Chapter: 2

Tourism Development in U.P.The tourism industry has emerged as one of the biggest

foreign exchange earners for our country. It has a great significance because of its impact on economy, environment and society. It provides direct and indirect employment opportunities as well as infrastructural facilities, which form a base and stimulus for diversification of the economy and for the development of other industries (Chacko, 2002). Tourism is an important development activity, which acts as a catalyst for overall socio-economic development. There are variety of ways in which one can look at tourism and socio-economic development. The development of the tourist product is inextricably linked to the contribution that tourism development can make to general economic development. Importantly, tourism process starts when a few tourists discover new destination. Public and private sectors also play an important role in tourist activities (Chacko, 2002).

Tourism can be thoroughly perceived by making out the happenings and occurrences and studying changes in tie-up between prime elements of the destination system over the years which worked round to present day position. Such an understanding is of interest to policy makers generally interested in resolving opposing concerns in an agreeing and dynamic enterprising framework acknowledging tourism as one component of the several social and economic activities in an area. Pearce (1980) identifies the factors helpful in providing a comprehension of a tourist destination in its historical context for a specific area or region (Health and Wall, 1992): (i) the factors instrumental in the initiation of

46

tourism to the destination; (ii) the order of happenings in tourism development; (iii) the reasons for happenings of occurrences in that order; (iv) beneficiaries of tourist activity; (v) an untimely and premature identification of negative effects; (vi) the affected interested groups bringing world about these.

Tourism development in an area can be the outcome of a number of factors, direct and indirect, public as well as economic in terms of irresistible demands -- government's/ economy's requirement of foreign exchange, or local's demand for job owning to falling off of traditional local employment base namely, manufacturing and extractive sectors or need for increased traffic to provide for the enhanced capacity resulting from the extension of an airport or a hotel accommodation. The different reasons assigned for development of tourism in national and regional plans can be categorized and listed as under (TCS, 1999).

Development: (i) entertainment and recreation facilities, (ii) public utility services; (iii) other facilities and services; (iv) infrastructure.

Economic: (i) foreign exchange and balance of payments; (ii) public revenue; (iii) local economy; (iv) employment opportunities; (v) boost to other sectors.

Social-cultural: (i) cultural interaction and synthesis; (ii) orientational and attitudinal transformation; (iii) lifestyle, nature of culture and social settings.

National pride or identity: (i) adaptation to modern ideas, tasks etc., (ii) traditional values and culture.

47

Support for conservation: (i) culture; (ii) heritage; (iii) environment; (iv) ecology.

There is, in fact, a complex interplay of influence or decision takers between development advocates and control lobbyists, of course, the deliberations are from a different perspective, the working out of policies for the development of a destination in general and the size, form and extent of individual projects. However, the proprietary rights of principal elements of the destination is the obvious determinant. The leverage of different factors and interest groups on decision taking and the development policy is illustrated in Chart 2.1.

Chart - 2.1

Government _ Politicians _Community action _Property owners _ Financiers group _Tourism Business _ Investors _ Environmentalists_ Inhabitants of the area _ Planners _ Ecologists _ Locals

Represented byAdvisers (Consultants) Experts & Specialists (Consultants)

Objectives - Size Form,extent and order of

developmentIntegration of these

48

Proposed Development

Development Advocatesfavouring development

Decision-takers

Control Lobbyistsopposing

development

Dialogue and Deliberations

Development Policy

Tourist DestinationDevelopment

Source : Kamra, K.K. (2001)

Understanding Tourism Resources:A destinations' tourism resource base is the essence of

that location's tourism appeal. Tourism resources are all of those features, which draw people into a destination. They form the core of visitor attractions, but also include other services and facilities, which cater to accommodate and entertain tourists while in the destination area. Tourism resources represent the supply side of the basic supply and demand equation, which needs to be to match with market demand to develop a successful tourism destination. A thorough understanding of both supply and demand are vital elements of any tourism development process. Interestingly, tourism resources come in all shape and sizes, and most features of an area can be considered part of the overall tourism resources base of a destination. They include elements of the natural and man made environment, festivals and events activities, purpose built facilities, hospitality and transport services. These features are classified age either principal or supporting resources. Principal resources are those, which have the strongest pulling power, and usually represent the key motivating factor in the tourist's, which supplement a destination's principal resources and contribute to the destination's visitor appeal but do not on their own represent a prime motive for travel. The tourism resources can be classified in the main points:

(i) Natural resources: Flora, landscape, fauna, climate, water etc.

49

(ii) Cultural resources: Religious places/sites, heritage, dance, dress, songs, language/dialect, music, art, crafts, local traditions, rituals etc.

(iii) Event resources: Festivals, tournaments, business, exhibition, carnivals, parades, fairs, haats, contests, auctions, pilgrimage etc.

(iv) Activity resource: Recreational (water, sports, boating, windsurfing, driving, hunting and shooting, fashion shows); services, (theatre, cinema, health, resorts, conference centre, crafts gallaries etc.), facilities (wildlife centres, aquarium, gardens production centres etc.).

(v) Service resource: Transport, accommodation, reception, catering, services etc.

Tourism is an industry driven by consumer demand but one, which effectively sells an intangible product. Therefore, resource quality is not just about customer service, it includes conservation, and management as well its overall quality, which is vital to the continued success and development of the industry in any location. Successful tourism development, therefore, not only depends on a clear understanding of new resources together, but on at tracting the types of tourists who will most likely use them and so create the greatest benefit for the destination.

Tourist Circuits in India:India, a multi-faceted country, offering varied tourist

attractions, has been segmented into different travel circuits. The travel circuits are aimed at spreading tourism geographically so that every state in India is enabled to offer

50

its attractions to the visitors. These circuits are also identified as the 'Golden Triangles' of Indian tourism offering the most coveted heritage sites as well as other tourism varieties around its location. To be accessible to the domestic as well as the foreign visitors, these spots are connected with their nearest metropolitan cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.

The tourist circuits are grouped as follows (Gupta, 2003):

Delhi Zone:1. Delhi-Agra-Jaipur-Jodhpur-Jaisalmer

2. Delhi-Agra-Jaipur

3. Delhi-Agra-Khajuraho-Varanasi

4. Delhi-Agra-Gwalior-Bhopal-Mumbai

5. Delhi-Agra-Bharatpur-Jaipur-Sariska-Alwar

6. Delhi-Kathmandu-Varanasi-Agra,Chennai-Bangalore-Mysore-Hassan-Badamai-Mumbai

7. Delhi-Shimla-Kullu-Manali-Dharmasala

Mumbai Zone:1. Mumbai-Aurangabad-Udaipur

2. Mumbai-Goa-Bangalore

3. Mumbai-Palitana-Bhavanagar-Ahmedabad

4. Mumbai-Belgaum-Bijapur-Badami-Aivalli-Hampi

5. Mumbai-Hyderabad-Golconda-Nagarjunakonda

Kolkata Zone:1. Kolkata-Bhubanesvar-Konarka-Puri-Chilka Lake

2. Kolkata-Gaya-Kathmandu

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3. Kolkata-Guwahati-Shillong-Kaziranga

4. Kolkata-Darjeeling-Gangtok

Chennai Zone:1. Chennai-Tiruchchirappali-Thanjavur

2. Chennai-Bangalore-Mysore-Bandipur

3. Chennai-Madurai-Kodaikanal-Thekkadi-Koch

4. Chennai-Coimbatore-Udagamandalam (Ooty)-Madurai-Mystore-Bangalore

5. Chennai-Kanchipuram-Mamallapuram-Pondicherry

Uttar Pradesh, the land of majestic Himalayas, holy rivers of Ganga and Yamuna. Panoramic hill region, tourist places bearing religious, cultural, historical and natural importance, world famous fairs and festivals present a variety of attractions. Thus, with this richness, Uttar Pradesh has not only become a prominent centre for tourist activities but also a state having unlimited possibilities for flourishing tourist industry. Importantly, state government has recognized tourism as an industry (Dixit and Singh, 1999).

Development of tourism as a multi-dimensional phenomenon, consisting of many diverse but inter dependent activities, entails cooperation and coordination among hoteliers, tour operators, planners and local administrators in order to achieve the objectives of generating a number of social and economic benefits like employment and tax revenue generation and foreign exchange earnings, promoting social and cultural cohesion and contact, augmenting public utilities and social facilities by enhancing municipal revenues and financial assistance from the government sources and providing support to local

52

handicrafts and cultural activities by encouraging souvenir, trade tourist, festivals and other locality based entertainment programmes (Dixit, 2001). This new concept of tourism was adopted in India in 1949. With the acceptance of tourism as a provider of commercial hospitality, the state of Uttar Pradesh boomed with tourism development in the late 1950's and after wards. However, organized tourism development programme was delayed upto 1956. Tourism organization in U.P. was set up in December 1956, under the charge of Development Commissioner in the Planning Department. The Development Commissioner was assisted by a Deputy Development Commissioner and a Public Officer. In August. 1961, it was transferred to the Transport Department and the Transport Commissioner was functional Head at the headquarters. He was assisted by a Deputy Transport Commissioner (Roadways), who was the actual head and a publicity Officer. The state was divided into five regions each under the charge of a Regional Tourist Officer in addition, there were seven tourist Sub-Bureaus and six reception centres in the state. To accelerate the process of tourism development in the state in 1971, a separate department of Tourism was established. The organization of the department was threefold. A secretariat level, there was a secretary belonging to Indian Administrative Services. A Directorate of Tourism was created in July 1971. It was headed by a Director, IAS. At the regional level there were the Regional Tourist Officers and an Assistant Director, Tourism. New Delhi. In August, 1974. UP Tourism Development Corporation Limited was created to set up, develop and publicize tourist hotels, restaurants, way side amenities and amusement centres. Besides, it was supposed to organize conducted

53

tours keeping in view the choice of Indian and foreign tourists. In order to affect multi-faceted development of tourism in the Hill regions, a separate office of Commissioner & Director General of Tourism (Hills) has been created since 1989.

