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(CHEILE TURZII, 3(75(7,'(-26

TRANSYLVANIA) 2003-2004:

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE CHIPPED STONE

ASSEMBLAGES FROM THE CHALCOLITHIC TOARTE

PASTILATE (BODROGKERESZTR) LAYERS

Paolo Biagi, Barbara A. Voytek

Keywords: Cheile Turzii, Chalcolithic, Carpathian obsidian, Volhynian

flint, Traceology

1. Preface

Cheile Turzii is located some 9 kilometres west of Turda, in the

3HWUHWLGH-RVGLVWULFWLQFHQWUDO7UDQV\OYDQLD,WLVD1DWXUDO5HVHUYHLQWKHlimestRQH 7UDVF XOXL 0RXQWDLQV IRUPDWLRQ FURVVHG E\ WKH + GDWHORURiver, which flows in a northwest-southeast direction through a narrow

gorge some 3 km long surrounded by peaks, which reach the maximum

altitude of some 800 m (fig. 1 top). The gorge is very rich in caves

( Barbulescu M., 1992), 42 of which have yielded traces of prehistoric or

historic occupation. Of particular importance is 3HWHUD 8QJXUHDVF thatopens at 463349 N and 234044 E on the right side of the gorge, at thefoot of a steep cliff called Peretele Vulturilor (fig. 1 bottom), some 100 mabove the course of the river. The cave, whose opening, about 19 m wide,

faces north-north-east (fig. 1 bottom), is some 75 m long ( Lazarovici Gh., etal., 1995, fig. 2).The first excavations at the site were carried out by E. Orosz around

the end of the XIX centu ry. They were followed by those of N. Vlassa (1976)who opened a 4x6 m test-trench in the right side of the cave entrance, justbelow the vault, the edges of which were still visible in 2003. Furtherexcavations were conducted by Gh. Lazarovici (Lazarovici Gh.,et al., 1995).

ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., Arheologie Istor ie, XIV, 1, 2006http:/ / www.infotim.ro/ mbt/ publicatii/ ab.htm


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ANA LELE BAN ATU LUI, XIV, 1, 2006

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These latter were resumed by one of the writers (P.B.) and Gh. Lazarovici

RI5HVL D8QLYHUVLW\LQ$XJXVWDQGFRQWLQXHGGXULQJWKHVDPHPRQWKof 2004 (Biagi P., Spataro M.,, 2004;Biagi P., 2005).

The scope of the new excavations, funded by the Italian Ministry of

Foreign Affairs (MAE) and the Prehistoric Society (London), was to redefine

the stratigraphic sequence discovered by N. Vlassa, the preliminary results of

which were published by Gh. Lazarovici et al. (Lazarovici Gh., 1995). The

Holocene sequence, some 1.50 m thick, is composed of ash and charcoal levels

and sterile, sandy layers, from which several structures, among w hich are pits,

hearths and an oval-shaped clay kiln, were brought to light (fig. 2). Thissequence is of unique importance, because it is the only stratigraphy with

traces of occupation, which cover a long time-span between the Middle

Neolithic, Cheile Turzii-/XPHD 1RX -Iclod (CCTLNI) ( Lazarovici Gh., 2000)DQGWKH%URQ]H$JH&R RIHQL&XOWXUHVRoman P., 1976). A layer, some 20 cmthick, which yielded almost exclusively micromammal remains and no

material culture finds, was discovered below this sequence. The uppermost

occupation is represented by p its and other structural remains from the Bronze

Age Wietenberg Culture, through the classic Roman period up to the

Hungarian m igration (XI-XII century AD)

The 2003 and 2004 excavations covered a surface of some 5 sq. m.

