Chapters 30-31: The Great Depression, World War II, and Decolonization

AP World HistoryMr. Bartula

The 1920s: Temporary Prosperity

Optimism and prosperity in the 1920s led many to hope that large scale conflict could be avoided.

This hope ended abruptly in October, 1929, with the onset of the Great Depression.

The Great Depression’s Causes

After effects of World War I Overproduction Tariffs and other trade barriers Stock market crash Bank failures in the US and other

countries

The Great Depression (1929-1941)

The Great Depression (1929-1941)

The New York Stock Exchange in October, 1929

Bank Failures

The Dust Bowl

Responses to the Great Depression

The enormous economic decline led many western governments to take greater control over their nation’s economies.

Many saw the Depression as evidence that democratic governments and capitalism were incapable of solving problems or meeting the needs of modern society.

US reaction to the Depression Under President Franklin D.

Roosevelt the US enacted a reform program known as the New Deal.

The New Deal expanded government powers and regulated the US economy more closely than ever before.

Programs such as Social Security were designed to help Americans through the worst effects of the Great Depression and, it was hoped, prevent another.

Western European Reactions

Social Democratic governments were elected in Scandinavia. They were socialist but democratic.

In England, the Labour Party took power

France’s government was led by the Popular Front, a mixture of socialist and moderate parties.

These governments attempted to help end the Depression by taking more power over their economies

The Soviet Union Because its economy was

independent and did not depend on external trade, the Soviet Union had few economic troubles during the 1930s.

Joseph Stalin boasted that this demonstrated the superiority of socialism over capitalism, and some Westerners agreed.

Stalin’s Five Year Plans and focus on heavy industry and militarization made the Soviet Union a powerful force.

Japan Japan had fought on

the Allied side during World War I, but was disappointed with its treatment by the other powers afterwards.

By the 1930s, military leaders or warlords had taken power.

Japan began to construct the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, promising “Asia for the Asiatics.”

Germany After World War I

Germany’s economy was devastated, its territory shrunken, and its military force depleted.

Many Germans felt their country had been badly treated by the Treaty of Versailles, and were eager for revenge.

The Great Depression made Germany’s situation worse, and many Germans looked to new leadership.

The German MarkThe German Mark

The German MarkThe German Mark

The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory

The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory

Disgruntled German WWI veteransDisgruntled German WWI veterans

Adolf Hitler Born 1889, Austria Obsessed with German

racial superiority Anti-Semitic World War I veteran, took

leadership of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) in early 1920s

Attempted to seize power in 1923, but was imprisoned.

Wrote Mein Kampf Appointed Chancellor after

Nazis won the German elections in January, 1933.

The Third Reich

By 1934 Hitler had taken total power and become Der Fuhrer, or “The Leader” of Germany

He began to remilitarize Germany in defiance of the Versailles Treaty.

Anti-Semitic Decrees first separated the Jews from the Germans, then began to limit their rights, eventually leading to the Holocaust.

Nazi Propaganda

Anti-Semitism

The Road to World War II Many point to the Japanese invasion of

Manchuria in Northern China in 1931 as the true beginning of World War II.

During the 1930s, Mussolini’s Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia, Japan continued to invade and conquer China, and Germany made aggressive moves towards war

The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1938 was another omen of greater conflicts to come.

“Guernica” by Pablo Picasso

“Guernica” by Pablo Picasso

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

The Austrian Anschluss, 1938The Austrian Anschluss, 1938

The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

The “Problem” of theSudetenland

The “Problem” of theSudetenland

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

British Prime Minister Neville British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainChamberlain

Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939

The “Pact of Steel”

The “Pact of Steel”

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

Foreign Ministers Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & von Ribbentrop &

MolotovMolotov

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Blitzkrieg [“Lightning War”]

Blitzkrieg [“Lightning War”]

The “Phony War” Ends:

Spring, 1940

The “Phony War” Ends:

Spring, 1940

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940

Lend-LeaseLend-Lease

Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”

Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest MistakeOperation Barbarossa:

Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941

A date which will live in infamy!

Pacific Theater of Operations

Pacific Theater of Operations

Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien

Island

“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien

Island

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

Axis Powers in 1942Axis Powers in 1942

Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men

10,290 artillery guns

13,541 artillery guns

675 tanks 894 tanks

1,216 planes 1,115 planes

The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] :

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”

The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] :

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” Allies plan Allies plan

assault on assault on weakest Axis weakest Axis area - North area - North Africa - Nov. Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1942-May 19431943

George S. George S. PattonPatton leads leads American American troopstroops

Germans Germans trapped in trapped in Tunisia - Tunisia - surrender surrender over 275,000 over 275,000 troops.troops.

