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CHAPTER VI

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

Idukki farmers claim that they were the suppliers of spices to the world through the Arab traders.

When Vasco Da Gama found a sea route to India demand for spices reached its maximum. It is

only after the institution of WTO they find difficult to sell their products at a reasonable price

and earn a living.

Farmers in Idukki say that from 1800 onwards their forefathers reached this forest area migrating

from different parts of Kerala and working hard they earned for two centuries. Globalization

policies – they mean import of spices and price crash in the market – compel them to leave this

land and they want to go to urban centres to get some employment. They cannot believe that

agriculture will support their growing demands. Many farmers stopped cultivation and sold their

land and left for other places for finding their livelihood. Others are also mentally prepared to

leave the area before the global giants would swallow them.

Endosulphan is a banned pesticide in the European countries and the same product has no

restriction in spice cultivating areas of Kerala. Aged farmers told the researcher that the people

accustomed in that area was tapioca chips and banana chips. Now Idukki shops are filled with

Lays, Chittoos, Kurkure chips which are banned in USA because of the use of poisonous taste

makers. An N.G.O. worker told the researcher that the MNCs are like Eagles, if chased from one

area they will land in another area.

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Multinationals like Coco Cola and Cadburys want cocoa from the farmers. The price of Coco

Cola was Rs. 8 in 1990 and for the Cadburys chocolate the price was Rs. 1. The Coco Cola has

increased its price to Rs. 25 and Cadburys to Rs. 10 in 2010, but the cocoa price is the same and

sometimes it is not even collected from the Idukki farmers. The farmers are deprived.

Globalization has made the profits of the Multinational companies grow several times while the

income of the Idukki people has become reduced. Before the New Economic Policy the price of

cardamom was Rs. 900. When discussions are conducted behind closed doors and decisions are

taken at high levels the poor Idukki farmer is the loser. Because the cardamom price became

down to Rs. 225 in 1995.

In 1990s when liberalization policies were announced the Idukki people did not know anything

about the change of policies and its consequences. When he reached the markets only he

understood that it is either rejected or demanded only at a lower price. The poor farmers in

Idukki thus understood the policy changes only from the effects of government decisions. It was

a quick step of the government done poorly on the farmers.

In 1999 when the price of vanilla has reached Rs. 23,000 per Kg and the Idukki farmer was ready

to supply it. But U.S.A who was a large importer of natural vanilla amended her rules and opted

for synthetic vanilla which in turn eroded the entire investment of the Idukki farmers. When free

trade was introduced European farmers were protected by “green box” and it was objected by

other countries and they changed the name to “blue box” and continued their support to their

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farmers. Idukki farmer is never supported by such measures at times of troubles. His losses

become personal debts and his products become a household waste.

MNCs are buying land for large scale farming and introduce latest technologies. Idukki farmer is

a marginal farmer and it is suicidal for him to compete with these techno giants. Spice cultivation

is an area which needs constant support from the research and development wing. Since

globalization private agencies are investing in these areas and the fruits of research are not

reaching the idukki farmers. Many a time problems and questions of the spice cultivators are

unsolved and unanswered. Findings of the private research are protected by the patent rights and

it never reaches the Idukki farmers who need it urgently.

Idukki is a forest area and it supplies food, fodder, wood, water, fertilizer and maintains

ecological balance. People of Idukki told the researcher that if they cut a branch of a tree in their

compound forest officials took action against them. But every night more than 50 lorries of forest

wood is going to the cities and no vehicle is checked and taken into custody by the forest or

police officials. The indigenous farmers are affected. The culprits are unknown.

World Trade Organization is a one horse organization that never concerned about the farmers in

Idukki. Though hundreds of reports came in the media about suicide deaths in Idukki no

international agency has come to study the stock of the situation. Chief officials of this

organization have never discussed such an important issue which affects the small and marginal

farmers. When they included agricultural commodities they were only worried about the prices

and profits come out of that. But what happens to the farmers who produce these items never

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come to their tables for discussion. And the Idukki farmer became a handicapped loser in the

competition trade.

Idukki District produces jack fruits and mangoes in April and May and during these months

Idukki farmers say no western country produce these items in the same period. So Idukki can be

a unique supplier of these items. But because of the absence of processing technologies jack

fruits and mangoes are wasted and lost. International technical assistance never come to rescue

the Idukki farmer.

Multinational companies supply high quality seeds, powerful pesticides, fertilizers and

chemicals through the market with wide publicity. Experience of the Idukki people is that MNC

proposals were misleading short sighted, impractical and uneconomic in many instances. They

expect right policy from the government and nongovernmental organizations. They feel

disappointed when there is no such effort from the responsible agencies including the scientists

and the technologists.

Rich countries spend $ 1 billion a day for subsidizing their farm products. Over the past they

have been increasing it. This is against the agreement and spirit of the Uruguay Round Talks and

it directly affects the interests of the Idukki cultivators.

Idukki District is a forest area. In the past every nook and corner of the District found all types of

Monkeys, Bears, Porcupines, Wild Pigs, Wild Goats, Tigers, Bisons and Elephants and it was

common. Now we could see these animals only in the catchment area of the Gundala dam which

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is in the border of Idukki and Tamilnadu border. In the place called Anachal (means the place of

elephants) there is no elephant and in the place called Bison Valley there are no bisons.

The researcher has visited the place called Pazhamthottam (which means fruits garden) and

found no fruits cultivation. People said that since new economic policy they stopped fruits

cultivation.

Before globalization farmers proudly said “I have 3 acres of land”, after 1991 reforms, they

consider land as a liability and agricultural activity as a burden.

Before 1950 Idukki was a dense forest and it was the migrated people who made the area into an

arable land. Their basic attitude was a hard work culture. The globalization has made this people

into a group of pleasure loving, not working, easy going, and time wasting culture.

Even award winning farmers in the District are leaving the field of agriculture, saying not

remunerative and risky.

Before 1991 Reforms the farmer was a gainer, now he is a loser. Now the trend is that Farmers

are selling their valuables like jewels, iron box, aluminum, copper or bronze vessels, goats, cows,

etc.

The shop owners in the study area told the researcher that sales were poor and even during

festival times total sales were meagre. Farmers had no ready cash and they were in constant debt.

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Before the New Economic Policy average consumption of gold for a marriage was 160 grams,

since 1991 it was reduced to 50 grams. Jewellers in Idukki District said that farmers are afraid of

entering into the jewels shop.

When the Idukki farmer cannot sell his product in the market and he becomes a debtor he

engages in the anti-social activities. He goes to the forest and cuts trees and sells it. Poisoning or

skinning big trees are done when there is crisis for the farmer.

When the affluent farmer digs a deeper bore well and collects under water, the marginal farmer’s

fields go dry. It is very expensive to dig a well in the hilly areas.

When there is no remunerative price for the agricultural products farmers stopped cultivation.

Advertisements were appearing in the news papers about sales of lands. Farmers engaging in the

land brokerage activities found everywhere.

Network marketing classes conducted by RMP, Amway and Modicare collected huge amount of

money from farmer households. Fraud groups like Skybiz and Care and Concern Collected large

amounts of money and absconded. Thousands of farmers are cheated and lost money in Idukki

District.

The Western media has imported a culture of enjoyment in the minds of the youth in the place of

culture of hard work and responsibility that was prevalent in the past. The youth wants to show

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off a borrowed western identity in their dress, life style and thinking pattern. It is from the media

that the people get these borrowals. The attitude is that “how to win without hardwork. They

spend much of their time before cricket matches and western movies.

The Idukki youth is ashamed of being and becoming a farmer. A 10th standard educational

qualification ego does not allow the youth to work in the farms.

When there is a crop failure women folk suffer the lion’s share of the impact of the loss. If the

family is in debt the first thing is to take the ornaments of women. When plough and oxen were

introduced men were preferred to women. Same is the case when tractors were introduced. Any

technological advancement results in the loss of bread and butter of the women folk.

Women work long hours. They are subjected to other people’s decisions. At times of deaths of

the husband it is the husband’s father or brother who continues to take major decisions about

land, education of children and marriage of children. Idukki women consume less food than they

should. If there is little food in the family that little is kept aside for men and it is again the

women who suffer hunger and malnutrition. They eat only what is left over after feeding their

husbands and children.

The attitude of the Idukki people is that the girl child has to do all household and farming

activities then only she has to go to school in the morning. Even after coming from school she

has enough work at home. Only after doing all the work in the family she can take her books or

go to bed.

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Since globalization change of crop is frequent. They do not consider the climatic conditions or

the fertility of the soil. If the price of cocoa is high people of Idukki destroys all other crops and

do it. When Vanila price went high people did the same. Now the price of cardamom is high and

the farmer is destroying all other crops and planting it. It is a demand push cultivation. They

have never profited anything from this demand push cultivation. They have always lost the

capital and hard work because of this. And these people have never learned a lesson from history

or from their own experience.