Given the absence of any water supply in the close proximity of the cave,DOO WKHH[FDYDWHG VRLO ZDVWUDQVSRUWHG PDQXDOO\ GRZQ WR WKH + GDWHORURiver in plastic containers and water-sieved with a 1 mm grid. This

procedure led to the (almost) complete recovery of the material culture,

archaeozoological and archaeobotanical remains. Most of the excavation

was carried out left of N. Vlassas trench, where the stratigraphy shows adetailed sequence, some 1 m thick, attributed to the Chalcolithic ToartePastilate (Bodrogkeresztr) aspect ( Maxim Z., 1999, 127), beneath theCo RIHQLRFFXSDWLRQDQGDERYHWKH3HWUHWLRQHILJ 7KHORZHVW(DUO\Toarte Pastilate levels yielded one man-made structure delimited by analignment of very small post-holes. Furtherm ore a clay kiln, rebuilt at least

three times, was brought to light within the Middle Toarte Pastilate series(fig. 4). Excavated m aterials included an abun dan ce of pottery sherd s, stonetools, faunal and charred plant remains. Needless to say, the pottery wasthe most nu merou s artefact category.

Four radiocarbon dates were obtained from this latter part of thesequence from samples collected during the 2003 (GrN-29014) and 2004


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seasons (GrN-29100, GrN-29101 and GrN-29102) (table 1 and fig. 5).

Although it is difficult to understand why the radiocarbon results are

stratigraphically upside-down, they show that this local aspect of the

Transylvanian Chalcolithic flourished between the last three centuries of

the fifth and the first two centuries of the fourth millennium Cal BP (at 2

sigmas). Of particular imp ortance are da tes GrN-29101, from charcoal, and

GrN-29102, from a fragment of a Bos primigenius tibia, collected from the

same level 2a3 in which the clay kiln w as discovered. These dates are some

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Culture at least from the results obtained from Daia Rom na, the onlyTransylvanian site so far rad iocarbon-da ted (Mantu M ., 2000, 100).Several gold beads, some 2 mm in diameter, and a few rectangular

gold p laquettes were collected from this level. This should indicate that thekiln was most probably linked with the moulding of gold items as alsoshown by the p reliminary resu lts of the soil thin section analyses of a thickash sample from the lower part of the 2b levels (G. Boschian, pers. comm.2006).

Furthermore the accurate water-sieving of the Toarte Pastilate layerled to the recovery of other material culture and ornamental finds amongwh ich are one small copper p erforator and tw o beads mad e from stone and

shell as well as a great quantity of micromammal remains, includingrodents, fish and bird bones, land snails, charred hazelnut shells andCornus mas fruits, at least three species of Triticum caryopses and a greatamoun t of charcoal fragments (R. N isbet, pers. comm. 2006).

2. The chipped stone assemblage

The chipped stone assemblage is represented by obsidian, flint andrad iolarite artefacts of exogenous p rovenan ce. The typ ological descriptionof the imp lements (table 2) follows the list p roposed by G. Laplace (LaplaceG., 1964). Most of the artefacts (250) come from the Chalcolithic Toarte

Pastilate levels, subdivided by G. Lazarovici into three main subsequent(development) periods (Early, Middle and Late: fig. 3). A few werecollected from the levels above and below: 6 from the mixed&R RIHQLToarte PastilateIURPWKH3HWUHWL&XOWXUHOD\HUVDQGDUHRIuncertain provenance, most probably from the Toarte Pastilate levels.Altogeth er the assemblage consists of 281 artefacts (table 2).


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2.1. The Toarte Pastilate assemblage

The Toarte Pastilate chipped stone assemblage is represented by 256

artefacts, among which are 12 implements (4.69%), 2 cores (0.78%), 71

unretouched artefacts (27.73%), 1 splintered piece (0.39%) and 170 shatters

(66.40%) (table 2). Most of the artefacts are from obsidian (170: 66.40%) and

Volhynian flint (66: 25.79%), while brown flint (9: 3.52%), grey radiolarite

(6: 2.34%), grey flint (1: 0.39%) and rkt Transdanubian radiolarite (1:0.39%) are much less represented. Furthermore 3 artefacts (1.17%) are

burnt. If we take into consideration the weight of the different rawmaterials employed for chipping artefacts, obsidian predominates (48 gr.:45.28%) over Volhynian flint (30 gr.: 28.30%), Transd anu bian rad iolarite (16gr.: 15.10%) and the other flint and radiolarite types (12 gr.: 11.32%) (fig. 6).This is mainly due to the occurrence of a great number of obsidian (andVolhynian flint) shatters.