D-Day (June 6, 1944)D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Higgins Landing Higgins Landing CraftsCrafts

German German PrisonersPrisoners

TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944

De Gaulle in De Gaulle in Triumph!Triumph!

The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive

The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive

Dec. 16, 1944Dec. 16, 1944toto

Jan. 28, 1945Jan. 28, 1945

US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:

April 25, 1945

US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:

April 25, 1945

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

CrematoriCrematoria at a at

MajdanekMajdanek

Entrance Entrance to to

AuschwitzAuschwitz

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Slave Labor at BuchenwaldSlave Labor at Buchenwald

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Mass Graves at Bergen-BelsenMass Graves at Bergen-Belsen

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945

The FThe Füührer’s hrer’s BunkerBunker

Cyanide & PistolsCyanide & Pistols

Mr. & Mrs. HitlerMr. & Mrs. Hitler

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

General Keitel General Keitel

Japanese Kamikaze Planes:

The Scourge of the South Pacific

Japanese Kamikaze Planes:

The Scourge of the South Pacific

Kamikaze Kamikaze PilotsPilots

Suicide Suicide BombersBombers

US Marines on Mt. Suribachi,

Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

US Marines on Mt. Suribachi,

Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,

NM

The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,

NM

Dr. Robert Dr. Robert OppenheimerOppenheimer

I am become death,

the shatterer of worlds!

I am become death,

the shatterer of worlds!

Major GeneralMajor GeneralLesley R. Lesley R. GrovesGroves

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

© 70,000 killed 70,000 killed immediately.immediately.

© 48,000 buildings. 48,000 buildings.

destroyed.destroyed.© 100,000s died of 100,000s died of

radiation radiation poisoning & poisoning & cancer later.cancer later.

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

© 40,000 killed 40,000 killed immediately.immediately.

© 60,000 injured.60,000 injured.© 100,000s died of100,000s died of

radiation radiation poisoningpoisoning& cancer later.& cancer later.

Japanese A-Bomb Survivors

Japanese A-Bomb Survivors

End of the War (September 2, 1945)

End of the War (September 2, 1945)

V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of

the Cold War

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of

the Cold War

The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990

The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990

The Creation of the U. N.

The Creation of the U. N.

The Emergence of Third World Nationalist

Movements

The Emergence of Third World Nationalist

Movements

The De-Colonization of European Empires

The De-Colonization of European Empires

India Gains Independence Between World Wars I and II, agitation

for Indian independence increased. Mohandas K. Gandhi continued to

advocate satyagraha nonviolent noncooperation or passive resistance

During World War II the Indian National Congress led the “Quit India” movement

The Muslim League advocated cooperation with the British war effort.

Jawaharlal Nehru: leader of Congress

1889 - 19641889 - 1964

Mohammed Ali Jinnah: leader of the Muslim League

1876 - 19481876 - 1948

Gandhi spinning cloth

Gandhi and His Granddaughters, 1947

Pre-Partition

Last Viceroy of India

Lord and Lady MountbattenLord and Lady MountbattenLord and Lady MountbattenLord and Lady Mountbatten

Partition!

Border problemsBorder problemsBorder problemsBorder problems

Kashmir CrisisKashmir CrisisKashmir CrisisKashmir Crisis

Jawarharlal NehruJawarharlal Nehru Ally of Gandhi. 1st Prime Minister

of India, 1947-1964.

Advocated Industrialization.

Promoted “Green Revolution”.

Mixed Economy. Nonaligned

Movement.

Nehru’s daughter. Prime Minister of

India, 1966-1984. Continues

Nehru’s policies. Faced corruption

charges & internal rebellion.

Assassinated in 1984.

Indira Indira GandhiGandhiIndira Indira GandhiGandhi

Indira Gandhi with sons Sanjay and Rajiv

Indira’s son. Prime Minister of

India, 1984-1989. Some reform of

economy and government.

Also faced rebellion.

Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning.

Rajiv Rajiv GandhiGandhiRajiv Rajiv

GandhiGandhi

Sonia, Rahul, and Priyanka Gandhi: The next generations

Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Prime Minister Ayub Khan.

Dangerous combination Was not prepared

to rule in 1948. Strong Islamic

fundamentalism. Impoverished.

Pakistan divides in 1972 W. Pakistan = Pakistan E. Pakistan = Bangladesh

PakistaPakistann

PakistaPakistann

First Woman Prime Minister, 1988 Ousted in 1990,

1993 on corruption charges.