Idukki farmer has tried various crops and failed. Globalization policies implanted in them a geo

culture of despair. Various failures have made them to think and speak in terms of skepticism.

The common term they use is “fed up” (mathiyayi).

Formerly the agricultural decisions were based on needs of the society. Globalization has made

this need based cultivation into a greed based one.

When there is a depression in the industry, farm products are less demanded and the farmer is in

trouble. Sometimes the world production of pepper, cardamom and other spices increase. The

result will be greater import of these items and it results in the abject poverty of the Idukki

farmer who produces it.

When Indian companies are sold to the Multinational corporations, they buy raw materials and

farm products from the international markets and the produces of the Idukki farmer go unsold.

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Investment anywhere will have a trickling down effect on the income of the people everywhere.

When the Indian government decides to disinvest, it is the farmer community which is affected

indirectly since they form 70 percentages.

Farmer needs large amount of capital on long term basis and at low interest rates at times of

change of crop or for re-plantation. The public sector banks were notorious for their formalities

to give loans to the farmers. Since the private sector banks as well as the public sector banks

avoided the farmers’ causes, they were forced to reach out to the money lenders which made

them in trouble permanently.

The bank interest is very high for the farmer. If the farmer fails to remit an installment the bank

charges a penalty for the entire amount. Again if the farmer is late in paying the installment he

will have to pay the interest for the interest, penalty amount, and principal amount. Even the

postal expenses and late fee amounts are charged against the farmers.

When a bank advertises they say the interest is 12 per cent. But the actual amount the farmer has

to pay will be more than that. In fact the farmers have remitted huge amounts for a small loan

they have taken. In fact they are afraid of hidden costs of the loans. The new generation banks

were never interested in the problems of the farmers. They have started many branches in the

cities but they have completely avoided the agricultural centres.

It is very difficult to get a loan for investment in farm, but for washing machines, mixer, juicer,

grinder, oven, and two wheelers there are many agencies to give loans at competitive and very

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low interest rates. These items saved much of their time. The additional time they got was spend

for watching T.V and for buying it there is no interest at all.

When money comes into the hands of the farmer very often he thinks about spending in an

unproductive way. Loans taken have never been gone to modernizing their farms. But it was

diverted to the celebration of social functions. They are still following the technology of 100

years back what their forefathers were doing. Even today there is no change at all.

Idukki farmer has lost the sense of budgeting his income. He always spends his money in a

frugal manner without a plan about future. When the money at hand is over he is unequipped and

depressed.

Globalization has filled a spirit of competition among the people. They forgot the values of co-

operation. When they understand that they are long behind in the race compared to their

neighbours and relatives a feeling of despair and darkness engulf them and they take the extreme

step.

The major reason for suicides is family problems. Absence of communication, infights,

disrespect for elders, infidelity, erosion of values all have resulted in suicides. With the advent of

mobile phones and internet extra marital relationships have become easy and it is very common

which shook the foundations of the family.

Suicides are more among men compared to women.

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Formerly the aged were considered an asset. Now the trend is that they have become a liability.

The reason for the death of farmers was they wanted to escape from the indifference of their sons

and in-laws.

The second major reason for suicides was alienation from the land. They worked hard and there

was not enough output. And for the little output they did not get enough price in the market.

When various attempts in agriculture give no yield they simply conclude that there is no meaning

for life. And they said fed up with life. There is a geo culture of despair among the farmers.

In the mountainous area there is no scope for any type of enjoyment. Every day they work from

dawn to dusk, they eat the same food. Since their houses are far away and isolated there is no

chance for community enjoyment. There is no scope for indoor games or outdoor games. It is

very rare to see a football ground or volley ball court in the study area. If they sit in front of the

T.V. the themes of the subjects which they cover is always negative. The channels telecast

crimes, family issues and the way they present it not in a constructive way but destructive

manner

.

Very often they postpone medical treatments thinking that they will lose a day’s wages. Only in

an advanced stage they approach the medical practitioner in the government hospital at

somebody else’s compulsion. When they approach the government hospital the doctors refer to

the medical college or a private hospital for specialized care. At this stage the patient has to take

a decision either to sacrifice his family or his life. Since he loves his family more he decide to die

committing suicide.

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When a farmer has to go for an expensive treatment the government hospitals are short of

facilities. He cannot approach the private hospitals because of the high expenses. Very often

money is being prioritized for other social compulsions, marriages, celebrations, birth of a child,

death ceremonies etc.

