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CHAPTER TWOCHAPTER TWO
3 Basic Questions
1. What goods and services should be produced?
2. How should these goods and services be produced?
3. Who consumes these goods and services?
What to Value? Economic System – method
used by a society to produce and distribute goods and services
Easiest way to distinguish an economy is by who answers the basic questions OR who owns and controls the factors of production
Dependent upon that society’s goals and values.What should a society value? What do you value?Do different societies have different values?
Goals & Values Economic Efficiency – maximize what you can get
with what you have to work with. Economic Freedom – be able to make your own
decision from a variety of choices. Economic Security – knowing you can find the
goods/services that you need. safety net – set of government programs that protect
people experiencing unfavorable economic conditions Economic Equity – does everyone get the same? Economic Stability – can the economy remain
over time? Economic Growth – the economy must grow for a
nation to improve. standard of living – level of economic prosperity
Characteristics of Economies Ownership of resources
Who controls the factors of production
Role of governmentWhat should the government do or provide
Economic planDo you have one? Should you have one?
Characteristics of Economies Distribution of income
Who gets what?
Price controls What determines what things cost?
Private propertyIs ownership rewarded, encouraged?
Traditional Economies Relies on habit, custom,
or tradition to answer
the 3 basic questions.OR the village controls the factors
of production--resources are shared
Everything revolves around
family Your occupation would be what your ancestors have
always done
Small and close communities that engage in subsistence agriculture
Traditional Society ADVANTAGES Simple, natural, caring
DISADVANTAGES Struggle to cope with large
disasters Slow to adapt to change Lack modern conveniences No social mobilityhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HN3EecB9fGM&feature=related
Market EconomiesMarket Economies Individuals answer the basic
questions based on exchange or trade.Factors of production are
privately owned○ By businesses or individuals
Choices determine what is produced and who gets it.Most choice is purchase-driven
Also referred to as theFree Market, Free Enterprise or Capitalism.
Why Engage in Exchange? Self-interest motivates people to exchange and
tradeBy looking out for their own utility (getting what they
want) society becomes better off○ Producers seek greater profit, workers higher wages,
consumers the best deal and lowest price
Competition regulates the market and keeps it reasonably fairProducers seek to beat their rivals by gaining more
customersConsumers choose the producer that satisfies them best
Incentive – ways of altering behavior (taxes, punishment, candy) Economists believe few problems cannot be solved by the right
incentives
Invisible Hand – phenomenon by which a market operates fairly without planning Consumers get what they want, as do producers
The Free Market Market – arrangement of buyers
and sellers to exchange things. Flea market, ebay, street corner
Households / individuals own the factors of production
Markets organize trade and exchange in a non-fraudulent way (voluntary exchange) Allows all parties to benefit
“The meaning of economic freedom is this: that the individual is in a position to choose the way in which he wants to integrate himself into the totality of society.” ~Ludwig von Mises
Factor & Product Markets
All economic transactions take place on one of two markets
Factor market – resources are bought and sold (raw)Rent, land, labor
Product market – finished goods/services are bought and sold (cooked)
Raw vs. CookedRAW
Factors of production Resources “Raw materials”
COOKED
Goods and services Ready to be bought
and sold “Finished products”
Free Market AdvantagesFree Market Advantages Efficiency –
highly productive and responds rapidly to change
Freedom – work, produce, consume how/want you want
Potential for Growth – creative destruction, innovation
Consumer Sovereignty – “customer is king”If anyone rules the free market, it is the
consumerIf you don’t like it—don’t buy it!
Free Market Free Market DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Vast amounts of inequality and insecurityGreater chance of failureOR wealth is spread
unevenly Not only is a large
percentage of the population in poverty, but a disproportionate amount of the population holds the majority of the wealth
Command Economies Central government answers basic economic
questions.Government controls
the resourcesDistribution based on
equity
No choices given to people.Elite inner circle of
planners decide what & how much gets made along with how much to charge for it○ Thus the name “Central Planning”
Stalin at the Helm
Centrally Planned Centrally Planned EconomiesEconomies Government controls factors of
production and wages, sets prices and output goals
Communism - (authoritarian) complete governmental control
Socialism – blend of centrally planned and free market systemsincludes high degrees of regulation, high
taxation, large safety nets and some economic planning
Disadvantages:Central Planning No efficiency
Poor quality, shortages
Performance never meets ideals Lack of incentives
No innovation or profit, no private property, price controls
Sacrifice of individual freedoms Gov’t decides what industries are Gov’t decides what industries are
essential essential
Advantages: Central Planning No competition
Few business failures and few mega-rich citizens
Basic securityEssential amounts of most
necessities are availableEx: healthcare, cooking oil, bread…
General equalityMajority of population experiences
a similar lifeNo class divisions, jobs for mostWealth theoretically spread more evenly
Mixed Economies Market-based economy
with government making some
decisionsGood deal of
control and regulation
Most modern economies are mixed.China, India, the US
Modern Economies
Transition – economies typically moving from centrally planned to free-market are characterized by a few observations:
Privitization – businesses are transferred from state (gov’t) control to individuals, allows for competition
Less nationalization—fewer state-run firmsRespect for rule of law and private propertyEncourages outside investment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiXs7oBynYA
Bovine Economics Bovine Economics COMMUNISM: You have two
cows. The government takes both and gives you some of the milk.
SOCIALISM: You have two cows. The government takes one cow and gives it to your less fortunate neighbor.
TRADITIONAL: You have two cows; you want chickens; you set out to find another farmer who will trade eggs for milk.
CAPITALISM: You have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull.