(" .&"#$%&$'()*6" .3'0'"*0'"*"$,+;'0"&5"3)(.&0)/*-"(.,%)'(6"2).3".3'"2&0O("&5"a*0'-"K.''$;0)$O"A8!!_6"8!!d6"NSSS6"NSS86"NSSZ6"NSSbC"*$%"W0).&$*$1"*$%"K.''$;0)$O"ANSSdC"%'('0<)$1"=*0.)/,-*0"+'$.)&$9""

@3'"=0'('$."<&-,+'"/&$.0);,.'(".&".3'('"$'2"*==0&*/3'(";,."1&'(";'4&$%".3'"(/&='"&5"*"()$1-'"%)(/)=-)$'9"#."&55'0("*$")$.'0%)(/)=-)$*04"='0(='/.)<'"&$".3'".&=)/6")$(.'*%6")$.'0.2)$)$1"=&-).)/*-"(/)'$/'6".3'&-&1)/*-6"*$.30&=&-&1)/*-6"=3)-&?(&=3)/*-6" *$%" 3)(.&0)/*-" %)+'$()&$(9" K,/3" *$" *==0&*/3" )(" (,).*;-'" )$" =*0.)/,-*0"5&0" %)(/,(()$1" .3'" =3'$&+'$&$" &5" >30)(.)*$).4" )$" .3'" #$%&$'()*$" *0/3)='-*1&6"23)/3")("/3*0*/.'0)L'%";4"*"2'--?$)13"/&$5,()$1"/,-.,0*-"%)<'0().49"

Page 21: Christianity in Indonesia

8Zb""

"

!"#$%%&'!()*+,&*'*

B".*+(,$<.($@'&$-(*-:*!'&"-6$5$%7*-(*F6-#.%**

+(&#-,45&$-(*"

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

P'3)$%".3'('"5'*0(".3'0'"2*(".3'"$&.)&$".3*.".3'")$%)1'$&,("/,-.,0'("2'0'"/&+=*0*.)<'-4" (.*.)/" '$.).)'(" .3*." 3*%" 'G)(.'%" ,$.&,/3'%" ;4" *$4" 'G.'0$*-" )$5-,?'$/'(" 5&0"+*$4" /'$.,0)'(6"&0" '<'$"+)--'$$)*6" *$%"2'0'",$*;-'" .&" /3*$1'9"@3)(")%'*"2*("(3*0'%";4"=0&=&$'$.("&5"&.3'0"%)(/)=-)$'(E")$"0'-)1)&,("(.,%)'(6"5&0"'G?*+=-'6",=".&".3'"-*.'"8!dS(".3'"<)'2"=0'<*)-'%".3*.".3'"/&$.*/.";'.2''$".3'"10'*."2&0-%"0'-)1)&$("*$%".3'";'-)'5"(4(.'+("&5"(+*--6"*,.&/3.3&$&,("(&/)'.)'("%&&+'%".3'"-*..'0".&"'G.)$/.)&$9Z"[&2'<'06"+&0'"0'/'$."(.,%)'("3*<'"(3&2$".3*.".3)("*(?(,+=.)&$6" *//&0%)$1" .&" 23)/3" )$%)1'$&,(" ='&=-'(" 3*<'" $&." ,$%'01&$'" *$4"/3*$1'(" )$" .3'" /&,0('" &5" 3)(.&046" )(" ,$.'$*;-'9" #." ;'/*+'" *==*0'$." .3*." 10&,=("(,==&('%-4"-)<)$1")$")(&-*.)&$"3*<'"'G.'$()<'"/&$.*/."$'.2&0O(6"*$%".3*."+)10*?.)&$6".0*%'6"*$%"/&$\,'(."*0'"$&."=0)<)-'1'("&5"+&%'0$".)+'(9"D4.3("*$%"&0*-".0*?%).)&$(";&0'"2).$'(("&5"H&,0$'4(".&"5*0*2*4"0'1)&$(6"$'2"('..-'+'$.("5&,$%'%")$"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8" W$.30&=&-&1)(.(" 5*/'%" .3'" %)-'++*" .3*." .3'" (,;H'/."+*..'0" &5" .3')0" %)(/)=-)$'" %)()$.'10*.'%" ;'5&0'".3')0"<'04"'4'("*.".3'"+&+'$."23'$"/&$.*/."2*("'(.*;-)(3'%6"*$%".3*.".3'4".3'+('-<'("2'0'")++'%)?*.'-4")$<&-<'%")$".3*."=0&/'(("&5"%'(.0,/.)&$9"I$".3'"$)$'.''$.3"/'$.,046"/&+=*0'"P*(.)*$"A8dd8CE"&$".3'".2'$.)'.36"ej<)?K.0*,(("A8!__6"8!d_QNZCE"D*-)$&2(O)"A8!NNQk`CE"D'*%"A8!bNQN!]C9"N"K''"a&3-"8!ddQ"N_N?N_Z9"Z"@3)("<)'2"2*("=0)+*0)-4"%,'".&"*$"'<&-,.)&$)(.".3'&04"&5"0'-)1)&$6"23)/3"+*%'"*"%)(.)$/.)&$";'.2''$"=0)+).)<'"*$%"+&%'0$"0'-)1)&$(9"

Page 22: Christianity in Indonesia

8Zd" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0"",$O$&2$".'00).&0)'(6"&0".3'"*00)<*-"&5"<)/.&0)&,("5&0')1$'0("23&")$.0&%,/'%"$'2"2*4("*$%"/,(.&+("*$%"-*)%"/-*)+".&"*"=-*/'"&5".3')0"&2$"2).3)$"(&/)'.49]""

"*

+(,$<.($@'&$-(*'(,*;.%$%&'(5.*"D*$4"$&$?M,0&='*$"(&/)'.)'("0'(=&$%'%".&".3'"/&$50&$.*.)&$"2).3"/&-&$)?

*-"*%+)$)(.0*.)&$("*$%"+)(()&$("2).3" .3'"(*+'" 5-'G);)-).4" .3'4"3*%"*-0'*%4"%)(?=-*4'%" )$" .3')0" 0'*/.)&$(" .&"=0'?/&-&$)*-" /3*--'$1'(" 0'(,-.)$1" 50&+"/&$.*/.(";'?.2''$"%)55'0'$."/,-.,0'(9"@&%*46"*.".3'";'1)$$)$1"&5".3'".2'$.4?5)0(."/'$.,046")$?%)1'$&,(" /,-.,0'(" 3*<'" ;4" $&"+'*$(" %)(*=='*0'%" &0" 5*%'%" *2*4" )$" *" ,$)5&0+"1-&;*-" /,-.,0'" %&+)$*.'%" ;4" .3'"U'(.9" h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b")$"*"()+)-*0"+*$$'06".3)("*-(&"3*=='$'%"2).3"#(-*+)/")%'*(9d"@3'"/&+;)?$*.)&$"&5"&2$"*$%"5&0')1$"'-'+'$.(6"*("2'--"*("%'/&$(.0,/.)&$("*$%"0'/&$(.0,/?

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""]">&+=*0'"R0*3*+"A8!!TCE"e'2)("A8!ddQ]_?T!CE"K*3-)$("A8!d8CE"@0*,;'"A8!dTQ_8559C9"_" &?