Sixteen obsidian artefacts have been identified as from theCarpa thian 1 source (Cejkov and / or Kaov in eastern Slovakia: Williams O.,

Nandris J., 1977, fig. 2;BigazziG., et al., 1990, fig. 1) by XRF at Toulouse (F)(fig. 7) and University of Calabria (I) labora tories.

2.1.1. Implements

The implements ar e rep resented by 2 End Scrapers (0.78% of the totalassemblage), 4 Truncations (1.56%), 4 Trapezoidal Geometrics (1.56%) and2 Retouched Blades (0.78%).

Both the End Scrapers are obtained from Volhynian flint. 1 is long(fig. 8, n. 1) on a b lade and 1 short on a flake (fig. 8, n. 2). The front of thefirst was used for scraping wood and its left side for cutting wood, whilethe front of the second for scrap ing hard .

The Truncations are obtained from obsidian microbladelets: 1proximal sp ecimen is slightly oblique, w ith an abrupt, d irect retou ch (fig. 9,

n. 4) and 1 is dista l (fig. 9, n. 5).The Trapezes are all from obsidian bladelets. 3 are of isosceles typewith tw o oblique, slightly concave tru ncations (fig. 9, nn . 6-8) and 1rectangular, with one of the two tru ncations which is convex, obtained witha bifacial retouch (fig. 8, n. 5). The right side of this latter tool was used forcutting med ium hard material.


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The Retouched Bladelets are represented by two fragments with

simple, marginal unilateral retouch of obsidian and Volhynian flint

respectively.

2.1.2. Cores

Only one prismatic specimen from grey r ad iolarite with microflakelet

detachments and a Core trimming flakelet with microbladelet detachments

of Carpathian 1 obsidian (fig. 9, n. 2). Another prismatic core with

microbladelet detachments is ofuncerta in p roven ance (fig. 9, n. 1).2.1.3. Unretouched artefacts

Apart from the above-men tioned tools, 1 unretou ched Volhynian flintblade (fig. 8, n. 4) and 1 Carpathian 1 obsidian bladelet (fig. 8, n. 3) showtraces of cutting soft and cutting m edium respectively.

2.1.4. Splintered Pieces

Only one specimen of Volhynian flint with hard hammering

detachm ents on both surfaces at the p roximal end (fig. 9, n. 14).

2.1.5. Shatters

Are very numerous (170): 122 from obsidian, 38 from Volhynian flintand 10 from other flint, mainly of brown colour, 3 of which are bu rnt. Theirpresence indicates without any doubt that the implements weremanufactured and subsequently retouched at the entrance (inside?) thecave.

7KH3HWUHWL&XOWXUHDVVHPEODJH

Given the small surface excavated during the 2003-2004 seasons, it isrepresented by only 20 artefacts from layer 3. Amongst these are 2implements, 2 unretouched pieces and 14 shatters. The commonest rawmaterial employed for chipping tools is Carpathian 1 obsidian (10 pieces),followed by Volhynian flint (7 pieces) and flint from other sources (3pieces).


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The implements are 1 short End Scraper of Volhynian flint with

converging sides and a lateral complementary retouch, whose front shows

traces of scraping hard , and both sides cutting ha rd (fig. 8, n. 7) and 1

isosceles Trapeze w ith slightly convex, direct trun cations, on a blad elet of

Carp ath ian 1 obsidian (fig. 9, n. 9).

2.3. Other tools

Apart from the above-mentioned pieces, the assemblage includes 5

specimens of un certain p rovenan ce that ar e listed at the end of table 2.Among these are 1 obsidian, prismatic bladelet core (fig. 9, n. 1), 1

proximal fragm ent of a hafted blad e with cut hard traces (fig. 8, n. 6) and 1probable proximal straight borer on a th ick flakelet (fig. 9, n. 3).

