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Department of Physics 위조지폐 방지 장치 javascript:selectCategory('3'); Chapters 35 & 36

Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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Page 1: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

위조지폐 방지 장치

javascript:selectCategory('3');

Chapters 35 & 36

Page 2: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

p. 1183

Page 3: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

간섭; interference

간섭 현상

(interference)

회절 현상

(diffraction)

Page 4: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

• 기하광학 • 파동광학

빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Page 5: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Huygens 원리 (1678)

빛살 파면

Huygens 원리 (1678)

파동면(wavefront)

새로운 파동면

Huygens 원리에 따라 진공중에서 평면파가 전파하는 모습

광선

파(동)면

Page 6: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

cvn

2

1 2

1 ; n

n

nv

vnv cv c

1 1 2 2sin sinn n

Page 7: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

n n

c fcv fn

n

nv

nc

1

2

2

1 ;

1 n

n

v

v

v

c f

a, b, c 중에 광속이가장 빠른 영역은?

Page 8: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

11

1

vc n

1

2

1 2

주어진 거리 L을 지나는 데 포함된 파장 수

Page 9: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Young의 2중 슬릿 간섭실험 p. 1189

Page 10: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Page 11: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

보기문제 p. 1192

질문: 서로 이웃한 두 극대점 사이의 거리?

1

: m

(

;

, sin = 1),

tan

mm m

m

m m

y

md

y

m D m Dy yd

D

d

:간섭무늬중앙으로부터 번째

= =

극대점까지의수직거리

한편

1 2.5 mmm mDy y yd

- =

Page 12: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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Coherence 결 맞음:

Incoherence 결 어긋남

constant in time

p. 1194

Page 13: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Page 14: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

1 0 2 0

indep. of tim e," bu dsin , sin( )

t

sin

epends

o "n

2

E E t E E t

d

2( )

위상차 경로차

Page 15: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Page 16: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

2 20 0

0 1 2 12 00 0

/ 2 ; 2cos cosE EI I I I Ic c

0 02 2 (1 cos ) co ( )4 s

2II If

f= + =

Page 17: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

2 10 2

1 0 2

0

2

0sin , sin( )

4

2 cs

cosin

o

s

E

E E

E t

I

E t

I

E

d

p. 1195

Page 18: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

p. 1199

Page 19: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Fig. 35-16

n1 n2

n1 > n2

n1 n2

n1 < n2

Reflection Reflection Phase ShiftOff lower index : 0Off higher index: 0.5 wavelength

Page 20: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

2 1n n

2

2

12 ( ) 2

2

, for m=0, 1, 2, :

, for m=0, 1 , 2, :

밝은 필름

어두운 필름

L mn

L mn

반사 위상차 주의!!

Page 21: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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Film Thickness Much Less Than

r2r1

If L << , for example L < 0.1, then phase difference due to the path difference 2L can be neglected.

Phase difference between r1 and r2 will always be ½ destructive interference film will appear dark

when viewed from illuminated side.

Page 22: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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For multilayer systems, this is not always the case and these equations are not appropriate.

2

2

12 ( ) 2

2

, for m=0, 1, 2, :

, for m=0, 1 , 2, :

밝은 필름

어두운 필름

L mn

L mn

For the special case of a higher index film flanked by air on both sides

주의!

n1=1 n2=1.38 n3=1.50

r1

r2

L

보기문제p.1203

Page 23: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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빛의 파장

Michelson’s Interferometer

박막

= 1,533 ,163 m .1 5 L 빨강=ml l

(Michelson:1907 Nobel Prize in Physics)

2 ( 1)LN N n

공기박막

박막의 두께

박막의 굴절률

통과 파장 갯수

shift in fringes

For each change in path by 1, the interference pattern shifts by one fringe at T. By counting the fringe change, one determines N박막- N공기

and can then solve for L in terms of and n.

Page 24: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

36장 회절, 에돌이, diffraction

Page 25: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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Diffraction Pattern from a single narrow slit

Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light

36-

Centralmaximum

Side or secondarymaxima

Light

Fresnel Bright Spot

Brightspot

Light

These patterns cannot be explained using geometrical optics (Ch. 34)!

Page 26: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

에워싸고돌아서(에돌이)

Page 27: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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회절무늬:

Centralmaximum

Side or secondarymaxima

Light

Page 28: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Page 29: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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“Poisson” 광점

Fresnel Bright Spot

• Newtonian group (1819): 빛의 입자성

• Huygens(1678):

wave optics

원반 뒤쪽에 형성되는 회절무늬

Page 30: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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회절; diffraction

물결파의 회절현상. 장벽에 난 작은 틈을통과한 물결파가 틈의 끝을 돌아서 장벽의뒷쪽으로 퍼져나간다.