"T" >&+=*0'" >&+*0&55" *$%">&+*0&55" A8!!86" 8!!Z6" 8!!bCE"a&3-" A8!dT6" 8!dd6" 8!!_CE" ^*$1'0" A8!!]CE"K/3&55'-''0("A8!!]C9"b">&+=*0'"P'%)*O&"A8!!TC"*$%"P4*0$3*$1*?WO)O)"A8!!ZC"5&0"W50)/*$"0'-)1)&$(6"Y';'$("ANSS]C"5&0"(&?/*--'%"/*01&"/,-.(")$"I/'*$)*6"[&,O"ANSS]C6"K'1*.&"ANSSZC"*$%"U')$1g0.$'0"A8!T!C"5&0">*0);;'*$"0'-)?1)&$(9"K''"*-(&Q"a*=-*$"A8!!_CE"a&3-"A8!!T6"8!!dQT8?TdC9"d"@3'"'G*+=-'"&5".3'"+*.0)-)$'*-"D)$*$1O*;*,")$"U'(."K,+*.0*"(3&2(".3*."'<'$"(,/3"(&/)*-"(.0,/.,0'("2'0'"*//'=.'%")$".3'"/&,0('"&5".3)("=0&/'((".3*."*0'")$"%)*+'.0)/*-"/&$.0*%)/.)&$".&"W0*;"+&%'-("A/&+?=*0'"P'$%*?P'/O+*$$"8!ddE"a*3$"8!bTE"K*$%*4"NSSN"C9""

Page 23: Christianity in Indonesia

@3'"#$%)1'$)L*.)&$"&5">*.3&-)/)(+"&$"J-&0'(" " 8Z!""

'(,-.'%")$".3'"%'?<'-&=+'$."&5"*"+,-.).,%'"&5"+&%'0$")$%)1'$&,("/,-.,0'(9!"

I$".3'"&$'"3*$%6".3)("0'()-)'$/'"&$".3'"=*0."&5".3'"$'&=34.'("2*("$&."23*.".3'"+)(()&$*0)'(" 3*%" 3&='%" 5&06" *(" .3'4" <)'2'%" =0&('-4.)L*.)&$" *(" *" /)<)-*.&04"+*$%*.'" *)+)$1" *." .3'" '0*%)/*.)&$" &5" *--" 3'*.3'$" .0*%).)&$(9" :'." &$" .3'" &.3'0"3*$%" )." /*+'"*("$&"(,0=0)('9"J*0?()13.'%"+)(()&$*0)'("3*%",..'0'%"(&+'"%&,;.("0'1*0%)$1".3'"-*(.)$1$'(("&5".3')0"'$%'*<&,0("*$42*46"*$%"/&$.'$.'%".3'+('-<'("2).3"/&,$.)$1"5&0+*-"*%3'0'$/'".&">30)(.)*$).4"*("*"(,//'((98S"

70&('-4.)L*.)&$" )(" *$" */.)<).4" .3*." )(" 5,$%*+'$.*--4" *((&/)*.'%"2).3" /&$?3

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

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!"@&2*0%(".3'"'$%"&5".3'"8!dS(6".3'0'"2*("*".,0$)$1"=&)$.")$"*$.30&=&-&146"23)/3";'/*+'"-'(("/,-.,0'?='(()+)(.)/9"#$(.'*%6".3'"5&/,("(3)5.'%".&"$'2-4"'+'01)$1"/,-.,0*-"=3'$&+'$*".3*."(&+'.)+'("*0'"*-(&"0'5'00'%".&"*("34;0)%"/,-.,0'("A/&+=*0'">&+*0&55"*$%">&+*0&55"8!!ZC9"8S"K''"F)'.0)/3"8!d!QNN]?NN_9"88">&+=*0'"J0)'%+*$"8!!]Q8N9"

Page 24: Christianity in Indonesia

8]S" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""+)-).*046"*$%"'/&$&+)/"(.0,/.,0'("&5"%&+)$*$/'6";,."*--&2'%"5&0"/-'<'0")$.'0*/?.)&$"&$".3'"=*0."&5".3&('"23&"2'0'"(.0,/.,0*--4"2'*O'09"

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a*0-?[')$L"a&3-"Aa&3-"8!!dQ8bbC"3*("=&)$.'%".&"0).,*-"<&)%("*+&$1".3'"e*+*?3&-&.?(='*O)$1"10&,=(")$"'*(.'0$"J-&0'(6"(,/3"*("*"-*/O"&5"4&,.3")$).)*.)&$"0).'(9"W+&$1".3'"X1*%*"&5">'$.0*-"J-&0'(".3'"5'*0"&5"2)./3'("*$%"'<)-"(=)0).(";'-)'<'%".&";'"&+$)=0'('$."3*("1)<'$"0)('" .&"*"$''%"5&0"*%%).)&$*-"(=)0).,*-"=0&.'/.)&$98T"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8N">&+=*0'"P*%'"8!d]Q8d9"8Z">&+*0&55"*$%">&+*0&55"8!!8QbE"[&55+*$$"8!d]QZ]59"8]"a*0-?[')$L"a&3-" A8!dbC" &$/'" /3*0*/.'0)L'%" .3)(" 0'-*.)&$(3)=" ;'.2''$" 0'('*0/3'0(" *$%" 0'('*0/3'%6"23)/3" )(" *$" '<'0?0'/,00'$." .3'+'" )$" .3'" .'G.(" &5" '*0-4" '.3$&10*=3'0(6" *(" .&0$" ;'

"8_"R0c$%'0"8!dN6"8!!]E"@3&+*("8!!]9"8T"K/30V.'0"8!!d6"NSSS;"

Page 25: Christianity in Indonesia

@3'"#$%)1'$)L*.)&$"&5">*.3&-)/)(+"&$"J-&0'(" " 8]8""@3'"'\,*-).4"&5"*--";'-)'<'0(6"23)/3")("*$")$3'0'$."5'*.,0'"&5">30)(.)*$).46"$''%(".&";'"+'$.)&$'%"*("*"/&$<)$/)$1"*01,+'$.";'/*,('")."2*("/0,/)*-")$"&<'0/&+)$1"0)1)%"/*(.'";&,$%*0)'("*$%"=,..)$1"*$"'$%" .&"-&/*-"(-*<'0498b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l2&+*$" .*O'0" 0'-*.)&$(3)=(8d" 2).3)$" .3'"/&$.'G."&5".3'"-&/*-">*.3&-)/"J)0(.">&++,$)&$9"W$&.3'0"'G*+=-'"*0'".3'"H&)$'%"0*$O("&5"<)--*1'"'-%'0("*$%"+)(()&$*0)'("*1*)$(."'55&0.("&5".3'"4&,$1'0"='&=-'".&"*;&-)(3" ;0)%'2'*-.36" ()$/'" .3'"+)(()&$*0)'(" <)'2" .3*." )$(.).,.)&$" *(" /0,/)*-" 5&0"'$(,0)$1"/&+=-)*$/'"2).3"'G)(.)$1"('G,*-"+&0*-(9"

""

D.&3..(*F'%5$('&$-(*'(,*&".*G$66*&-*!"'(<./**!'&"-6$5*H$%%$-('#$.%*-:*&".*>-5$.&'%*I.#J$*K$2$($*-(*F6-#.%*

"@3'" )(-*$%" &5" J-&0'(6" 23'0'" #" 0'='*.'%-4" /&$%,/.'%" '.3$&10*=3)/" 5)'-%?