3. Discussion

According to the results obtained from the analysis of the chippedstone artefacts and other evidences, the activities practised at the caveduring the Toarte Pastilate period were many and varied. There is a strongevidence for stone tool manu factur ing, including cores and shatter.

The obsidian had been carried to the cave in nodules that werereduced to cores and subsequently chipped into tools as the high numberof shatters ind icates. All the raw materials employed for the man ufacture ofthe stone tools come from a great distance. No local resources have beenused although there are such sources in Transylvania (CRPD(, 244;

Luca S.A. et al., 2004, 66). As mentioned above, the obsidian is always ofCarpa thian 1 type (Cejkov and / or Kaov in eastern Slovakia), a source ofvery transparent and sometimes variegated material located some 300 kmsnorth-north-west of the cave. This type of obsidian is well known for itslong-distance distribution (WilliamsThorpeO. et al., 1984, fig. 9) that r eachedWestern Macedonia during the Late Neolithic period (Kilikoglou V. et al.,1996, 347). Extensive research on obsidian has shown that no sources arefound in Romania (Nandris J., 1975) despite p revious claims of the existenceof such sources in the country (Bir K., 2006, 271; Kasztovszki Z ., Bir K.,2006, 303).

The Volhynian flint comes from north-west Ukraine, some 400 kms

north-east of the site ( Zaliznyak L., 2005, fig. 6), while the rktTransdanubian radiolarite is from the Bakoni Mountains near Veszprem in


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between the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Chalcolithic in Romania

(CRPD ( ). Broadly speaking the End Scraper is a type that is alsoFRPPRQ IRU WKH 3HWUHWL &XOWXUH LQ JHQHUDO Paul I., 1992, 38) although nospecimens with convergent sides, such as that of fig. 8, n. 7, have ever been

found so far from any of the sites of this culture.

The faunal remains indicate that different environments were

exploited for the meat diet of the inhabitants of the cave during the

Chalcolithic period, who practised both hunting and the rearing of large

game supplemented by fishing, fowling and the collection of freshwater

turtles. This evidence in the consequence of the complex geography of thearea in which the cave opens, that is represented by a variety of

environmental and microclimatic zones among which are middle-altitude

karstic pastures th at op en just above steep, somew hat forested cliffs of the

gorge crossed by a narrow stream, and the terraces formed by the Ariesul

River. The occurrence of large-sized fish vertebrae suggests that they had

been acquired, m ost likely, from fishing in this later water course that flows

some 2.5 km east of the cave of which the + GDWHORU LVDQ DIIOXHQW WKDWMRLQWVWKH0XUH5LYHUVRPHNPWRWKHHDVW-south-east as the crow flies.

Charred remains are also plentiful. As men tioned above, the analyses

so far indicate the p resence ofCornus mas (fruits), hazelnut shells as well as

different varieties of dom esticated w heat, suggesting that both the seasonalgathering of plant foods and agriculture integrated the diet of those living

in the cave.

4. Conclusion

7KH H[FDYDWLRQVDW 3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF KDYHKHOSHG VKHG OLJKW RQDun ique archaeological area, the Cheile Turzii gorge, that has so far received

little detailed attention although it has been known for many years. The

activities that had taken place at the cave during the Chalcolithic were

many and varied. They attest, along with the radiocarbon dates, a fairly

long occup ation. Of especial interest is the kiln that h ad been used to smeltgold, resulting also in some finds of gold beads and p laquettes.