Expenditure incurred on tourism development is increasing day by day. There has phenomenon growth in financial allocation on tourism development in U.P. It is evidence by Table 2.1 During Tenth Five Year Plan allocated on tourism development in the state was reported to be Rs. 138273 lakh while during Eight Five Year Plan, total expenditure on tourism development stood Rs. 16488.31 lakh.

Table 2.1Tourism and Plan Allocation in UP

(Excluding Uttranchal)

Period Allocation (Rs. Lakh)

Actual Expenditure(Rs. in Lakh)

1951-56 1.00 1.001956-61 19.00 19.001961-66 22.00 22.001966-69 15.17 15.171969-74 113.00 115-001974-78 281.00 378.001978-79 260.00 279.001979-80 250.00 146.321080-85 1500.00 1687.051985-90 3650.00 5729.631990-91 1135.00 1432.11

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1991-92 1426.00 1339.481992-97 16488.31 13346.911997-2002 47761.12 11119.602002-2007 138273.00 --Source : Tourism Statistics Book, 1997, U.P.

Budgetary allocation under the state sector accounted for Rs. 1628 lakh while it was reported Rs. 1475 lakh during 2004-05 under the district sector. The budgetary allocation under the state and district sector has increased significantly over the period of 1992-93 to 2004-05 (Table 2.2).

Table: 2.2Budgetary Allocation Under State &

District Sector in U.P.(Rs. in Lakh)

Year State Sector District Sector

Allocation Expenditure

Allocation Expenditure

1992-93 1050.00 1063.26 258.31 209.22

1993-94 1338.00 1237.86 312.00 215.07

1994-95 *3369.00 *3078.97 330.00 311.89

1995-96 *4499.00 *3681.92 330.00 368.33

1996-97 *4336.00 *2733.24 330.00 368.33

1997-98 20000.00 3753.20 716.28 512.41

1998-99 6073.17 2467.74 1426.83 794.91

1999-2000 12747.01 644.94 1699.35 --

2000-2001 1430.00 805.47 1119.48 494.16

2001-2002 1869.00 994.32 680.00 672.61

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2002-2003 924.00 1625.13 1576.00 231.00

2003-2004 2678.00 502.21 1322.00 1207.16

2004-2005 2628.00 1741.65 1475.00 1475.36

Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004.To acquaint tourist with the glorious spiritual and

cultural heritage of Uttar Pradesh and to promote cultural tourism in the state Department of Tourism, UP organizes various activities round the year which include International Yoga Week at Rishikesh, Ganga Water Ralley from Allahabad to Varanasi, Taj Mahotsava at Agra, Jhansi Mahotsava at Jhansi, Budha Mahotasava at Sarnath/Kushi Nagar, Lucknow Mahotasava at Lucknow, Ganga Mahotsava at Varanasi in respected region.

Trends and Patterns of Tourism in U.P.:Uttar Pradesh has not only become a prominent centre

for tourist activities but also a state having unlimited possibilities for flourishing tourist industry. Keeping this view, tourism in the state has been recognized as an industry. Interestingly, tourist inflow continues perniciously and larger in number. During 1990-97 tourist inflow in the state has increased by 75.52 per cent and even higher in case of foreign tourist. During 1997, 776.71 lakh tourists visited state and foreign tourists constituted just 0.92 per cent though state has larger share of foreign tourist arrival in India. Importantly, one foreign tourist from every three and one from every four domestic tourists visited Uttar Pradesh. During 2000, 839.27 lakh tourists visited state (excluding Uttranchal). Out of total tourist's arrival in the plains of state,

56

foreign tourists constituted just 1.05 per cent. Importantly, during 1984-2000, tourists arrival in the state grew by 364.81 per cent, much higher of foreign tourists arrivals (621.31 per cent). Tourist's inflow in the state has shown phenomenon growth in the recent past (Table 2.3)

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Table: 2.3Tourists Arrival in U.P.