2&0O";'.2''$"8!!]"*$%"NSS]6"2)--"('0<'"*("*$"'G*+=-'".&")--,(.0*.'".3'"/&+=-'G"0'-*.)&$(3)=" ;'.2''$" *">*.3&-)/"+)(()&$*04" (&/)'.4" *$%" -&/*-" /,-.,0'(6" *$%" .3'"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8b"P&.3">30)(.)*$).4"*$%".3'"/&-&$)*-"*==*0*.,("&5"=&2'0"3*<'".0)11'0'%"=0&/'(('("&5"%'?3)'0*0/3)L*.)&$")$" .3'"-&/*-"/,-.,0'(".30&,13"=*/)5)/*.)&$"*$%" .3'"=0&3);).)&$"&5"(-*<'04"AK/30V.'0"NSS_C9"W+&$1".3'"X1*%*6"0)1)%"3)'0*0/3)'("'G)(.'%")$".3'"5&0+"&5"'$%&1*+&,("/*(.'(9"#$"5&0+'0".)+'(6"('G,*-"0'-*.)&$("&5"2&+'$"2).3"-&2'0?0*$O)$1"+'$"2'0'"=,$)(3'%"2).3"%'*.3E"*"(4+;&-)/"'G'/,.)&$")("/&$()%'0'%"(,55)?/)'$.".&%*4"AK/30V.'0"8!!bC9"8d">&+=*0'"a&3-" A8!!dQ8bb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

Page 26: Christianity in Indonesia

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`'0;)"F)<)$)" AK`F6"

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

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8!" @2&" &5" .3'('" 0'('*0/3" =0&H'/.(" A8!!_?8!!d6" NSS8?NSS]C"2'0'" 1'$'0&,(-4" 5,$%'%" ;4" .3'"R'0+*$"K/)'$/'" J&,$%*.)&$6" .&"23)/3" #"2)(3" .&" 'G=0'(("+4"+&(." /&0%)*-" .3*$O(9"U).3&,." .3*." (,==&0.6"+4"*$.30&=&-&1)/*-"2&0O")$"M*(."#$%&$'()*"2&,-%"$&."3*<'";''$"=&(();-'9"NS">&+=*0'"7)(O*.4"8!T]E"K.''$;0)$O"NSSbQbb?8_NE"K.'1+*)'0"8!b]9"

Page 27: Christianity in Indonesia

@3'"#$%)1'$)L*.)&$"&5">*.3&-)/)(+"&$"J-&0'(" " 8]Z""2&0O"*1*)$(."(&)-"'0&()&$"*$%".&"/,-.)<*.'"$'2"=0&%,/.(".3*.";0&,13."0'<'$,'("*("'G=&0."1&&%("AP0)$O+*$$"NSSZE"70)&0"8!ddQN]C9"P4"*$%"-*01'6" .3'"+)(()&$*0)'("2'0'" "*$%"(.)--"*0'" "*%+)0'%"5&0";')$1")$%)<)%,*-("23&"('-5-'((-4"/&++).".3'+?('-<'(" .&" .3'"2'--;')$1"&5"&.3'0(9"W(" 5*0" *(" .3'"K`F"2*(" /&$/'0$'%6" ).(" /&+?;)$'%"(.0*.'14"&5"/&'0/)&$"*$%"/&$<)$/)$1"*-.0,)(+".,0$'%"&,.".&";'"*$"*;(&-,.'"5&0+,-*" 5&0" (,//'((6" *$%" 2).3)$" H,(." *" 5'2" %'/*%'(" &5" .3'" .2'$.)'.3" /'$.,04"

"F,0)$1" .3'" 5)0(." =3*('" &5" +)(()&$)L*.)&$6" 23)/3" -*(.'%" ,$.)-" .3'" K'/&$%"

`*.)/*$">&,$/)-6" M<*$1'-)L*.)&$" 5)0(." *$%" 5&0'+&(."+'*$." *" ;*..-'" *1*)$(." .3'")$%)1'$&,("/,-.,0'(6"*$%"=*0.)/,-*0-4"*1*)$(.".3'"$*.)<'"0'-)1)&$(9"@3)("'$%'*<&,0"

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

Page 28: Christianity in Indonesia

8]]" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""23'$" .3'"F,./3" 1&<'0$+'$." %'/)%'%" .&"+)-).*0)-4" /&$\,'0" *$%" &//,=4" .3'" 0'?1)&$9" #." .3,(" $''%(" .&" ;'" (.0'(('%" .3*."+)-).*04" (,;H,1*.)&$" *$%"=0&('-4.)L*.)&$"2'$."3*$%")$"3*$%"&$"J-&0'(9":'." )$"(=).'"&5" .3'"5,$%*+'$.*-"%)(/0'%).*.)&$"&5")$%)1'$&,("(&/)'.)'("*$%".3'",$/&$%).)&$*-"2)--".&"(,;%,'".3'"$*.)<'"='&=-'("*$%".0*$(5&0+".3')0"/,-.,0'(6".3'"-*..'0"%)%"$&.";'/&+'"'G.)$/.9"

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`F".&2*0%("*,.&/3.3&$&,("(&/)'.)'(6"23)/3"2*("/3*0*/.'0)L'%";4"*"/'0.*)$"*+;)<*-'$/'"5*/)?-).*.)$1"-);'0*-)(+"*$%".&-'0*$/'9"

@3'"&0%'0"2*("5&,$%'%")$"8db_";4"W0$&-%"Y*$(('$")$".3'"F,./3"<)--*1'"&5"K.'4-9"J0&+".3'"<'04";'1)$$)$16".3'"K`F"2*("%)(.)$1,)(3'%";4"*"/'0.*)$"*$.30&?=&-&1)/*-"&='$$'((6"*$%"3*(";0&,13."5&0.3"*"$,+;'0"&5"=0&+)$'$."'.3$&-&1)(.(6"*$"*$.30&=&-&1)/*-"(/3&&-"&5".3&,13.6"*("2'--"*("('<'0*-"'.3$&-&1)/*-")$(.).,.)&$(".3*."*0'"(.)--")$5-,'$.)*-".&%*49"K)$/'".3'"'$%"&5".3'"$)$'.''$.3"/'$.,046"'.3$&-&14"*$%"-)$1,)(.)/("2'0'".*,13."*.".3'"W,(.0)*$"+)(()&$"3&,('"K.9"R*;0)'-6"*$%"*$")$?.'0$*.)&$*-"H&,0$*-"&5"'.3$&-&14"*$%"-)$1,)(.)/("$*+'%"+#)*/3!3%"2*("-*,$/3'%"

? $?(.).,.)&$"&5"'.3$&-&1)/*-"0'('*0/36"*$%".3'"

-?+#)*/3!3%6"J*.3'0"U)-3'-+"K/3+)%.6"

;'1*$".&".'*/3"*("*"-'/.,0'0")$"=34()/*-"*$.30&=&-&14"*$%"'.3$&-&14")$"`)'$$*")$"8!N86"*$%")$"8!N!"=-*$.'%".3'"U)'$'0"#$(.).,."5c0"`V-O'0O,$%'"

*.)&$"2).3"J*.3'0"U)-3'-+"a&=='0(6"3'"'(.*;-)(3'%".3'"- " ?