The analysis of the chipp ed stone assemblage from the Toarte Pastilate

levels excavated in 2003 and 2004 has shown that the cave was part of a

complex network system for the procurement of the raw materials for the

manu facture of obsidian, flint and r ad iolarite tools that covered a r adiu s of


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some 500 km. It demonstrates that during this period raw materials with

excellent technological qualities were requ ired by the local inhabitants for

their daily necessities, a phenomenon already known from other

neighbouring areas already during the Neolithic (Kaczanowska M.,

KR]RZVNL-.).Furthermore the identification of the provenance of the obsidian

artefacts has shown that they were traded exclusively from the sources of

Cejkov and or Kaov in the Tokaj Mountains of eastern Slovakia. Thisvariety of obsidian is characterised by lumps of transparent, sometimes

almost colourless or striped material, wh ich w ere collected from the su rfaceor excavated from the loess sediments of the availability area. The p resenceof a great qu antity of shatters, typical residuals of the local manu facture ofthe retouched instruments, which were collected thanks to the small gridwater-sieving of the excavated sediments, indicates that the production ofthe chipped stone implemen ts took place within the excavated area, even atthe entrance of the cave. These activities had so far never been recordedfrom any other Chalcolithic site of Carpathian Transylvania. They showthat an accurate sieving is absolutely necessary for th e collection of m aterialculture and archaeozoological remains in order to favour the achievementof a reasonable understanding of the activities practised within a complex

archaeological site w hose geograp hical location is u nique.Given the inaccuracy of the studies so far conducted in the CheileTurzii gorge and its surroundings, it is at present impossible to ascertainwhether the cave was part of a system which included open-air largesettlements and sites with other (more specific?) characteristics and theireventual complementary role within the regional settlement pattern.Nevertheless it is important to point out that the cave was repeatedlysettled during several periods of the Holocene, from the middle Atlanticonwards. This indicates the importance played by a cave site of fairlyuneasy access even during such periods and the complexity of theChalcolithic settlement system in the environmentally variegated territory

VXUURXQGLQJ3HWUHWLGH-RV

Aknowledgements

The author is very grateful to all the team members who took part inthe 2003-2004 excavations and especially to Dr. M. Spataro (Institute of


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Archaeology, UCL, UK). Special thanks are due to Dr. E. Starnini (Ligurian

Archaeological Service, Genoa, I) for the identification of the flint raw

material sources, Dr. B. Gratuze and S. Boucetta (Institut de Recherche sur

lArchomatriaux, CNRS, Orlans, F), G.M. Crisci and A.M. De Francesco(Calabria University, I) for the identification of the obsidian provenancesand Dr. R. Nisbet for the information related to the archaeobotanicalremains.

This paper was written with the aid of a grant from the Italian Ministry of

Foreign Affairs (MAE)

Paolo Biagi

Dipartimento di Scienze dellAntichit e del Vicino OrienteUniversit Ca Foscari

Palazzo Bernard o, San Polo 1977I-30125 Venezia (Italy)

e-mail: p avelius@un ive.it

Barbara A. Voytek

Archaeological Research Facility

University of California260 Stephens H all 2304Berkeley, CA 94720-2304 (USA)

e-mail: [email protected]

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7DEOH 3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF UDGLRFDUERQDQG FDOLEUDWHGGDWHVDW DQG VLJPDVIURP WKHToarte Pastilate levels

Signature Material Lab. Number Date BP Date BC (1 sigma) Date BC (2 sigmas) Layer

CT2 Charcoal GrN-29100 5100+/-40 3950-3820 (68.2%) 3980-3790 (95.4%) 2B

CT4 Bos primigenius tibia GrN-29102 5120+/-40 3970-3820 (68.2%) 4010-3800 (95.4%) 2A3

CT3 Charcoal GrN-29101 5260+/-40 4190-4010 (68.2%) 4230-3980 (95.4%) 2A3

CT1 Fraxinus, Quercus, Pomoideae GrN-29014 5350+/-40 4260-4080 (68.2%) 4320-4050 (95.4%) 2A7DEOH 3HWHUD 8QJXUHDVF W\SRORJLFDO GHVFULSWLRQ DFFRUGLQJWR Laplace, G., (1964) andother characteristics of the chipped stone implements from the 2003-2004 excavations. The

dimensions are indicated as follows: eee = hypermicroflakelets, ee = microflakelets, e =

flakelets, E = flakes, lll = hyp ermicrobladelets, ll = m icrobladelets, l = bladelets, L = blades.

eee and lll


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PESTERA UNGUREASCA

Level/

SquareRaw material Typolo gy

Dimensions

(mm)State

Analytical

method-

analysis n.