There is a taboo among the high range people that once a mental patient means always a maniac.

In the beginning stages of the disease nobody cared. Only in the advanced stages medical

assistance will be sought. And recovery will be very difficult. If he recovers no one

acknowledged him as normal including his own members of the family. Here also the patient

takes a decision to die.

A major reason for the suicide of the farmer is the easy availability of the highly poisonous

pesticide called furadan. It looks like sugar and there is no distaste or smell for this pesticide.

When a problem comes the farmer takes and consumes it without any hesitation or second

thought.

There is a fear complex among the people of Idukki District. Since it is a forest area they feel

that they may be chased away one day. Banks do not accept the land documents as a guarantee.

Very often they cannot mortgage or sell their property. They are also afraid of construction. They

feel that they are in a forest in exile. Very often it is the marriage of a daughter that made the

farmer a debtor or any other social function.

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When a suicide takes place all the channels, news papers and magazines celebrate it for days and

weeks and the dead person becomes a hero among the living.

Indebtedness as projected by the media about the suicides in Idukki District cannot be accepted.

The reasons for suicides are multidimensional – social, economic, cultural and psychological

inter related to each other.

In a snake and ladder game there is ups and downs. But here what happens is that the farmer is in

a vicious cage encircled by snakes. Only the genuine government steps can act as ladders to save

the farmers. Otherwise cry of the farmers will be on the rise.

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SUMMARY

Agriculture matters because they feed the country and the prosperity of the farmer becomes the

necessary precondition for the progress of all other sectors. The New Economic Policy of 1991

allowed unrestricted imports of agricultural products into our country which had terrific

consequences on the farmer communities especially on Idukki District since it is producing

spices for export. Liberalization policies resulted in the breaking of the great wall of tariff

protections to the farmers and prices of the agricultural products marked lesser than the cost of

production which made the Idukki farmer indebted. Privatization measures affected the farmer

negatively and he was forced to pay for everything previously he was getting free of cost

including health services. The western countries considered India as a supplier of raw materials

during the colonial period; even today they want to continue the same policies through World

Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund and World Bank. While the West is protecting

their farmers by introducing ‘green box’, blue box, and change of rules etc. Indian farmer face

less demand, low prices and indebtedness and death.

The new ideology is that farmers want to produce that item which commands maximum profits.

Formerly they invested according to the needs of the society based on the capabilities of the soil

and climatic conditions. Now they want to produce the item which commands maximum profits.

On this race for profit there is no gain but there is irreparable loss. The thinking pattern of the

farmer has changed from hard work to smart work that is doing little and gaining maximum

without sweating. The youths of this farmer community want to enjoy an executive life without

working under the sun. Since agricultural production is unprofitable land has become a

commodity for sale rather than a means to production. Another trend is that conversion of

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agricultural land for non agricultural purpose is a rule. Public sector banks are putting many

impediments to finance the farmers and the formalities to get a loan are very complicated.

Therefore money lenders have more business than the established banks. While the bank

managers are taking many pains to find out reasons to give loans to the affluent they mercilessly

turn away the genuine farmer who wants to dig a well to protect his farm.

Vagaries in the international market erode the financial soundness of the farmer community.

Department of agriculture have no role in the lives of the farmers. Government decisions very

often results in the depletion of their income and assets. When there is a larger cry from the

farmers, government is always very slow to respond to the farmer. Only at times of election there

are serious thoughts about farmers and promises. After each election every leader put aside the

cases of the farmers.

Idukki farmer is confronting with various crises viz. unscientific methods of production, poor

returns from the land, poor quality seeds, soil erosion, Inadequate irrigation facilities, high labour

cost, less price for farm, excessive use of pesticides, frequent plant diseases, no storage facilities,

no value addition, for the raw products, frequent attack of wild fires, shortage of soil testing

units, no timely assistance from the government departments, no expert advice but there is

misleading and short sighted pieces of advice from the agricultural universities, no serious

research and development, division and fragmentation of land, paucity of farm machinery,

influence of western culture, ponzi schemes introduced by the city experts to trap the poor farmer

community, absence of land documents etc.

The media of Kerala is writing about the deaths of farmers. Every day one could read the news

of a farmer suicide in the newspapers. And the news says it is because of the debt that the

farmers are committing suicide. The researcher has visited 135 families of the farmers where

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suicides have taken place and collected the underlying reasons behind their deaths. The major

reason for their death was not economic but social problems such as family issues, fed up with

life, chronic diseases, mental illness, and loneliness. In Idukki district the researcher has not

found a farmer who has committed suicide because of indebtedness.

