CHI ETA PHI Sorority Inc.’s

Black History Month ProgramFebruary 20, 2011

Five Kingdoms - 250,000 inhabitants (Tainos-Arawaks)Guacanagaric: King of Marien Caonabo – King of MaguanaBohechio – King of Xaragua Guarionex - King of Magua

Cotubanama - King of Higuey

Aug. 3, 1492: Colombus sets sail from Spain aboard the Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina (200 sailors)

Oct. 11, 1492: lands on San Salvador

Oct. 21, 1492: reaches Cuba Dec. 5, 1492: sees Haiti and

calls it Hispaniola Dec. 25, 1492: A storm

destroys the Santa Maria. He builds a Fort with the

wreckage Jan. 16, 1493: Returns to Spain

Indigenes forced to dig for gold In 19 yrs, local population down to 14,000 Bartolomeo de Las Casas pleads for the Indians, gives moral

grounds for enslavement of Africans. 1511: Arrival of African slaves Arrival of French Buccaneers on

Tortuga Island and northern

Hispaniola Sep. 20, 1697: Treaty of Ryswick –

France gets the occidental part of the island and calls it Saint- Domingue

1763: 30,000 Africans imported per year –Richest colony in the World 93 millions lbs of raw sugar – 70 millions lbs of refined sugar – also coffee – cotton, cocoa

European (White) – 30,000……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………Quintroon (Octoroon &

White)Octoroon (Quadroon & White)Quadroon (Mulatto & White)Mulatto (White & Black)Africans (480,000)

In AmericaThe Blue Vein SocietyThe Brown Paper Bag TestIf you are White, you are alright – If you are

brown, stick around – If you are Black, stand Back

In Egypt In IndiaIn Haiti : The color issue is intimately

interwoven in Haiti’s political history

The colonialist system… was an exploitation of the New Continent, of its inhabitants and of Africa, as a supplier of slaves, in order to transfer capital which was going first to render possible the initial accumulation of riches in Europe and eventually fuel the famous “Industrial Revolution” , i-e, the definitive consolidation of European Capitalism.

Andre Charlier, Dec. 2007 In Preface to the 2nd Edition of

Apercu sur la Formation Historique de la Nation Haitienne

1789: French Revolution Declaration of Human Rights

1791: Slave revolution - Bookman Toussaint Louverture conceives that

St-Domingue should be autonomous. Fought against the French for Spain

who had promised the end of slavery and equal rights

Then fought Spaniards and English and occupied the entire island

He is named Governor General for Life Constitution of 1801 abolishes slavery. Napoleon sends 45,000 soldiers to

defeat Toussaint 1802: Tousaint deported to France

November 18, 1803: Vertieres battleNapoleon’s Army defeated

January 1, 1804: Independence Declaration – Dessalines head of State – then Emperor

Orders the erection of Forts around the country to protect against return of the French

1807: Dessalines assassinatedHaiti divided in three

countries

Mode of Government: RepublicHead of State: President elected for 5 years

Population: 9 000,0009 Departments + Diaspora

Money: Gourdes ( 40 gdes = 1 dollar)

Young soldiers and officers fought at Savannah for the Independence of the United States of A.

First to fight for the notion that ALL MEN WERE CREATED EQUAL.

First successful Slave RevolutionAlexandre Petion, first president of Haiti

supported Simon Bolivar in his fight to liberate South America from Spain. He gave:Asylum when he was initially defeatedSoldiers – Money – Printing Press - Arms &

AmmunitionsWith the sole condition that Slavery be abolished in

all the liberated territories

After losing most of Canadian territories to the British

Ended France’s ambition to establish an Empire in America

1812: The Louisiana Territory was sold to the U.S.A., doubling the size of the country

Thomas Jefferson refuses to recognize Haiti’s Independence

Embargo on Haiti until The American Civil War – No access to American ports

Haiti disinvited to 1st Pan-American Congress – 1821

1838 -Haiti forced to pay indemnity to France =90,000,000 gold francs ($21,000,000, ooo)

1862: Recognition by the US: No taxes on US ships in Haitian ports

Haiti humiliated repeatedly by US - GermanyAmerican Occupation – 1915-1934

The American OccupationFDR: If we can keep the Haitian with shoes fighting

against those without shoes, we have nothing to fear from Haiti

Reinforcement of Color SegregationFour mulatto presidents : Dartiguenave–Borno–Roy–Vincent After the Occupation: Lescot only promotes light skin

officers and his cabinet includes almost exclusively mulattos

Attack on Haitian identityAnti-superstition campaign – destruction (Theft) of Taino

figurines

1937: Slaughter of 20,000 Haitian and Haitiano-Dominican farmers on the Border Zone – No reaction in US or Haiti

1946: “Black” Revolution 1946: Dumarsais Estime is elected President of Haiti1947: The Indemnity to France is paid (122years)

New Beginnings for HaitiModernization of downtown Port-au-PrinceBicentennial of Port-au-Prince World’s FairParticipation of France, US, Italy, etc…Marian Anderson performs at the Theatre de VerdureAmbitious Agro-Industrial projects and Power plantHaiti is with Cuba the top touristic attraction of the