(In Lakh)Year Indian

TouristsForeign Tourists

Total Tourists

1984 179.34 1.22 180.561985 169.33 1.23 170.561986 172.34 1.84 174.181987 242.93 1.98 244.911988 245.74 3.35 249.091989 251.32 3.61 254.931990 326.49 3.60 330.071991 341.85 4.53 346.381992 370.35 5.04 375.401993 407.23 4.80 412.031994 445.15 5.24 450.361995 489.65 5.76 495.411996 538.62 6.33 544.931997 592.48 6.96 599.441998 769.80 7.27 777.071999 754.97 8.00 762.972000 660.70 8.48 669.182001 687.90 7.95 695.852002 714.90 7.10 722.002003 800.20 8.17 808.372004 883.71 10.37 894.082005 927.90 10.88 938.782006 974.30 11.42 985.722007 1023.02 11.99 1035.012008 1074.17 12.58 1086.752009 1127.88 13.20 1141.08Source : Dept. of U.P. Tourism. Govt. of U.P., Lucknow.

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Region-wise tourist arrivals in the state is shown in Table 2.4). Agra, Varanasi and Allahabad are some of the major regions of the state where a large number of tourist visit various tourist destinations.

Table: 2.4Region-wise Tourist Arrivals in Uttar Pradesh

(2004)

Name of Centre

Domestic Foreigner Total

Lucknow 11,85,904 31,166 12,17,070

Gorakhpur 1,75,130 16,392 1,91522

Kushinagar 1,10,751 13,326 1,24,077

Agra 22,16,692 4,69,256 26,85,948

Jhansi 9,72,798 7,955 9,80,753

Allahabad 1,49,13,020 14,631 1,49,27,651

Bareilly 4,79,137 418 4,79,555

Varanasi 28,09,422 1,41,328 29,50,750

Faizabad 54,366 345 54,711

Mathura 61,54,600 21,580 61,76,180

Ayodhya 53,05,000 1,613 53,06,613

Meerut 8,08,340 406 8,08,746

Sunoli 19,743 44,491 64,234

Siddharth Nagar

17,038 1,325 18,363

Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004Most of the foreign tourist visit Sarnath, Kushi Nagar,

Kapil Vastu and Shravasti. There has been increasing trend of tourist arrivals in the Buddhist tourism places (Table 2.5).

59

Table: 2.5Tourist Arrivals in Buddhist Circuit of the State

Sl. No.

Name of Centre Year Domestic Foreigner Total

1. Kushi Nagar 2000 1,24,281 2,52,77 1,49,5582001 1,27,756 1,88,84 1,46,6402002 1,09,731 1,10,67 1,20,7982003 1,09,882 13,341 1,23,2232004 1,10,751 13,326 1,24,077

2. Sarnath (Varanasi) 2000 3,95,432 2,38,480 6,33,9122001 3,95,871 1,61,641 5,57,5122002 4,39,099 1,47,173 5,86,2722003 4,45,334 1,72,872 6,18,2062004 5,04,833 1,99,413 7,04,246

3. Sankisa 2000 28,575 3,227 31,8022001 30,220 3,505 33,7252002 31,235 3,735 34,9702003 40,325 3,900 44,2252004 45,650 4,300 49,950

4. Kaushambi 2000 44,247 2,248 46,4952001 56,370 4,872 61,2422002 59,188 3,127 62,3152003 63,923 3,440 67,3632004 70,250 3,890 74,140

5. Piparhava (Kapilvastu) 2000 6,096 16,810 22,9062001 3,331 15,549 18,8802002 8,763 15,230 23,9932003 10,079 16,588 26,6672004 11,975 19,483 31,458

6. Shravasti 2000 26,711 15,900 42,6112001 27,245 15,000 42,2452002 60,500 15,200 75,700

2003 60,600 15,288 75,888

2004 60,710 25,835 86,545

Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004

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Tourist arrivals in major tourist places in Agra, Lucknow, Jhansi and Varanasi are shown in Table 2.6.

Table: 2.6Tourist Arrivals at Various Destinations

in Selected CitiesRegional Office

Historical Place/

Monuments

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Joint Director Tourism Office, Agra

1. Taj Mahal 1995161 2226725 1761339 1854658 22199472. Agra Fort 970960 1090742 902773 1032120 12263403. Fatehpur Sikri

308890 349089 313665 390933 457218

4. Sinkandra 260129 317154 230431 225478 2900275. Etmadoula 61832 84178 58391 68337 841776. Mahtab Bagh

19 65 593 1690 1937

7. Mariam Tomb

6598 8366 8113 9245 13251

8. Ram Bagh 6880 6765 8382 7804 8251Asst. Director, Tourism Office, Lucknow

1. Bara Imambara/ChhotaImambara/Picture Galery/Shah-nazaf Imambara

376700 426500 423000 440600 392208

2. Residency -- -- 153578 145716 1316683.Zoo 825420 854428 910184 911218 10056644. Museum -- -- -- 183199 173593

Deputy Director, Tourism Office, Jhansi

1. Jhansi Fort 146762 125512 112098 115570 110498

2. Rani Mahal 8918 6830 6892 7586 7712Regional TourismOffice, Varanasi

1. ASI, Monu-ment, Sarnath

265386 263051 219632 233505 250590

2. ASI, Stup, Sarnath

363031 257413 320482 335398 368177

3. Chunar Fort

69245 70105 71591 75170 80748

4. Shri Sita Samahit Sthal Trust, Bhadohi

203000 339000 459000 465104 471210

5. Ramnagar Fort

188917 221326 210977 227491 235817

Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004.