"&5".3'"K`F"*--"&<'0".3'"2&0-%6"*$%"/*$"0)13.5,--4";'"/&$()%'0'%"*("&$'"&5".3'")$.'--'/.,*-"=0'%'/'((&0"&5".3'"K'/&$%"`*.)/*$">&,$/)-9"#$"/&$.0*(.".&"*$.30&=&-&1)/*-"'<&-,.)&$)(+6"23)/3")$" .3'"$)$'.''$.3"*$%"'*0-4" .2'$.)'.3"/'$.,04"%'5)$'%" .3'"(&/)'.)'("&5" .3'"/&-&?$)L'0("*("/)<)-)L'%"*$%".3&('"&5".3'"/&-&$)L'%"*(";*0;*0)*$6".3'"`)'$$'('"'.3$&-?&1)(.(" 0'H'/.'%" (,/3"*" -)$'*0" '<&-,.)&$*04"+&%'-9" #$%''%6" .3'4" .,0$'%" )." ,=()%'"

Page 29: Christianity in Indonesia

@3'"#$%)1'$)L*.)&$"&5">*.3&-)/)(+"&$"J-&0'(" " 8]_""%&2$";4"=&(.,-*.)$1"*"=0)+&0%)*-"(.*1'"&5"3,+*$O)$%" .3*."2*("()+=-'" )$" .'/3?$&-&1)/*-" .'0+(6"4'."/3*0*/.'0)L'%";4"*"+&$&.3')(.)/"0'-)1)&$6"*$%".3,("+&0*--4"(,='0)&0".&"-*.'0"(.*1'("&5"3,+*$"%'<'-&=+'$.9"I.3'0"0'-)1)&$("2'0'"0'5'00'%".&"

'

" " *$" *1'$%*" .3*." 'G'0.'%" 10'*." )$5-,'$/'" &$" R'0+*$" '.3$&-&14" )$"1'$'0*-"*$%".3'"+)(()&$*04"*/.)<).)'("&5" .3'"&0%'0" )$"=*0.)/,-*09"#." )$(=)0'%"+)(?()&$*0)'(".&"%)(/&<'0"'<)%'$/'"&5".3'"(,==&('%-4"=0)+&0%)*-"+&$&.3')(+"*+&$1".3&('" .&";'"=0&('-4.)L'%E" 50'\,'$.-46" .3'4"2&,-%"('-'/.)<'-4"(.,%4"*$%" )$.'0=0'.".3'"-&/*-"0'-)1)&$(",$.)-".3'"-*..'0"5).")$.&".3'"%'()0'%"=*..'0$9"W+&$1".3'"X1*%*6"5&0"'G*+=-'6"+)(()&$*0)'("'G*-.'%".3'"+*-'"(O4"%').4"Fj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

L)$1"*0'*"*(()1$'%".&"3)+9""M.3$&-&1)/*-"*$%"-)$1,)(.)/".0*)$)$1")$".3')0"3&+'"/&,$.04"3*%"*"5&0+*.)<'"

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dS(6" .3'4" *--&2'%" .3')0" )$5&0?+*$.(".&"3*<'".3')0"(*46"*$%"/0'*.'%"'.3$&10*=3)'(".3*."*0'"-).'0*--4"=&-4=3&$)/6"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""NN">&+=*0'"W0$%."8!Z!E"`'03')H'$"8!_89"NZ" #$" =*0.)/,-*06" .3'" =0)'(.(" 7*,-"W0$%.6"['00+*$$"P*%'06"U)--'+" <*$"P'OO,+6" *$%" Y)-)("`'03')H-'$"2'0'"$&.'%"(/3&-*0(9"@3')0"H&,0$*-"*0.)/-'("*$%"+&$&10*=3("*0'"/&$()%'0'%".&";'";*()/"2&0O(",=".&".3)("%*46"*$%"*0'",('%"*("/-*(("0'*%)$1(")$"J-&0)$'('"(/3&&-(9"

Page 30: Christianity in Indonesia

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

#$"(=).'"&5").("/&$.0*%)/.&04"*..).,%'(".&2*0%(".3'"-&/*-"/,-.,0'(6".3'"K&/)'?.*("`'0;)"F)<)$)"&55'0'%"*"5*<&0*;-'"'$<)0&$+'$."5&0"*".4='"&5"+)(()&$*04"23&"2*("<'04"*O)$".&"*$"*$.30&=&-&1)(.6"*$%"&5.'$"+*%'"$&"('/0'."&5"3)("5*(/)$*.)&$"2).3" .3'" -&/*-" /,-.,0'(9" #$" (&+'" /*('(6" .3)(" &='$$'((" *$%" *//'=.*$/'" '<'$"0'*/3'%"*$")$.'$().4".3*."2*("/&$()%'0'%"(/*$%*-&,(")$"^&+'9"U)--'+"<*$"P'O?O,+6" 5&0"'G*+=-'6" .3'" 5&0+'0";)(3&="&5" .3'"/).4"&5"^,.'$1" )$"U'(."J-&0'(6"*-?0'*%4"\,'(.)&$'%".3'"*==0&=0)*.'$'(("&5"e*.)$"0).'("*.".3'"5)0(.")$.'0$*.)&$*-"/&$?10'(("&$"=*(.&0*-"-).,014"3'-%")$"8!_T6"*$%"%'/)%'%-4"<&.'%"5&0"*$"*..).,%'"&5"*=?=0'/)*.)&$"*$%"0'(='/.".&2*0%("*,.&/3.3&$&,("/,-.,0'(9N_"`*$"P'OO,+"2*("$&.&?0)&,("5&0"3)(")$%)1'$)L*.)&$("&5"+*((6"=*0.)/,-*0-4"3)("=0*/.)/'"&5"/'-';0*.)$1".&%",01/2"7" "

W.".3'"K'/&$%"`*.)/*$">&,$/)-6"=0)'(.("&5"<*$"(,//'((5,-"*--"*-&$1".3'"-)$'6"*$%".3'">*.3&-)/">3,0/3",$%'02'$."*"=0&10*++*.)/"

?/,-.,0*-"%)*-&1,'6"*$%"*$"*//'=.*$/'"&5".3'"&$*0)'(" .&" )$.0&%,/'" 5,0.3'0" )$.'10*.)<'"*==0&*/3'(9"

#$%)1'$&,(" -*$1,*1'(" 3*<'" 5&,$%" .3')0" 2*4" )$.&" -).,014" )$" +*$4" =-*/'(" &$"J-&0'(E"*%*=.*.)&$("&5"-&/*-"%*$/'("*0'"='05&0+'%"%,0)$1"+*((6"*$%";&-%"'G='0)?+'$.(" *0'" ,$%'0.*O'$" )$" .3'" /&$(.0,/.)&$" *$%" 5,0$)(3)$1" &5" /3,0/3'(Q"R'0+*$"*$%"F,./3"+)(()&$*0)'(";'1*$".&";,)-%"=,-=).("50&+"(*/0'%"+'1*-).3(9"@3'4"=,.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""N]">&+=*0'"W0$%."A8!N!lZS6"8!N!lZ86"8!ZN6"8!ZZ6"8!ZTlZb6"8!Z!6"8!]]6"8!_]6"8!_T*6"8!_d6"8!_!8l;6"8!TS*l;6"8!TZCE"P*%'0"A8!_]6"8!TdCE"M..'-"A8!TTCE"^&L)$1"A8!T8C9"N_">&+=*0'"P'OO,+"A8!_b*6"8!_b;6"8!_dC9"