Assassinated Dec.27, 2007

Nawaz Sharif Ousted three

times. Struggle between

modernizers and fundamentalists.

Benazir BhuttoBenazir BhuttoBenazir BhuttoBenazir Bhutto

Coup d’etatCoup d’etat.. Secular government against Secular government against Islamic Islamic fundamentalists. fundamentalists. U.S. ally in the “War on U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”Terror.”

Gen. Pervez Gen. Pervez MusharaffMusharaff

Gen. Pervez Gen. Pervez MusharaffMusharaff

India-Pakistan Border India-Pakistan Border DisputesDisputes

India-Pakistan Border India-Pakistan Border DisputesDisputes

1971 India-Pakistan 1971 India-Pakistan WarWar

1971 India-Pakistan 1971 India-Pakistan WarWar

2002 Military Statistics2002 Military Statistics2002 Military Statistics2002 Military Statistics

2002 Nuclear 2002 Nuclear StatisticsStatistics

2002 Nuclear 2002 Nuclear StatisticsStatistics

Partners in the “War on Terror?”Partners in the “War on Terror?”

What title would you What title would you give this political give this political

cartoon?cartoon?

What title would you What title would you give this political give this political

cartoon?cartoon?

Decolonization in Africa and Asia After World War II nationalist

demands for independence increased in the colonies

Western nations were no longer strong enough to maintain control of their empires

Some European countries managed to end their empires peacefully. The Dutch pulled out of Indonesia in 1948. The British turned their Empire into the British Commonwealth of Nations

France struggled to maintain its empire and fought a series of conflicts in Algeria and Indochina before finally pulling out.

By the mid-1960s most of Africa was independent. The last European nation to give up its colonies was Portugal in 1980.

The Four “Worlds” First World: industrialized liberal

democracies with market economies Second World: dictatorships with Marxist

command economies Third World: non-aligned nations (post-

Cold War: developing nations) Fourth World: non-self-supporting

nations dependent on the First and Second Worlds

Non-Settler vs Settler Colonies: Patterns of Decolonization

Colonies which had few European settlers were allowed to gain independence quickly

Kwame Nkrumah practiced passive resistance and economic boycotts in Ghana.

By 1960 the British had pulled out and granted independence.

Non-Settler vs Settler Colonies: Patterns of Decolonization Kenya was a colony with a

substantial population of British citizens. During the 1950s and early 1960s, Jomo Kenyatta led a guerrilla war style conflict against the British. The British called this the Mau Mau Rebelliion, the Kenyans refer to it as their war for independence.

In 1965 Britain pulled out of Kenya. Kenyatta became President, and Kenya has had fairly good racial relations since

White Resistance to African Independence. Rhodesia, ruled by a white

minority, seceded from the Commonwealth in 1965 rather than accept majority rule.

In 1980, it returned to the Commonwealth, accepted majority rule, and became Zimbabwe.

Until the late 1990s, it also had good race relations

President Robert Mugabe has encouraged confiscation of white owned land and businesses and terrorism against white residents.

White Resistance to African Independence. South Africa’s apartheid

regime remained in power until the early 1990s.

Brutal laws mandated racial segregation and other restrictions.

In 1994, Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid leader, was elected the first majority-rule President of South Africa.

Problems of the new African nations Lack of an infrastructure and middle class Little or no industry and technology Artificial borders dating from the colonial

period, with no recognition of historic and cultural differences

Democratic governments were often overthrown and replaced with military dictatorships.

Neocolonialism meant continued economic dependence on the West

Nigeria: Colonial borders creating conflict Oil rich nation with large

population Former British colonial

borders include many different hostile ethnic and tribal groups.

Religious differences: Muslim north, Christian south.

Worst conflict: Late 1960s, the Ibo tribe attempted to form separate nation of Biafra. This led to a two year long civil war.

The Middle East after World War II

Most Arab nations became independent during or shortly after World War II

In 1948, the nation of Israel was established, supported by the United Nations, the United States, and the Soviet Union.

War broke out as Israel’s Arab neighbors attempted to destroy the new country. Israel defeated the Arabs and expanded its territory.

Palestinian refugees became an immediate and lasting problem

Palestine

Population in 1946

Palestine

Population in 1946

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

Arab Refugees, 1948Arab Refugees, 1948

The Palestinian Diaspora begins!The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

Armistice Sig n e d, 1949

Armistice Sig n e d, 1949

Israeli-Arab Conflicts Since 1948

1956 Suez Crisis 1967 Six Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1987-Present: Palestinian Intifada Camp David Accord 1979 Oslo Agreement 1994