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There has been increasing trend in income from foreign tourists in India and Uttar Pradesh. Income from foreign tourists in Uttar Pradesh comprises a significant proportion in the income earned from foreign tourists in India as a whole (Table 2.7).

Table: 2.7Income from Foreign Tourists in India &

Uttar Pradesh(Rs. in crore)

Years India Uttar Pradesh

2000 14238.00 2847.602001 14344.00 2868.802002 14195.00 2839.002003 16429.00 3285.802004 21603.00 4320.60

Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004Income earned from Indian tourists has increased

significantly over the period of 2000-2004. During 2004, Rs. 7511.54 crores were earned from Indian tourists in the state of Uttar Pradesh (Table 2.8).

Table: 2.8Income Earned from Indian Tourists in U.P.

Years Income (In Crore)2000 4624.902001 5021.672002 5504.73

2003 6481.62

2004 7511.54

Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004

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Average expenditure by a Indian tourist in the state of Uttar Pradesh has increased from Rs. 127 in 1981 to Rs. 850 in 2004 (Table 2.9).

Table: 2.9Average Expenditure of Indian Tourists in U.P.

Years Expenditure (Rs.)1981 127.001982 140.001983 155.001984 170.001985 185.001986 205.001987 235.001988 255.001989 280.001990 310.001991 340.001992 375.001993 410.001994 450.001995 500.001996 550.001997 600.001998 635.001999 665.002000 700.002001 730.002002 770.002003 810.002004 850.00

Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004

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Tourism Planning in UP:Planning in tourism is an essential activity for every

destination area and a must for the following reasons (Tewari, 1995). Firstly, planning is paramount to avoid situations caused by haphazard development. It is, required to ensure that the natural and created assets are conserved and protected to maintain their tourist appeal. Moreover, tourism planning in terms of assessment of carrying capacity and negative impact of tourism on built up environment, physical environment and local culture is imperative to boost tourism activities in the planned manner. Secondly, there are numerous examples, which show the consequences of the unplanned development of destination areas. These relate to negative impacts of the lack of planning particularly on the physical environment leading to the permanent damage, alteration or degradation. Thirdly, tourism development involves heavy outlays and investments. The resources of the state are, in most cases, limited and also required for several other competing development activities. Thus, state needs to undertake tourism planning in order to ensure the proper utilization of the finances so that maximum economic and other benefits may be derived. Fourthly, both the public and private sectors have important roles in the development of tourism, which is not always clearly demarcated. The success of tourism development to a large extent depends on the availability of the appropriate facilities at the right time and in the right place. Thus, tourism planning ensures balanced growth of demand and supply. Fifthly, tourism development can be most effective if it is undertaken within the context of a plan and form a part and parcel of the national economic

64

development programme designed to lead to the optimum growth of the economy of the country as a whole.

A process for tourism planning involves several steps, which have been broadly grouped under five essential phases (Mill and Morison, 1985). Each of the five phases involves many participants and activities and its outcome leads to the development of subsequent steps. The five phases are: (i) background analysis phase; (ii) detailed research and analysis phase; (iii) synthesis phase; (iv) goal and objective setting phase; and (v) planed development phase.

However, five phases of tourism planning are essential and deserve mention. The first phase is concerned with an analysis of the existing situation and produces the direction for the succeeding phases. It takes into consideration the policies and plans of other public sector bodies which have an impact on tourism and identifies the existing tourism related programmes and activities. The analysis results in assessment of the tourism resources components of the area and the preparation of their inventory. It also facilitates in assessing the strengths and weakness of tourism destinations and its related services. In the second phase, detailed research and analysis is carried out in respect of the resources and markets on the basis of the inventory prepared in the first phase, key resources are identified area located and their capacities are assessed. Activity analysis is also undertaken to determine all those things or activities in which tourist can participate while visiting the destination area. Moreover, resources are graded and classified in terms of the scope of their appeal for the international, national, regional and local markets. In this phase, a detailed study related to