Wear Traces Figu re

1.2/ F6 obsidian shatter

















1.2/ F6 brown flint shatter



1a2/ F5 obsidian ll 13x6x2 complete

1a2/ F5 obsidian fll 8x10x1 mesial fragment

1a2/ F5 obsidian ee 16x12x2complete,

corticated

1a2/ F5Carpathian 1

obsidianfee (10)x12x1 p roxima l fragm ent XRF-CT5

1a2/ F5 Volhynia n flint eee 9x12x2 complete

1a2/ F5 Volhynian flint eee 9x8x2 complete

1a2/ F5 obsidian shatter





1a2/ F5 obsidian shatter1a2/ F5 obsidian shatter







1a2/ F5 Volhynian flint shatter


1a2/ F6 obsidianL1 [Smd sen

dist](9)x6x1 distal fragm ent

1a2/ F6 Volhynia n flint fl (18)x12x2proximal fragment,

corticated

1a2/ F6 Volhynian flint fll (8)x7x2 mesial fragment

1a2/ F6Carpathian 1

obsidianfll (12)x10x2 mesial fragm ent XRF-CT10

1a2/ F6 Volhynia n flint ee 17x18x2 complete

1a2/ F6 obsidian ee 14x8x3complete,

corticated

1a2/ F6 obsidian ee 23x15x4 complete1a2/ F6

Carpathian 1

obsidianfee (13)x(13)x3 pro ximal fragm ent XRF-CT12

1a2/ F6 obsidian fee (10)x11x3 proximal fragment

1a2/ F6 obsidian fee (11)x11x3 distal fragment

1a2/ F6 Volhynian flint fee 10x7x2 proximal fragment

1a2/ F6 Volhynian flint fee (10)x8x1 distal fragment

1a2/ F6 obsidian eee 7x7x4 complete






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191

PESTERA UNGUREASCA

Level/


Dimensions

(mm)State

Analytical

method-

analysis n.

Wear Traces Figu re


































1a2/ F6 Volhynian flint shatter1a2/ F6 Volhynian flint shatter






1a2/ F6 brown flint shatter

1a2/ F6 brown flint shatter

1b2/ F5 grey radiolarite fl (30)x16x4 mesial fragment

1b2/ F5Carpathian 1

obsidianfll (20)x7x2 pro ximal fragm ent XRF-CT6 9, n. 10

1b2/ F5 grey radiolarite ee 13x19x5 complete

1b2/ F5Carpathian 1

obsidianfee (13)x12x3

mesial fragment,

corticatedXRF-CT7

1b2/ F5 obsidian shatter





1b2/ F5 obsidian shatter1b2/ F5 obsidian shatter









1b2/ F5 burnt flint shatter

1b2/ F5 Volhynian flint shatter


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192

PESTERA UNGUREASCA

Level/


Dimensions

(mm)State

Analytical

method-

analysis n.

Wear Traces Figu re

1b2/ F6 Volhynia n flint fl (42)x19x6mesial fragment,

corticatedcut soft 8, n. 4

1b2/ F6

Transdanubian

radiolarite-

Urkut Eplnytype

e 35x30x15complete,corticated

2a/ E6 Volhynian flint ll 16x5x2 complete

2a/ E6Carpathian 1obsidian

feee (9)x19x2mesial fragment,corticated

XRF-ctpu2

2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 obsidian shatter2a/ E6 Volhynian flint shatter2a/ E6 Volhynian flint shatter2a/ E6 Volhynian flint shatter2a/ E6 Volhynian flint shatter2a/ F6 grey radiolarite l 35x9x4 complete 9, n. 12