Page 31: Christianity in Indonesia

@3'"#$%)1'$)L*.)&$"&5">*.3&-)/)(+"&$"J-&0'(" " 8]b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e*.)$"+*((" *$%"R0'1&0)*$"/3*$.(6"23)-'" .3'"R'0+*$"=0)'(."=0*)('%" .3'";'*,.4"&5" .3'")$%)1'$&,("-*$1,*1'"*$%".3'"+,()/*-"='05&0+*$/'("&5".3'"J-&0)$'('9""

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

?+*0).*-"+&.3'03&&%6";4"'G/-,%)$1".3'+"50&+"/&++,$)&$9"D*.0)5&/*-"(.0,/.,0'(6"*("5&,$%"*+&$1".3'"X1*%*6"*0'"*-(&"*";&$'"&5"/&$.'$.)&$".)+'"*$%"*1*)$";'/*,('".3'4"*0'"$&.")$"*/?/&0%*$/'"2).3".3'"+)(()&$*0)'( "

"*

B".*L<','*-:*!.(&#'6*F6-#.%/*B#',$&$-('6$%&%*'(,*!'&"-6$5%*"[&2"%)%6" *$%"%&6" .3'" )$%)1'$&,("='&=-'("+*O'" ,('" &5" .3'('" /&$%).)&$(6"

23)/3"&$".3'"&$'"3*$%")+=&('%"5&0')1$"/,(.&+("*$%";'-)'5(",=&$".3'+6"4'."&$".3'"&.3'0"3*$%"&55'0'%".3'+"*"+,-.).,%'"&5"&==&0.,$).)'(" .&"=0'('0<'".3')0"&2$"/,(.&+(6"&0".&"*."-'*(."O''=".&".3'+")$"*"+&%)5)'%"5&0+i"#$".3'"5&--&2)$16"#"2)--"/3*$1'"='0(='/.)<'("50&+".3'"=0&('-4.)L'0(".&".3&('"23&"2'0'"=0&('-4.)L'%6"*$%"

Page 32: Christianity in Indonesia

8]d" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""'G=-*)$"3&2".3'"-*..'0")$.'10*.'%".3'"5&0')1$"5*).3")$.&".3')0"(4(.'+("&5".3)$O)$1"*$%"*/.)$16"3&2".3'4".&&O"*%<*$.*1'"&5".3'"*%<'$."&5"*"0'-)1)&$".3*."2*("%&+)?

?*$%?*?

%*"2)--" ('0<'"*(" *$"'G*+=-'E" .3'4"*0'" *$"'.3$)/"10&,=" -)<)$1" )$" .3'"+&,$.*)$("*$%" &$" *" (+*--" /&*(.*-" (.0)=" &5">'$.0*-" J-&0'(6" *$%" #" 3*<'" ;'/&+'" */\,*)$.'%"2).3".3'+"%,0)$1"('<'0*-"-&$1?.'0+"*$%"(3&0.?.'0+"5)'-%"0'('*0/3".0)=(",$%'0.*?O'$"&<'0".3'"/&,0('"&5"+*$4"4'*0(9"

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

@3'"X1*%*"-)<'")$"0).,*-"<)--*1'(6"(&?/*--'%"#7"6"23)/3"*0'"*((&/)*.'%"2).3".3'" *$/'(.&0(" &5" )$%)<)%,*-" /-*$(9" M*/3" =*0'$.*-" /&,=-'" &5" /-*$" *$/'(.&0(" )("0'=0'('$.'%";4" .2&"2&&%'$" (30)$'(Q"@3'" 5'+*-'" *$/'(.0'((" )(" <'$'0*.'%" )$" .3'"

'?+&$)*-"3&,('6"&0"0*.3'0"&5".3'"(*/0'%"/'$.'0"A C"&5".3'"-*..'09"`)(?m?<)(".3'"

Page 33: Christianity in Indonesia

@3'"#$%)1'$)L*.)&$"&5">*.3&-)/)(+"&$"J-&0'(" " 8]!"",.'0)$'"(30)$'"&5".3'"2&+*$"(.*$%(".3'"=3*--)/"='0(&$)5)/*.)&$"&5".3'"+*-'"*$/'(?.&06" *$" *$.30&=&+&0=3)/" =&-'" .3*." .30'*.'$)$1-4" ;0*$%)(3'(" *" (2&0%" *$%" *"(='*09NT"@3'"(30)$'("&5".3'"/-*$"*$/'(.&0("*0'".3'"/'$.'0("&5".3'"#7""*$%".'(.)546")$"/&+;)$*.)&$"2).3".3'"+'1*-).3)/";,0)*-"=-*/'(6".&".3'"<);0*$/4"&5"*$"*,.&/3.3&$?&,("/,-.,0'Nb".3*."-&$1"2*("&==0'(('%";4".3'"#$%&$'()*$"/'$.0*-"1&<'0$+'$."5&0";')$1";*0;*0)*$"*$%";*/O2*0%9"X&2*%*4("('..-'+'$."10&,=(".3*."'*/3"/&$()(."&5"('<'0*-"#7"" 3*<'";'/&+'" /&$/'$.0*.'%" )$" *" $'2"*%+)?$)(.0*.)<'" ,$).6" .3'"(1%""A<)--*1'C9" #$" .3'('" -*01'" ('..-'+'$.(6" 23)/3" (&+'.)+'(" *0'" )$3*;).'%" ;4" ,=" .&"86SSS"='&=-'6"$'2"/'$.'0("3*<'"%'<'-&='%6" 0'=-*/)$1" .3'"&-%"&$'(" )$" (&+'" 0'?(='/.(9"@3'"/'$.'0"&5".3'"(1%""e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d" @3'4" 3*<'" .3')0" /3)-%0'$" ;*=.)L'%6" /'-';0*.'">*.3&-)/" /&++,$)&$6" *$%" 3*<'" *//'=.'%" >30)(.+*(" *$%" M*(.'0" *(" $'2" 0).,*-"/&+=-'G'(E".3'4"2''="%,0)$1".3'"7*(()&$"U''O6"+''."'<'04"'<'$)$1"%,0)$1".3'"D*0)*$"+&$.3(6"*$%"(='*O">30)(.)*$"=0*4'0("*."5,$'0*-(9":'." .3'4"*-(&"='05&0+".3')0" -&/*-"0).,*-(" .3*.";&.3"(.0,/.,0'" .3'"/&,0('"&5" .3'"4'*0"*$%"*//&+=*$4" .3'"

U'%%)$1("*$%"5,$'0*-("'*/3"/&$?()(."&5".2&"('=*0*.'"/'0'+&$)*-"/&+=-'G'(Q"*">*.3&-)/"*$%"*"-&/*-"&$'9"@3'"*$?

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""NT"I$".3'"1'$%'0"(4+;&-)(+")$"*0/3).'/.,0'6"/&+=*0'"K/30V.'0"A8!!b;C9"Nb"I$".3'"(&/)*-"(.0,/.,0'"&5".3'"X1*%*6"/&+=*0'"K/30V.'0"ANSSS6"NSSbC9"Nd"I$".3)("(,;H'/.6"/&+=*0'"*-(&"K/30V.'0"A8!!d*6"8!!!C9"

Page 34: Christianity in Indonesia

8_S" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0""/)'$." )$).)*.)&$" 0).'(" 3*<'" ;''$" /&+=-'.'-4" 0'=-*/'%" ;4" *" >*.3&-)/" /'-';0*.)&$6"23)/36"3&2'<'06"3*(";''$"='05'/.-4"*%*=.'%".&")$%)1'$&,("/&$/'=.(9"

U3)-'" $&." *-2*4(" ;')$1" 2).3&,." /&$5-)/.(6" .3'" =0&/'((" &5" )$.'10*.)&$" )("(,//'((5,-E" )." )(" *55'/.'%" ;4"+'*$(" &5" %'?" *$%" 0'/&$(.0,/.)&$(" &5" /,-.,0*-" '-'?+'$.(6"0')$<'$.)&$"&5"0).,*-("*$%"(4+;&-(6"*("2'--"*("/*+&,5-*1'"*$%"*%%).)&$(9"#$".3'"5&--&2)$16".3)("=0&/'(("2)--";'")--,(.0*.'%",()$1".3'"'G*+=-'"&5".3'"*$$,*-"0).,*-"/4/-'9"

**

B".*L<','*;$&4'6*!)56.*"P&.3" .3'" *$$,*-" 0).,*-" /4/-'" *$%" ).(" /-)+*G6" .3'" (&?/*--'%" /12"" /'0'+&?