Caribbean

Enough rice to feed the population and export

Number of Farming FamiliesEngaged in Rice Production

93,000 Families(20% of population)

Other Groups involved in the Rice Sector

Supplemental agricultural workers =22,000

Local traders = 8,000(buy paddy, dry it and mill it)

Millers = 400(process paddy to produce white rice)

Venders i.e Madan Saras = 300(bring rice to markets or sell to retail traders)

1939-1960 Replacement of Food crops by Cash Crops

1981: African Swine fever epidemic – destruction of all local Creole pigs –Replacement by US porkers )four footed princesses)

The cost of the return of J-B AristideReduction of the tariffs on rice to 3%(the lowest)Interdiction by IMF to subsidize rice farmersDestruction of the poultry industry (market is flooded

with US chicken claws, necks and gizzards)The repatriation without trials of all illegal immigrants

to USConsequences: Farmers migrate to the cities(slums)

Boat People to Florida and the BahamasMigration to the Bateys in DR

Rice Fiscal Year

1993 1994 1995

1996 1997

1998 1999 2000

Mme Gougousse

2.2 4.2 5.8 8.4 7.2 6.2 6.7 7.3

Imported 2.2 3.7 3.7 5.4 5 5.6

Year Tariff

Bound Tariff 50 %

Dominican Rep 40%

Haiti 1986 35%

CARICOM 1999 25%

Haiti 1995 3%

Tariffs on Rice Trade Imposed by IMF

•Environmental Degradation•Unsustainable Agricultural techniques•Deforestation•Soil Erosion•Oil Embargo (Aristide-Clinton)

•Economic Policies: Local and International•Lack of Access to Capital

•Lack of Mechanization•Lack of Transportation•Lack of Storage Facilities•Inability to purchase high yield rice seeds

•Land Tenure System• Lack of Governance

•Poor condition of Irrigation Canals•Lack of Access to education and health care•Lack of security for farmers

•Societal Factors•Lack of Support of Haitian Farmers

2004- Aristide sent to exile - Haiti declared failed state – under UN controlHaitian Government

marginalizedBill Clinton and Paul

Farmer = Rulers of Haiti

January 12, 2010: 7.1 (rs) destroys Port-au-Prince and surrounding localities

African ContributionFrench (European) ContributionResults:

Language: CreoleNormand French SyntaxVocabulary: French, African, Taino, Spanish,

EnglishReligion : Vodou – (Makumba- Santeria – Obia)

West African religious rituals (Fon, Ewe)Catholicism imposed by the Europeans and

adopted in order to preserve ancestral practices Religious Syncretism

Painting”“Naïve” or Primitive

School Dewitt Peters - 1943Centre d’Art – 1944Best known: Prefete

Duffaut, The Obin Brothers(Seneque and Philome), Castera Bazile, Jean-Baptiste Bottex

Favorite themes: Voodoo -Landscapes – Rural Markets- Historic events

They are painters with artistic education. They are artists who have been educated, trained, and learned from other masters on how to refine their crafts. Most of those artists were molded in the French tradition. H. Lesser, Curator of Exhibits at the Charles Summer School Museum and Archives in Washington, D.C., pointed out that although there is the European influence in those that went abroad, "the Haitian elements are also visible". Today, modernism transcends into vivid colors, renowned artistic styles such as surrealism, pointilism, and impressionism.

Patrick VilairePaper Cut-Outs

PotteryCeramicWood Carving

(Mahogany)Stone CarvingMetal (copper jewels)

Double tradition:African: Drum at the center

Other instruments: Vaksin – Maniboula, Tcha-Tcha, Tambou marengwen

Ibo, Petro, CongoTwoubadou (Troubatour)Catherine Dunham

European: Piano and ViolinWaltz, Minuet, QuadrilleComposer: Ludovic LamotheLina Mathon Blanchet

Fusion – Original HaitianCarmen BrouardLynn Rouzier – Lavinia

WilliamsMeringue: Issa-El-Saieh, Jazz

des JeunesCompas Direct: Nemours Jn-

BaptisteKompa: Mini-Jazz

1825: Youth Education entrusted to French ClericsOur Ancestors were Barbarians

Anti-Superstition CampaignLescot

2010 - Creation of School in Haiti (Labadee ) teaching in Esperanto

2010 - Creation of University teaching in SpanishPat Robertson: Haiti’s problems stem from pact they

made with the Devil to secure their independenceDominicans: We are White and God-fearing

Catholics; Haitians are Blacks and Devil-worshippers

Media portrayal – always slums and political strifeEver seen a positive image of Haiti on TV or in

the Constant repetition of key phrases: Haiti the

poorest country of the western HemisphereYoung Haitian-Americans ignorant of their

ancestral past and ashamed of their country of origin

Pour le paysPour les AncetresMarchons unis (bis)Dans nos rangs, point de traitresDu sol, soyons seuls maitresMarchons unis(bis)Pour le paysPour les ancetresMarchons, Marchons, Marchons unisPour le paysPour les ancetres

For the countryFor our forefathersLet’s walk together (bis)Within our ranks, no traitorOf our soil, let’s be the only mastersLet’s walk together (bis)For the countryFor our forefathersLet’s walk (ter) togetherFor the countryFor the forefathers