The study of Idukki farmers brought out many important issues with regard to the socio

economic impacts of globalization. This paved the way for profit making for the multinational

companies by exploiting illiterate farmers. The changes in the market unleashed various

problems in the family relations, kinship, between parents and children, between in laws and led

to quarrels. In addition the head of the family is under the clutch of money lenders, urban shop

keepers, government officials in one way or other. Thus globalization did not mean globalization

of happiness and peace in the case of Idukki farmers. Contrary to this it meant exploitation of

spice cultivating peasants even though they have the rich fertile land and hard working capacity.

This necessitates to have extra care on Kerala farmers by the government and the international

agencies. The policy implications and suggestions are given separately.

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SUGGESTIONS

1. Formerly hundreds of rivulets were running freely through the valleys of Idukki District.

Construction of various dams with foreign aid and technical assistance resulted in the

disappearance of flora and fauna of the area. In order to maintain the ecological balance water

must be allowed to flow from each dam at least in less volume through the rivulets it was

flowing. It will water the spice gardens of the farmers even during the summer season also.

2. Large number of farmers are leaving the field of agriculture including the awardees.

Government should see that their hard work is duly compensated in spite of the vagaries in the

international market.

3. When an Indian product is rejected by the importers or there is a problem in the international

market, the reasons must be sort out and immediate solutions must be given by the government

on a war time basis.

4. If the market price for the farm product is less than the cost of production, the government

should collect the farm products at a reasonable price. It is done sometimes, but very often too

late and at a very low price. This should be rectified.

5. At times of bumper crops and surplus produce, farm products command only very less price in

the market. In these situations government should collect it and store it. For this purpose

government should have modern storage facilities in the agrarian centres.

6. If the farmer stores his produce in the government stores, vouchers must be given to the

farmers against which he should be able to take loans from the banks.

7. For replantation, or change of crop farmer must be financed by the scheduled banks at least for

a period of 3 years.

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8. All the banks must be farmer friendly and they should have farmer’s cells. They should ease

the formalities for giving loans to the farmers. Application forms and formalities of getting loans

to the farmers must be the same all over India.

9. Interest for the farmer should be uniform all over India. There should be no difference

between the commercial banks, cooperative banks and land mortgage banks. The Reserve Bank

of India should give directions to all the banks and see that they follow the rules.

10. Commercial banks and the new generation banks should start banking services in the

agricultural centres too. At least 4:1 should be the urban rural ratio for banks.

11. Banks and agricultural officers should ensure that loans taken for agricultural purpose is not

used for social celebrations.

12. In each village soil tests must be done and the agricultural institutions should promote only

those items which are suitable in that area. This does not mean innovation is to be discouraged

but price pushed cultivation should not be encouraged.

13. The youth is in the cross roads. They have neither imbibed the positive aspects of our age old

tradition nor understood the pitfalls of western culture. Educational institutions must have a

master plan to inculcate the cultural aspects of the country in the minds of the youth.

14. Schools, colleges and Universities, must have farming units. In each District best school

farms must be selected and given cash awards. Even in the state and national level educational

institutions must be given cash awards which produces, food, spices, flowers etc.

15. Youth should be attracted to the farms. Young farmer’s awards must be given to best

students in each institution. Grace marks also must be given to those students who engage in

farming like NSS volunteers in educational institutions.

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16. Debates, discussions, seminars etc. must be conducted in educational institutions about the

importance of agriculture and the recent developments in various countries in this field.

17. Farmers must be invited to various institutions for sharing their experiences with the others.

18. The Multinational Corporations usually buy raw materials from the international market

discarding the local farmers. When these MNCs were owned by Indian business men in the past

and they bought the raw materials from the local market. The MNCs sell their final products to

the Indian consumers in which 70 percent are farmers. So the MNCs should buy the raw

materials from the local markets. Discarding the farmers will reduce their capacity to buy and

will result in the pauperization of the farming community. The government also should take

steps to ensure that the MNCs buy raw materials from the local market.

19. In the import of western culture there are constructive aspects as well as destructive aspects.

Like other countries India should prevent the negative sides of the western culture.

20. Indian channels telecasting crimes, violence, sex and negativism must be at check constantly.

Propagating anything is not freedom.