$)'(6N!"*0'"*((&/)*.'%"2).3".3'"+4.3"0'-*.)$1".&".3'"/,-.,0*-"3'0&"K)-)"W$*"U,$1*6"

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e*$1*" ;'1)$" .&" ='05&0+" .3'" /12"" /'0'+&$)'(" *("'*0-4"*(")$"X&<'+;'09"e*$1*"&='$(").("/4/-'"('*(&$"*.".3'"'$%"&5"F'/'+;'06"*$%").")("$&.",$.)-"J';0,*04".3*."/12""0'*/3'(".3'"-*(."<)--*1'(")$".3'"3)13-*$%(9ZS"812"")("*"/'0'+&$)*-"/&+=-'G"&5" .3'"0*)$4"('*(&$"*$%";'()%'("+*$4"&.3'0" 5,$/.)&$("&0)1)$*--4"2*("*-(&"*" 0).,*-" .3*." ('0<'%" .&"+*$)=,-*.'" .3'"2'*.3'0(9"X&2*%*4(6"(/)'$.)5)/"5)$%)$1("&$"0*)$"*$%"(.&0+"/-*(3"2).3".3'"<)'2("3'-%";4".3'"'-%'0(6"4'."

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""N!"W"+&0'"%'.*)-'%"*$*-4()("&5".3'"/12""/&+=-'G")("5&,$%")$"K/30V.'0"ANSSN*C9"ZS"#$"*%%).)&$".&".3'"/12"6"23)/3")("/3*0*/.'0)L'%";4"*"10'*.",$)5&0+).4"&5").("0).,*-"/&0=,(6".3'"/&++,?$).)'("*-(&"3*<'"(='/)5)/6" )$%)<)%,*-"-&/*-"0).'(6"(,/3"*("*"/'0'+&$4"*)+'%"*.".3'"%'(.0,/.)&$"&5"4*+("='(.(".3*.")("3'-%"%,0)$1".3'"%04"('*(&$9"

Page 35: Christianity in Indonesia

@3'"#$%)1'$)L*.)&$"&5">*.3&-)/)(+"&$"J-&0'(" " 8_8""@3'" /12"" %&'(" $&." &$-4" )--,(.0*.'" 3&2" ='&=-'" %'*-"2).3" >*.3&-)/)(+6" ;,." *-(&"3&2".3'4"/&='"2).3".3'"/3*--'$1'("=&('%";4".3'"+&%'0$"#$%&$'()*$"(.*.'9"

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

J-&0'(6".3'"%)0'/.)&$"23'$/'"/&+'".3'"+&$(&&$"(.&0+(".3*."+*4"/*004"50,/.)54?)$1"0*)$6";,."*-(&"%'<*(.*.)$1".'+='(.(9"U3'$'<'0"2)$%"*$%"2*.'0"*0'"0*1)$1"'G?/'(()<'-46".0''("2)--"5*--"&<'0"*$%"/0,(3"='&=-'6"'*0.3"(-&='("2)--"(-)%'6"*$%"/&0$6".3'"+&(.")+=&0.*$."/0&="&5".3'"X1*%*"*$%"*-0'*%4"10&2$".&"3*-5").("5)$*-"3')13.";4".3*.".)+'6"2)--";'"%'(.0&4'%"/&+=-'.'-49"P4"1&)$1"2).3&,."*--"=0&%,/'"/&+)$1"50&+".3*."%)0'/.)&$6"='&=-'"3&='".&"=*/)54".3'"5&0/'("&5"$*.,0'9"

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ej<)?K.0*,(("A8!b_CE"(,/3"(&/)'.)'("*0'"/&++&$")$".3'"W,(.0&?$'()*$"/,-.,0'"*0'*Z86"*$%".3'" 6".3'"*$/'(.0*-"3&,('6"'+;&%)'("*"+,-.)?.,%'"&5"(&/)*-6"=&-).)/*-6"=(4/3&-&1)/*-6"*$%"/&(+&-&1)/*-"*..0);,.)&$("*$%"+'*$?

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Z8">&+=*0'">*0(.'$"*$%"[,13?Y&$'("A8!!_C6"J&G"A8!!ZC6"U*.'0(&$"A8!d!C9"

Page 36: Christianity in Indonesia

8_N" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0"")$1(9"812"" )(" *" 5'(.)<).4" &5" .3'" 3&,('9" #." '$(,0'(" /&3'()&$" *+&$1" .3&('" 10&,="+'+;'0("23&"3*<'".'+=&0*0)-4"&0"='0+*$'$.-4"+)10*.'%".&"&.3'0")(-*$%("&0"5&0?')1$" /&,$.0)'(9"U3&'<'0" /*$" *00*$1'" )." 2)--" /&+'" 50&+" Y*<*6" P*-)6" &0" @)+&06"23'0'" .3'0'" *0'"+)10*$." /&++,$).)'(6" .&" .3'" *$/'(.0*-" 3&,('"&5" 3)(" &0"3'0" O)$"10&,=9"@3&('"23&"/*$$&."*..'$%"*0'")$.'10*.'%")$.&".3'"/&++,$).4";4".3'"0'/).*?

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

K&"5*06".3'"/12""0).'("*0'")$"*//&0%*$/'"2).3""(")6".3*.")(6".3'"-&/*-".0*%)?.)&$9" f$-)O'" )$" &.3'0" 0).,*-(6" =*0.)/,-*0-4" /,0)$1" /'0'+&$)'(6" $&" &$'" (='*O(">30)(.)*$"=0*4'0("&0"/0&(('("3)+('-59":'." )."2&,-%";'"(,0=0)()$1" )5"*" 0).,*-" -)O'".3'" /12"6" 2).3" ).(" =0&$&,$/'%" 5&/,(" &$" .3'" '(.*;-)(3+'$." &5" /&++,$).46" %)%"/&+=-'.'-4"$'1*.'".3'">*.3&-)/"=0)'(.("*$%".3'"+4.3)/*-"*$/'(.&0("&5">30)(.)*$)?.49"#$"&0%'0".&")$.'10*.'".3'('")+=&0.*$."$'2"*$/'(.&0("*$%".&"=*4".0);,.'".&".3'".)'("2).3".3'"/3,0/3"0'=0'('$.*.)<'(6"='&=-'"3*<'"%'<)('%"*"$'2"0).'Q"/12",7.7."