2a/ F6Carpathian 1obsidian


XRF-ctpu9

2a/ F6 obsidian shatter2a/ F6 obsidian shatter2a/ F6 obsidian shatter2a/ F6 Volhynian flint shatter2a/ F6 Volhynian flint shatter2a1/ F6 obsidian fll (10)x9x3 proximal fragment

2a1/ F6Carpathian 1

obsidian

e 21x24x8complete,

corticated

XRF-ctpu13

2a1/ F6Carpathian 1obsidian

fe (24)x17x4 pro ximal fragm ent XRF-ctpu4

2a1/ F6 obsidian shatter2a1/ F6 obsidian shatter2a2/ F5 grey flint fll 8x7x2 mesial fragment2a2/ F5 obsidian fee (12)x14x3 proximal fragment

2a2/ F5 Volhynia n flint fee (12)x18x3mesial fragment,corticated

2a2/ F5 obsidian shatter2a2/ F5 obsidian shatter2a2/ F5 obsidian shatter2a2/ F5 Volhynian flint shatter2a2/ F5 Volhynian flint shatter

2a3/ F6 obsidianT3 [Apdprox]

(10)x9x2 proximal fragment 9, n. 4



XRF-ctpu10


fe (26)x26x6proximal fragment,corticated

XRF-ctpu11

2a3/ F6 obsidian ee 13x13x5 complete2a3/ F6 obsidian shatter2a3/ F6 obsidian shatter2a3/ F6 obsidian shatter2a3/ F6 obsidian shatter2a3/ F6 Volhynian flint shatter

2b/ E6Carpathian 1obsidian

Gm 6[Apd+Apd]

20x10x2 comp lete XRF-CT1 9, n. 6

2b/ E6 obsidian fll (10)x7x2 distal fragment

2b/ E6 Volhynian flint ee 16x13x3complete,corticated

2b/ E6 obsidian eee 10x8x4 complete


17/26

193

PESTERA UNGUREASCA

Level/


Dimensions

(mm)State

Analytical

method-

analysis n.

Wear Traces Figu re

2b/ E6 obsidian shatter

2b/ E6 Volhynian flint shatter

2b/ F5 obsidian shatter

2b/ F6 Volhynia n flint ee 14x27x4 complete

2b/ F6 Volhynian flint fee (12)x13x2 mesial fragment

2b/ F6 Volhynian flint eee 11x9x1 complete






2b1/ E6 Volhynian flint eee 9x10x2 complete

2b1/ E6 obsidian shatter



2b1/ E6 Volhynian flint shatter

2b1/ E6 Volhynian flint shatter

2b1/ F5-

F6

Carpathian 1

obsidian

Gm 6

[Apd+Apd]15x12x4 complete XRF-ctpu8 9, n. 8

2b1/ F6 Volhynian flint T3 [Apd dist] (10)x8x2 distal fragment

2b1/ F6 obsidian fee (8)x8x2 distal fragment

2b1/ F6 obsidian fee (6)x8x2 proximal fragment

2b1/ F6 obsidian fee (12)x13x4 mesial fragment

2b1/ F6 Volhynian flint fee (10)x24x3 proximal fragment

2b1/ F6light grey

radiolaritefee (7)x11x1 mesial fragm ent

2b1/ F6 obsidian eee 10x10x5 complete







2b2/ F5 obsidian fee (10)x14x2 mesial fragment2b2/ F5

Carpathian 1

obsidianfee (9)x17x2 m esial fragm ent XRF-CT3

2b2/ F5Volhynian/ Prut

flintshatter

2b2/ F6 Volhynian flint G3 dist 36x31x9 complete scrape hard 8, n. 2

2b2/ F6 obsidian fll (12)x7x2 proximal fragment

2b2/ F6 Volhynia n flint fll (15)x10x3 mesial fragm ent

2b2/ F6 Volhynian flint fll (13)x6x2 proximal fragment

2b2/ F6 obsidian eee 7x8x1 complete

2b2/ F6 Volhynian flint eee 9x10x1complete,

corticated

2b2/ F6 Volhynian flint feee (7)x6x1 proximal fragment




2b4/ F6 obsidian T3 [Apd dist] 11x11x3 complete 9, n. 5

2b4/ F6 obsidian

Gm 7

[Apd+Apb

conv]