21. The Panchayath should start cultural centres like libraries, arts clubs, sports centres, geriatric

centres, mahila centres etc. Arts, sports and literary competitions for the seniors, super seniors,

veterans, amateurs, masters, professionals etc. must be conducted during every season by the

Village Panchayaths, Block Panchayaths, and District Panchayaths and the State. Sports and arts

programmes will be a solution to the depressing situations and it will result in a healthy

competitive spirit among the farmers.

22. Tapping under water currents excessively by the rich must be controlled by law since it

makes the marginal farmers fields go dry.

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23. Innocent farmers are cheated by various agencies through advertisements of various cheating

schemes. Government should take stringent action against these persons and institutions.

24. Before the holes in the hulls have been repaired, before the captain gets training, before the

life vests have been put on, a boat should not be set off for a voyage. Developing countries are

like small boats. They should not be exposed for global competition all of a sudden by the central

government without necessary precautions. When there is a major policy change in the

agricultural sector farmers must be made aware about the precautions. When the gates of our

markets are open on a fine morning on the basis of liberalization policies, the poor ignorant

farmer will have to grope in darkness. Before asking those farmers to compete with the

international market government must train the farmers fit for that. A farmer who is well trained

will never be drowned at times of troubles.

25. Very often it is the marriage of a daughter that puts the farmer’s family in debt. Therefore

direct financial assistance must be given for the marriage of daughters of farmers at low interest

rates. And the loan amount should cover to buy at least 40 grams of gold.

26. Media should not give wider propaganda for the suicides among the farmer communities

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POLICY IMPLICATIONS

1. When the land is made fallow it is the creativity of the farmer community that is sacrificed. In

South Indian States rice producers have started to keep the land idle. This is not a good trend. So

the Government should see that every year each farm is cultivated and the farmer gets seeds,

manure, and technical assistance and finance at lower interest rates.

2. Government should have a discussion with the media persons about the news of suicides in the

agricultural sector and its impact on the farmers. Because in the national level media is

competing to report with all the details of the suicides of the farmers.

3. District collectors in the agricultural centres should vigilantly watch the farmers’ problems.

Bimonthly meetings must be conducted with the farmers in order to understand their problems

and for finding solutions.

4. When the West take measures to protect their farmers the Central Government and State

Government also should take measures to protect our farmers.

5. In India the urban areas are having sports and arts facilities. But in the rural areas facility for

community enjoyment is only minimum. And in the hilly areas there is no facility at all. It is high

time that the government should take measures for that.

6. The present day youth does not want to work in the farms. In schools, colleges and universities

there must be awareness programmes for the younger generations about agriculture, floriculture

and fish culture.

7. The Central Government must enact laws against ponzi schemes. A vigilant police cell is

necessary for this purpose.

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8. We cannot compete with other countries with the age old methods of production. Our farmers

must be given training and make them technically equipped.

9. When other countries make blue box and green box Indian administration always complain

about it. It is good that we also do it.

10. Hospitals in the rural areas must be hygienic and with good facilities. Specialists must visit

hill stations once in a month.

11. Only after due consultations the central government should enter into treaties with the

international organizations and foreign countries.

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APPENDICES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter I

1. Geetha P. “Shifts in Cropping Pattern in Kerala”, (Oct.2006), Ph.D. Thesis, M.G. University,

Kottayam.

2. Geetha P. Ibid

Chapter II

1. T.K. OOmmen: “Deepening Disparities Working Out a New Global Ethic”, Times of India, 9th Dec

1999.

2. www.forbes.com

3. Prabhath Patnaik: “Globalization of Capital and Terms of Trade Movements”, A paper submitted in the

international conference on Agrarian Relations and Rural Development in Less Developed countries; 3rd

to 6th Jan 2002, Kolkata, Edited by V.K. Ramachandran and Madhura Swaminathan. Tulika Books, New

Delhi. Page Nos. 94 – 110.

4. Terence J. Byres: “Paths of capitalist Agrarian Transition in the Past and in the Contemporary

World”,Ibid., Page Nos. 54 – 83.

5. Joseph Stiglitz, (Winner of Nobel Prize for Economics in 2001): “Globalization and its

Discontents”,(2002), Penguin Books, England, Page No. 7.

6. Ryongyang and Pukchang : “North Korea”, The Economist, Vol. 370, No. 8366, March 13, 2004, Page

Nos. 29 - 30

7. Michael Chossudovsky: Under the Tutelage of the IMF – the case of Peru, EPW, Vol.No.7, Page No.

34347

8. Christian Medical Mission, Contact No 123, World Council of Churches (1992), Geneva, Book No.3