,/12" $?&,("/'0'+&$)*-"/&+=-'G9"812",7.7.")("/'-';0*.'%"'*/3"4'*0")$"*"%)55'0'$."#7"<)--*1'" (\,*0'6"23)/3" *(" *" <)();-'" 'G=0'(()&$" &5"+&%'0$).4" )(" %'/&0*.'%" )$" .3'"(.4-'"&5"#$%&$'()*$"+'1*"'<'$.(9"W";*+;&&"=-*.5&0+")(";,)-."&$".3'"50&$."'$%"&5".3'"(\,*0'6"*%&0$'%"2).3"/&-&05,-"=*='0";*$%'0&-("*$%";*$$'0(6"*$%"0&&5'%"2).3"=-*(.)/" .*0=("*("*"=0&.'/.)&$"*1*)$(." .3'"50'\,'$." 0*)$(9"@3'" -&$1"()%'("*0'"/&<?

Page 37: Christianity in Indonesia

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e*4" =0)'(.(" 2)--" (='*O" >30)(.)*$" =0*4'0(" )$" #$%&$'()*$6" 0'/).'"<'0('(" 50&+"X1*%*" 0).,*-(" )$" .3'"X1*%*" -*$1,*1'6" *$%" *" /3&0,(" *(('+;-'%" )$"50&$."&5" .3'"=-*.5&0+" ()$1(">30)(.)*$"34+$(" )$"X1*%*9" #." )(" )$.'0'(.)$1" .&" $&.'"3'0'".3*." .3'">30)(.)*$?#$%&$'()*$"-40)/("*0'"/&+=&('%")$"*"=*0*--'-?<'0('".'/3?$)\,'"A/&+=*0'"J&G"8!ddC"/&++&$-4",('%"5&0"0).,*-"<'0('(")$"*--"&5"'*(.'0$"#$?%&$'()*"*$%".3,("'G3);)."*".0*%).)&$*-"(4$.*G6"23'0'*(".3'".0*%).)&$*-"X1*%*"-40?)/(" ;&00&2" 50&+">30)(.)*$" 0).,*-" *$%" 0'5'0" .&">30)(." *(" *" 4*+(" 3'0&6" .3*." )(6" *"+&%'0$".2)$"&5".3'"/,-.,0'"3'0&"K)-)"W$*"U,$1*9"

@3'"0'+'+;0*$/'"&5".3'".)+'"23'$"4*+("2*("/&$(,+'%")("*"0'/&$(.0,/?

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

Page 38: Christianity in Indonesia

8_]" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0"")/*-"*$/'(.&0("&5".3'"X1*%*6"*$%"-)$O(".3')0"(.&04"2).3".3*."&5".3'"P);-'")$"*"<'04";*()/"+*$$'09"

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

@3'"/&$/-,()&$"&5".3'"/12""/4/-'")("+*0O'%";4"/&--'/.)$1".3'";&$'("&5".3'"*$)+*-(".3*."3*<'";''$"O)--'%6"*$%".*O)$1".3'+".&".3'"5&0'(.9"@3'4"*0'"*$"&55'0)$1".&")--?3,+&,0'%"(=)0).(6"(&,-("&5".3'"%'*%".3*.";,LL")$".3'"*)06"*$%"&.3'0"/0'*.,0'("&5" .3'"(=)0).,*-"2&0-%" .3*." -)'" )$"2*)." )$" -&$'(&+'"=-*/'("*$%"(O,-O"*0&,$%" .3'"3&,('("&5".3'"='&=-'6"'*1'0".&";0)$1"()/O$'(("*$%"%'*.39"

>30)(.)*$l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

Page 39: Christianity in Indonesia

@3'"#$%)1'$)L*.)&$"&5">*.3&-)/)(+"&$"J-&0'(" " 8__""\,'$.-4"5*--"+&0'"*$%"+&0'")$.&"&;-)<)&$9"I$-4".3'"&-%"='&=-'"(.)--"3*<'"O$&2?-'%1'"&5".3'"(.&04"0'-*.)$1".&".3'".2&"3'*<'$-4";&%)'(".3*."*0'")+*1)$'%"*(")$/'(?.,&,("();-)$1(E"*(")."(''+(".&"+*O'"$&"('$('".&"3*$%")."%&2$"*$4"-&$1'06".3)("(.&?04")("10*%,*--4"1'..)$1"-&(.9"

@3'"/12"";0)'5-4"(O'./3'%"*;&<'")("+'0'-4"&$'"'-'+'$."&5"*"5,-+)$*.'"0)?.,*-"(4(.'+",('%";4".3'"X1*%*"2'--"O$&2$6"/&++,$).4")("'(.*;-)(3'%"*$%"0'$'2'%";4"+'*$("&5"0).,*-("A@,0$'0"8!d!C9"#$".3*."=0&/'((6".3'"%0*+*.)/*-"='05&0+*$/'("3'-=".&"*/."&,."(+&,-%'0)$1"/&$5-)/.(6"&0"'<'$".&"('..-'".3'+9"@3)("*(='/."=-*4("*$")+=&0.*$."0&-'")$".3'"/12""*("2'--9"W--"+'+;'0("&5"*"O)$"10&,="*0'")%'*--4"'G='/.'%".&"*(('+;-'")$".3'"*$?/'(.0*-"3&,('"%,0)$1" .3'" 5'(.)<).)'(6"*$%" .&" H&)$.-4"/'-';0*.'" .3'" 0).,*-(9"W--"%)(?=,.'("(3&,-%";'"0'(&-<'%6"*$%"3*0+&$4"0'(.&0'%9"@3&('"23&"/*$$&."=*0.)/)=*.'")$" ='0(&$" %,'" .&" .'+=&0*04" +)10*.)&$" *0'" 0'+'+;'0'%" ;4" /*--)$1" &,." .3')0"$*+'(9"@3'"%'/'*('%"*0'")$<).'%".&"H&)$".3'"5'*(.6"*$%".3'"$')13;&,0("*0'"<)().'%9"7'&=-'"(*/0)5)/'"=)1("*$%"/3)/O'$("*$%")$%,-1'")$"1-,..&$&,(";*$\,'.(" .3*."-*(."5&0"%*4(6"23'0'"=-'$.4"&5"+'*."*$%"=*-+"-)\,&0"*0'"('0<'%9"@3&('"23&"*0'"+&0'"*55-,'$."/&$.0);,.'"+&0'6"*$%".3&('"23&"*0'"=&&0"1'."23*.".3'4"-*/O9"7'&=-'"/'-?';0*.'" $3..7#&)"%6" .3'" /&++&$" ;&$%" (3*0'%" 2).3)$" .3'" /&++,$).49" W." .3'"(*+'".)+'".3'4"0'*((,0'".3'+('-<'("&5" .3')0"&2$"/,-.,0'6"0'$'2"0).,*-"*$%"+4?.3&-&1)/*-"O$&2-'%1'6"*$%"&55'0".3'"4&,$1'0"1'$'0*.)&$".3'"&==&0.,$).4".&"-'*0$".3'"/&+=-)/*.'%"<'0('("*$%".&";'/&+'"*/\,*)$.'%"2).3".3'"&-%"(.&0)'(9"W//&0%)$1".&".3'"X1*%*6".3'"/12"")("*$"'(('$.)*-"'-'+'$."&5".3')0"/,-.,0'6"*$%").")(".3'"0).,*-".3'4"+)(("+&(."23'$".3'4"*0'"-)<)$1"*;0&*%9"#$"&0%'0".&"*-(&")$.'10*.'".3')0"$'2"/,-.,0'6">*.3&-)/)(+6".3'4"3*<'"%'<'-&='%".3'"/12",7.7."*$%".3,("%'+&$(.0*.'%".3')0" '55&0.(" .&2*0%(" (,/3"*$" */." &5" )$.'10*.)&$6" *("2'--" *(" .3')0"2)--)$1$'((" .&"/&+=0&+)('9":'."*--".3'('"2'--?+'*$."'$%'*<&0("+)13."3*<'"/&+'".&"$*,13.")5".3'"+)(()&$*0)'("3*%"$&."+'.".3'"X1*%*"3*-5"2*49"@3'"/12"",$\,'(.)&$*;-4")("*"0).,*-"='0.*)$)$1".&".3'"*$/'(.&0"/,-.9"@3'"%'/'*('%"*$%".3'"(=)0).("*0'"=0'('$.'%"2).3"&55'0)$1(6".3'4"*0'")$<).'%".&"H&)$".3'"5'(.)<).)'(6"*$%"='&=-'"5)0+-4";'-)'<'")$" .3')0"=0'('$/'9"@3)("+*4";'"/&$%'+$'%"*(";')$1",$/30)(.)*$6"*$%")$%''%"#(?-*+)/" *$%" 70&.'(.*$." +)(()&$*04" (&/)'.)'(" 3*<'" /0,(*%'%" *1*)$(." (,/3" *--'1'%"