65

existing and potential markets of an area is suggested for comprehensive planning for tourism development (Dixit, 2001). The synthesis phase is regarded as one of the most important and creative stages in the tourism planning process. The major conclusions derived from the research and studies in the first two phases are formulated at this stage. The conclusions mainly related to 5 distinct subjects viz. (a) tourism development, (b) tourism marketing, (c) tourism industry organization, (d) tourism awareness and (e) other tourism support services and activities. In the fourth phase, the tourism planning goals, strategies and goal related plan objectives area decided and formulated. These must be complementary to the goals and objectives of the tourism policy. The planning goals are achieved through a variety of approaches or strategies. The tourism plan objectives are directly related to the strategy adopted for achieving the goals. The planning goals, strategy and plan objectives are closely interlinked (Tewari, 1995). Importantly, the development of the plan itself constitutes the fifth phase of the tourism planning process. At this stage, the plan details, the actions and programmes, required to achieve the plan objectives, implement the strategy and satisfy the planning goals.

The key phases in tourism planning can be as follows (Gupta, 2002):

(i) Tourist demand and supply: Assessment of tourist demand and a scientific planned approach to the supply of such demands is of utmost importance. A survey and development of infrastructure of the tourist attractions like scenic, cultural, entertainment and amusement,

66

seasonal factor that the country has to offer, is the first step towards the desirable growth in attracting potential visitors. The survey should cover the demands of both national and foreign tourists.

(ii) Create objectives: Tourism objectives should basically be a subject of overall development for the nation, covering economy, social and cultural structure. Employment levels, opportunities for intellectual growth, enhancement of the investment potential, increased standards of living are to be the subset of the overall objectives.

(iii) Environmental planning: Tourist sites to be developed keeping an eye on avoiding damage to natural and cultural assets resulting from excessive concentration of tourism infrastructure. Development of infrastructure thus should be spread over other areas having tourist attraction, other than concentrating in one specific area.

(iv) Basic tourism infrastructure: Basic infrastructure required for tourism expansion vary from different areas as requirements of a mountain resort will be different from a sea resort, or some cultural attraction. Specific infrastructure like power, water, communication, sewage and drainage, roads and highways, parks, recreation and medical facilities are the basic development programmes which comprise the services and utilities necessary for the operation of a tourism destination.

(v) Monetary or financial planning: Successful tourism development depends considerably on financial

67

investment. Assessment of cost to be incurred on both infrastructure and superstructure and finance available from public, private agencies and foreign capital plays a vital role in tourism planning.

(vi) Manpower planning: Tourism being a basically a service industry and the staff being a representative of the country, professional and efficient management is a basic prerequisite. Planning and execution of training programmes like facility and equipment operation and maintenance, financial management, food and beverage services, personnel management, public relation expertise are the appropriate requirement.

(vii) Administrative planning: Administrative set-up handling legal aspects, planning-marketing, research, training, coordination of tourism programmes is a necessity for a successful tourism planning.

(viii) Tourism marketing and promotion: Preparation of marketing and promotional strategies aimed at launching a new tourism programme within and outside the country is a vital aspect in tourism planning. The various channels of communication like print media, audio-visual, advertising, public relation activities are selected and organized to reach the optimum number of target audience.

(ix) Monitoring and evaluating progress and time factor: Constant revision of progress and time involved is a vital aspect. Planning of future tourism programmes should be actioned keeping an eye on previous progress and time factor involved in projects for future programmes being launched.

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There were 353 officials and staff in the tourism department and most of them were found regular. Again, only 26 officials were found belonging to Class-I and Class-II category (Table 2.10)

Table: 2.10Class-wise Category of Officials & Non-Officials in Tourism

DepartmentSl.No.

Class Number of PostsPermane

ntTemporar

yTotal

1. Officer Indian Administrative Services

-- 1 1

2. Class-I Officer 9 3 123. Class-II Officer 12 1 134. Class-III Officer &

Employees229 2 231

5. Class-IV Employees 94 -- 946. Partime Sweeper -- 2 2

Total Posts 345 8 353Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004.

Department of Tourism, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh has already created employment to 13861 persons against the target of 15000 in private sector during 2004-05 (Table 2.11).

Table: 2.11Employment Creation in Private Sector

Sl. No.

Regional of Employment Creation

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05Targe

tAchieve

dTarge

tAchieve

dTarge

tAchieve

d1. Agra 4000 3575 4000 2750 4000 34202. Jhansi 500 640 500 642 350 3083. Lucknow 2000 1605 2000 1954 2000 21734. Allahabad 2500 2595 2500 2769 2650 27175. Bareilly 1000 820 1000 1278 1000 10966. Varanasi 1000 1795 1000 830 1000 10057. Gorakhpur 3000 918 3000 2779 3000 21758. Faizabad 500 400 500 419 500 4529. Meerut 500 323 500 480 500 515

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Total 15000

12671 15000

13911 15000

13861

Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004The state has been divided into various tourism circuits

important them is Buddhist Circuit. There are 9 offices under concerned officials who are responsible for managing tourism activities in various destinations. The details are given in the Table 2.12.