15x15x2 complete cut med ium 8, n. 5

2b4/ E6 Volhynian flint E1 splinteredpiece

(33)x19x7 pro ximal fragm ent 9, n. 14

2b4/ F6 Volhynia n flint lll 11x4x1 complete

2b4/ F6 Volhynian flint feee (7)x8x2 proximal fragment










18/26


19/26

195

Fig. 1: The entran ce of the gorge o f Cheile Turzii from the sou th-east (top) and the op ening

RI3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF at th e base of the cliff called Preteler Vulturior (arrow : bottom)(photographs by P. Biagi)


20/26


196

)LJ3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF : views of the 2004 excavation after removing th e up perm ost

levels (top) an d a fter the excavation of the Toarte Pastilate levels (bottom)

(photographs by P. Biagi)


21/26

1

97

Fig. 3:3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF schematic representa tion of the sequen ce excavated

in 2003-2004 (drawing by G. Lazarovici with variations)


22/26


198

Fig. 4:3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF : view of the Toarte Pastilata sequ ence excavated in 2004 withthe clay kiln right and the ash an d charcoal lower levels delimited by sm all postholes

(top) and th e clay kiln (bottom) (photographs by P. Biagi)


23/26

199

Fig. 5:3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF radiocarbon dates obtained from the Toarte Pastilate

levels (bottom) calibrated accord ing OxCal 3.10 (top)

Fig. 6:3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF EORFNLQGHxes of the Toarte Pastilate chipp ed ston e assemblage:nu mber an d p ercentages of the differnt artefacts (a) and ma terials emp loyed (b); weigh t and

percenta ge of the materials employed (c) (drawing by P. Biagi)


24/26


200

)LJ3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF GLDJUDPLURQYHUsus calcium (A), rub idium versu s strontium (B)DQGQLRELXPYHUVXV\WWULXPVKRZLQJWKDWDOOWKH3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF REVLGLDQVSHFLPHQV

analysed from Toulouse laboratory are of Carpath ian 1 source (B. Gratuze, pers. comm. 2006)


25/26

201

Fig. 8:3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF : chipp ed ston e imp lements w ith traces of wea r: End Scrapers (1, 2and 7), Unretou ched Blades (3 and 4), Rectangu lar Trapeze (5), Retouched Blade (6). 3 and 5

are of Carpa thian 1 obsidian (dots), the rem aining of Volhynian flint (circles). 1-5 from the

7RDUWH3DVWLODWHOHYHOVDQGIURPWKH3HWUHWLOD\HU)RUWKHGHWDLOVRIWKHLUSURYHQDQFHVHH

table 2. The abbreviations are: cw = cut wood , ch = cut har d, cm = cut med ium , cs = cut soft,sw = scrape wood, sh = scrape hard, h = h aft (drawings by P. Biagi and G. Almerigogna)


26/26


202

Fig. 9:3HWHUD8QJXUHDVF : chipp ed ston e imp lements w ithout tra ces of wear : Core (1),Core tr imm img flakelet (2), Borer (?) (3), Trun cations (4 an d 5), Isosceles Trap ezes (6-9),

un retouched bladelets (10-12), Unretou ched flake (13), Splintered Piece (14). 1-10 are of

Carp athian 1 obsidian (dots), 13 and 14 of Volhynian flint (circles), 12 of grey rad iolarite. 2,

4-DQGIURPWKH7RDUWH3DVWLODWHOHYHOVDQGIURPWKH3HWUHWLOD\HUDQGDQG

3 uncertain . For the d etails of their provena nce see table 2(drawings by P. Biagi and G. Almerigogna)

Documents

CheileTurzii paolo biagi