) '0"=*0.("&5"#$%&$'()*9"@3'"=0)'(.("&5".3'"K&?/)'.*("`'0;)"F)<)$)"2'0'"+&0'"/)0/,+(='/.9"@3'4"10*(='%".3'")+=&0.*$/'"&5".3'"*$/'(.&0"/,-."*("*"5*/.&0".3*."(.0'$1.3'$'%"5*+)-4"*$%"0'-*.)&$*-";&$%(6"*$%".3'4"0'*-)L'%".3*.".&"=0'('0<'".3*."/,-."*-(&"+'*$.".&"+*)$.*)$"*"+&0*-"*,.3&0).4".3*."

1$&0'%"

Page 40: Christianity in Indonesia

8_T" " K,(*$$'"K/30V.'0"".3'"+*1)/*-"=0*/.)/'("'+=-&4'%"%,0)$1".3'"/12"".&"=0&=).)*.'".3'"2'*.3'06".&"(.)?+,-*.'".3'"10&2.3"&5".3'"=-*$.(6"*$%".3'"-)O'6"*$%"-'.".3'"+*1)/)*$"=0)'(.("3*<'".3')0"2*49"@3)(6".&&6"2*("*"2)('"%'/)()&$".3*."%)%"$&."%*+='$".3'"%''=">*.3&-)/"0'-)1)&().4"&5".3'"='&=-'6";'/*,('".3'"+*1)/)*$("*$%"+*(.'0("&5"0).,*-("*0'"&5.'$".3'"+&(."5'0<'$."/*.'/3)(.("23&"%'-)13.")$".'--)$1";);-)/*-"(.&0)'("*$%".3'"*$/)'$."+4.3("*-)O'9"

**

!-(564%$-(%*"I$".3'")(-*$%"&5"J-&0'(6"*$%"=*0.)/,-*0-4"*+&$1".3'"X1*%*6".3'"=0)'(.("&5"

.3'"K`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

"ZZ"#$"-)$'"2).3".3'")$%)1'$&,("=*0*--'-)(+"&5""-".""*$%""(")6".3'0'"'G)(.'%"A*$%"(.)--"'G)(.(C"*"%)<)()&$"&5"-*;&0";'.2''$"=0)'(.("*$%"*$.30&=&-&1)(.(9"K&+'"&5".3'"-*..'0"5&/,(('%"'G/-,()<'-4"&$"$&$?>30)(.)*$"*(='/.(6"*$%".3,("(&+'"+&$&10*=3("A/&+=*0'6"5&0"'G*+=-'6"P*0$'("8!b]E"e'2)("8!ddC"/&$H,0'",=".3'")+*1'"&5"*"(,==&('%-4"=0'?>30)(.)*$".)+'-'(($'((".3*."3*("-)..-'".&"%&"2).3"0'*-).49"

Page 41: Christianity in Indonesia

@3'"#$%)1'$)L*.)&$"&5">*.3&-)/)(+"&$"J-&0'(" " 8_b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

"&2$"10&,="*0'"(.)--"/&$()%'0'%".&";'"2)./3'("*$%".&"=0*/.)/'";-*/O"+*1)/6"*$%";)L*00'"0,+&0("(.)--"/)0/,-*.'"*;&,.".3')0"('/0'."0).,*-(9"U3)-'".3'"'.3$)/"10&,=("&$"J-&0'("*0'"%)<)%'%";4".3')0"0'(='/.)<'"-&/*-"/,(.&+("*$%" .0*%).)&$(" " .3*." )(6";4""(")" 6" .3'4"*0'",$).'%";4""-"."9">*.3&-)/)(+"3*("+'*$23)-'";'/&+'"*" 0'1)&$*-" )%'$.).4" .3*." )$.'0/&$$'/.(" .3'" )$3*;).*$.("&5" .3'")(-*$%E")."3*("'(.*;-)(3'%"*"/&++&$"10&,$%".3*."3'-=(".&"&<'0/&+'"%)55'0'$/'(9"

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b!6" 8!d!C6" >*0&-)$'" [,+=30'46" *$%" Y*+'(" e*)%-*2"A8!!]C"2).3" 0'1*0%" .&" #$%)*6"$').3'0" .3'"X1*%*"$&0"*$4"&.3'0"'.3$)/"10&,=("&$"J-&0'("*0'"=0*/.)()$1"+'*$)$1-'(("*0/3*)/"0).,*-(".3*."-&$1"3*<'"/'*('%".&"+*O'"*$4"('$('6"*(".3'"/3*--'$1'"=&('%";4">*.3&-)/)(+"%&'("$&."*--&2".3'+".&";'".3*."0)1)%9" @3'4" +&%'0$)L'" 0).,*-(6" 0'/&$.'G.,*-)L'" 0).,*-" (4+;&-(6" *$%" /0'*.'" $'2"+'*$)$1("23'$'<'0"/3*$1'%"(&/)*-"(.0,/.,0'("0'\,)0'").9"

W." -'*(." )$" .3)(" 0'(='/." .3'4"*0'"$&."=*(()<'"<)/.)+("&5"2&0-%"3)(.&04";,."*/.&0("23&"+*$*1'".&"=*0.)/)=*.'")$"+&%'0$).4"2).3&,."-&()$1".3')0"0&&.(9""

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Z]">&+=*0'6"5&0"'G*+=-'6"M0;"A8!db6"8!!86"8!!Z6"8!!TCE"J&0.3"A8!d!6"8!!86"8!!Z6"8!!]6"8!!T6"8!!dCE"R0*3*+"A8!!]CE"a&3-"A8!dT6"8!dd6"8!!S6"8!!_6"8!!dCE"@,-'"ANSS8CE"U*/O'0("A8!!bC9"I$".3'"/&+=-'G")$<&-<)$1";-*/O"+*1)/"*$%".3'"0).,*-"+*$$'0"&5"/&=)$1"2).3"(=)0).,*-".30'*.("*+&$1".3'"X1*%*6"/&+?=*0'"K/30V.'0"A8!!d*6"NSSS;C9"

Page 42: Christianity in Indonesia
Page 43: Christianity in Indonesia

""

"

''''''''

"