Table: 2.12Details of Administrative Offices

Name of Office Number of Officers

Director 1

Joint Director 1

Chief Public Relation Officer 1

Deputy Director 2

Assistant Director 1

Regional Tourism Officer 10

Tourism Officer 3

Assistant Tourism Officer 11

Welcome Office/Centre 5Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004.

There is more emphasis to exploit the emerging potentials of tourism in the lesser-known areas since major tourist places including eco-tourism destinations have been saturated to newly created state of Uttaranchal. The details of lesser-known tourist destinations in the selected areas are

70

shown in Table 2.13.

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Table: 2.13Lesser-Known Tourism Destinations

in Selected Regions Name of Office Destination

Agra 1. Govardha2. Barsana3. Nandgaon4. Gokul5. Radhakunj6. Mahavan7. Souron8. Firozabad9. Patna Bird Sanctuary10.Kitham Lake11.Sur Sarovar12.Raskhan Smadhi13.Nagla Chandrabhan14.Bateshwar15.Kusum Sarovar

Jhansi 1. Deogarh2. Kalinjar3. Mahoba4. Rajapur5. Charkhari6. Banda7. Kalpi

Varanasi 1. Astabhuja – Kalikhoh2. Mirzapur3. Jaunpur4. Rihand Dam5. Bhadohi6. Churk

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7. Obra8. Rajdari9. Deodari10.Chandraprabha11.Markenday Mahadev12.Tanda Vindham13.Chunar14.Jargo Dam15.Sitamarhi

Lucknow 1. Hargaon2. Golagokarannath3. Nemsharana4. Surajkund5. Dadhich Kund6. Surya Kund7. Misrikh8. Jais9. Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary10.Chandrika Devi11.Buxar12.Pariyar13.Kannaunj14.Sankisha15.Kampil16.Bithoor17.Kanpur18.Sandi19.Hardoi20.Lakhimpur Kheri – Dudhwa

National Park21.Chinhat22.Budheshwar23.Bakshi Ka Talab24.Samaspur Bird Sanctuary25.Lakh Bahosi Bird

Sanctuary26.Kartaniya Ghat

Source: Source: Tourist Statistical Book, 2004.

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U.P. Tourism Policy and Action Plan:In order to give multi-dimensional shape to tourism

industry, a New Tourism Policy has been announced by the U.P. Government, in 1998, which is a step forward in the direction of planned development of tourism in U.P. and a useful document for exploring vast potential existing in U.P. and having far reaching results. The new tourism policy envisages an ambitious target of generating direct-employment opportunities for five lakh persons and indirect-employment to about 50 lakh persons in next ten years. It is proposed to increase the number of approved hotels and improve available infrastructure. The main objectives of the policy are (Govt. of U.P., 1998):

(1) objectives to promote tourism with the tourist and pilgrims as the tours;

(2) to provide special facilities to the 'religious', 'adventure' and 'monument based traveller;

(3) to improve the efficiency of the industry, for enhanced social & economic benefit, and consequential increased economic benefits, including increased employment generation;

(4) to ensure the participation of all the stake holders in society, including the travel, trade and tourism industry;

(5) to provide quality services to all domestic & international consumers and stake holders;

(6) to prepare and improve Master Plans for integrated development and marketing of identified circuits;

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(7) to improve, diversify and expand the marketing of the tourism products of our state.

The new policy envisages to increase approved hotels, currently of the 2170 available in the state only 80 are of approved category with a total capacity of about 500 beds. Policy seeks to raise the number of accredited hotels to 300 and bed capacity to over 15000 in the next ten years. Similarly, it envisages to raise the level of foreign visitors from 360 lakh to 1000 lakh. Interestingly, to enhance the income generation from Rs. 900 to Rs. 1000 per domestic tourist and from Rs. 34,000 to Rs. 45,000 per foreign tourist (both at current prices) within a decade by attracting more upmarket tourists through the value addition to the tourism more upmarket tourists through value addition to the tourism product and improved facilities (Dixit and Singh, 1999).

The main strategies formulated so far under the new policy are as follows (Govt. of U.P. 1998):

(1) To develop the necessary infrastructure facilities through private public partnership.

(2) Priority by the government to the development of basic infrastructure facilities viz. roads, aviation services, rail, surface and water transport, assured electric supply, telecom facilities, drinking water, sewage facilities and accommodation.

(3) Reorganization of circuits for integrated development, publicity, promotion and marketing. A master plan be prepared for each circuit, utilizing services of expert consultants in the planning and execution.