작은 틈작은 틈

p. 1220

Page 31: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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1sina

a D a

What do you expect if ?al =

p. 1221

Page 32: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

a s in ;

1, 2 ,

m ma

m

~D a

:2 m = 인경우

2 22 s is i m =n

2

42n :a

a

m번째 극소무늬

Page 33: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

a 일 때

~D a

:2 m = 인경우

2 22 s is i m =n

2

42n :a

a

복습

s in ;

1, 2 ,

m ma

m

m번째 소멸(극소)

어두운 띠의 일반적인 위치:

Page 34: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Page 35: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction2( )( s )inx

: 이웃영역에서 오는

빛의 위상차

이웃 영역에서 오는빛의 경로차

p. 1225

Page 36: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

2sin( ) ( )

si

1, sin2

; n minima-dark fring for 1, 2,3 es

ma

m m

I I

a m

(p. 1227-1229 참고)

Page 37: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

sin , 0,1, 2, : maxima1sin ( ) , 0,1,2, : minima2

d m m

d m m

Young의 2중 슬릿 간섭무늬 (p.1190-1197)

• 슬릿의 폭을무시한 경우임

Page 38: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Page 39: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

(p.1234-1236)

Page 40: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

22

sicos

n( ) mI I

aq b

aæ ö÷ç ÷ç ÷çè ø

=

간섭인자

회절인자

sin

sin

d

apa

pb

l

ql

q

=

=

Page 41: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

2중 슬릿 무늬

단일 슬릿 무늬

2중슬릿의 밝은

간섭무늬가 지워짐

Page 42: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

Department of Physics

Page 43: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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• m= order, 차수

회절격자, gratings : 간격이 고른 여러 개의 슬릿

(p.1237-1240)

• 격자(발)의 수 N이 클수록 예리한 회절선

Page 44: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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중앙선의 반너비 각;half width

sin for 0,1, 2 (maxima-lines)d m m

1 si

: sin 1

:

sin

n 1

H WWW HH

a

N N

N

Nd d

d

d

회단일슬 자릿 절: 격

회절격

중앙극대의폭

위치

:

•격자(발)의 수 N 이 클수록예리한 회절선

•밝은 띠의 밝기:

슬릿의 개수의 제곱에 비례

1차 극소반너비 각

Page 45: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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Grating Spectroscope; 회절 분광기

• 수소의 방출 스펙트럼 (회절무늬)

회절격자

(p.1213)

• separates different wavelengths for a given m

sin for 0,1, 2 (maxima-lines)d m m

광원

Page 46: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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X선 회절: 결정구조 분석에 활용 (p.1244-1245)

1sin 0.0019 for 0.1nm, 3000nmm dd

300 slits/mm

광학용회절격자X-선 파장

Too small to be distinguished from the central maximum !!

Page 47: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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, =0, 2 1, 2, sin md m

Diffraction of x-rays by crystal: spacing d of the order of 0.1 nm

Page 48: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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36-

Fig. 36-29

inter-planar spacing d is related to the unit cell dimension a0

X-Ray Diffraction, cont’d

2 050 045 or 0.2236

20ad a d a

Not only can

1) crystals be used to separate different x-ray wavelengths, but

2) x-rays, in turn, can be used to study crystals, for example determine the type crystal ordering and a0

, =0, 2 1, 2, sin md m

Page 49: Chapters 35 & 36contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/Pusan/leegyeongsu/9.pdfDepartment of Physics •기하광학 •파동광학 빛살 파동면 (wavefront)

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양자장 이론- Pauli Adrien Maurice Dirac(1902. 8. 8-1984. 10. 20),- Wolfgang Pauli(1900. 4. 25-1958. 12. 15),- Julian Seymour Schwinger(1918. 2. 12 - ),- Richard Phillips Feynman(1918. 5. 11-1988. 2. 15),

상대론적 역학- Albert Einstein(1879. 3. 14-1955. 4. 18), - Hermann Minkowski(1864. 6. 22-1909. 1. 12),

.

.

.

양자역학- Niels Hendrik David Bohr(1885. 10. 7-1962. 11. 18),- Erwin Schrödinger(1887. 8. 12-1961. 1. 4),- Werner Heisenberg(1901. 12. 5-1976. 2. 1),..

고전역학- Galileo Galilei(1564. 2. 15-1642. 1. 8),- Isaac Newton(1642. 12. 25-1727. 3. 20),- Joseph Louis Lagrange(1736. 1. 25-1813. 4. 10),- Pierre Simon de Laplace(1749. 3. 23-1827. 3. 5),

계의 크기

대상

의빠

르기