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(4) To create corpus funds for the development of basic amenities, conservation and maintenance.

(5) Upgradation, modernization and profitable management of the Uttar Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation (UPSTDC), Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam, Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam and privatization of units wherever necessary.

(6) To develop and publicise new tourism products and attractions like yoga, spiritual knowledge, Ayurveda, naturopathy, adventure sports, eco-tourism water cruises, film locales, diverse cuisines, traditional attire, and crafts, village life etc.

(7) Promotion of eco-tourism in the hills, forests with water bodies to preserve the environment.

(8) Restoration of ancient places, havelies, buildings, forts, and introduction of a Heritage Hotel Subsidy Scheme.

(9) Formulation of Standards for tourism units and introduction of an incentive scheme to facilitate their adoption by the private sector.

(10) Extension projection of the available facilities, tourist sports and attractions of the state domestically and internationally through advertisements, and promotional media vehicles.

(11) Effecting an awareness campaign in civil society to create a favourable atmosphere and affinity towards tourism.

(12) To create sufficient facilities related human resources development of upgrading and improving the

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management of the Tourism Management Institute and Food Crafts Institute, besides establishing new one if necessary.

(13) Strengthening and expansion of the department tourism organization through a modern work culture and qualitative improvement in employees, better organization of festivals, incentives to the tourism industry, and establishment of special cell for efficient collection of data and research work.

Action Plan: The proposed action plan envisages the following main points:

(1) Identification & Development of circuits for speedy tourism development: The following circuits were proposed to create in the state: (1) Buddhist Circuit, (2) Bundelkhand Circuit, (3) Avadh Circuit, (4) Vindhya Circuit, (5) Brij (Agra-Mathura) Circuit, (6) Kumaon Circuit, (7) Gharwal Circuit, (8) Char Dham Circuit, (9) Forest, Eco-Tourism and Adventure Sport Circuit, (10) Water Cruise Circuit.

(2) Tourism related activities and units: (1) Creation of tourism related infrastructure, (2) hotel and restaurants,

(3) Wayside amenities with restaurants and parking space on National and State Highways, (4) Tourist resort/tourism village, (5) Amusement parks and children parks etc., (6) Establishment of walks like nature walks, city walks, heritage walks, etc., (7) Manufacturing and promotion of items related to the

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traditional crafts and other arts, (8) Works pertaining to preservation of cultural and historical heritage monuments, (9) Establishment of tourist deforestation centre, (10) Tourism related human resource development activities, (11) Establishment and management of museums, (12) Tourism activities pertaining to environmental conservation/Jungle saffaris, (13) Paying guest schemes (home stay facilities), (14) Facilities for adventure sports such as trekking, mountaineering, rock climbing, water sports, rafting and canoeing skating, skiing, angling, airports etc., including in these activities, (15) Arranging package tours/ conducted tours, (16) Establishment and operation of ropeways, (17) Yoga, Ayurveda, and Naturopathy centres, (18) Construction and operation of traditional Bajra/house boats etc. (19) Establishment of boats clubs and operation of different types of boats.

(3) Development of infrastructure facilities: (1) Regular electric supply, (2) modern tele facilities, (3) Rail, air and water transport, (4) A convenient road network as per the state road policy, (5) Creation of accommodation facilities, (6) Water and sewage facilities.

(4) Facility for NRI's.

(5) Incentives to the private sector for development infrastructure facilities: (1) Industry status to tourism, (2) Luxury tax, (3) Subsidy schemes, (4) Tax holiday, (5) Grant of loans, (6) Tourism self employment scheme, (7) Bar licence, (8) Simplification of approvals.

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(6) Role of corporations.

(7) Steps for organizational strengthening: (1) Setting up of tourist policy, (2) Renovation of ancient buildings, (3) Powers of tourism department, (4) Development of adventure tourism, (5) Eco-tourism, (6) Privatization of hill region, (7) Cultural tourism, (8) Single table under single roof system, (9) Craft villages and craft markets, (10) Advertising and publicity, (11) Promotion of tourism through films, (12) Tourism organizations, (13) Modernization, (14) Consultancy services, (15) Human resource development (16) Awareness about tourism, (17) Inter-departmental coordination, (18) Constitution of friend of tourism, (19) Autonomous societies at district-level, (20) Tourism advisory committee, (21) Development of inter-state circuits, (22) Role of government of India.

In order to encourage more and more tourists from within the country and abroad, a multi-dimensional approach is being given to various tourism development programmes so that they could be implemented in a planned manner, however with the creation of new state of Uttaranchal, most of the tourists destinations particularly eco-tourism destinations have been saturated therefore, a separate new policy of tourism development in U.P. is imperative. The new policy should focus on exploring new tourism dimensions for development and promotion of new and lesser known tourism destinations and their strategic management.

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