Chapter Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education,

Chapter

Sixth Edition

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

Classical Civilization in Classical Civilization in the Eastern the Eastern Mediterranean: Persia Mediterranean: Persia and Greeceand Greece

5



The Spread of Aryan Settlement

I. The Persian Empire: A New Perspective in the Middle East

II. The Political Character of Classical Greece

III. The Hellenistic Period

IV. Greek and Hellenistic Culture

V. Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Society





The Persians

• 550 B.C.E., Cyrus the Great–Empire

•Conquered peoples retain culture• Zoroaster

–Good vs. evil–Last judgment



The Persian Empire in Its Main Stages



The Persian Empire: Parallel Power in the Middle East

• The Political Character of Classical Greece–Variety of polities

Aristocracy generally dominant

• Literacy–From 8th century B.C.E.

Iliad, Odyssey Basis for Hellenic culture



The Persian Empire: Parallel Power in the Middle East

• Architecture–Colonnaded buildings

• Arts–Sculpture–Black and red pottery



The Greek World



The City-State as a Political Unit

•City-states (polis)–Participation

Assemblies, councils

• 500s–Conflict between aristocracy and middling class

Reform

–Solon of Athens–Greater participation



The City-State as a Political Unit

• Poleis deeply united–Public religion–Political participation–Cultural events, e.g. theatre



The Rise of Democracy in Athens

• Solon• Peisistratus•Cleisthenes

–Council

• Popular assembly–Oversight of most of the government



The Rise of Democracy in Athens

•Offices filled by lot•Who was excluded?

–Women–Slaves–Foreigners and their children



Fragmentation and Unity

•Colonization–Spread of Greek culture–Expansion of trade

•Religious games–Truces–Competition–Olympics–Delphi



Fragmentation and Unity

•Conflict between cities–Persian Wars

Temporary unity Delian League• Dominated by Athens

–Athens versus Sparta Political contrast Competing alliances Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.E.

• Athenian surrender, 404 B.C.E.



Greece and Greek Colonies,c. 431 B.C.E.



The Hellenistic Period

• Spread of Greek rule, Greek culture• Formation of a common cultural area• Mediterranean, Near East



Macedonian Conquest

•Macedon compared to southern Greece–Monarchy v. city-state–Plains v. mountainous–Linguistic differences

• Philip II (359-336 B.C.E.)–By 338 B.C.E., Greece conquered



Alexander the Great

•Conquests, 334-331 B.C.E.

–Into India, Egypt–Cities founded

Alexandria

•Death, 323 B.C.E.



Alexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic World, c. 323 B.C.E.



Later Hellenistic States

•Division–“Successor states”–Alexander’s generals rule–Egypt: Ptolemies

Relative stability

–Persia: Seleucids–Macedonia: Antigonids

Civil wars



Later Hellenistic States

• Bactria–Blend of Indian and Greek culture



Creativity in Greek and Hellenistic Culture

•Religion, Philosophy, and Science–Religion

Pantheon of gods with human traits Mystery religions• More emotional




•Religion, Philosophy, and Science–Philosophy

Socrates• Skepticism

Plato

–Stoics Moral fortitude




•Religion, Philosophy, and Science–Science

Pythagoras Euclid Galen Archimedes



Literature and the Visual Arts

•Drama–Public, religious, typified by conflict–Sophocles

Tragedy

–Aristophanes Comedy




•Drama–Oral epic

Homer

–History Herodotus Thucydides




•Drama–Visual arts

Public• e.g. temples, victory sculpture

Human achievement central• Especially in Hellenistic period



Hellenistic Culture

• Focus on exact sciences–Geometry, medicine, etc.

• Art more emotional, less idealized• Philosophy emphasizes withdrawal, not

engagement



Patterns of Greek and Hellenistic Society

• Economic and Social Structure–Aristocracy

Power from land, military role

–Economic expansion, colonization Challenges role of aristocracy

–Merchants Ambiguous place in society

–Slavery From captives



Patterns of Greek and Hellenistic Society

•Men, Women, and Social Divisions–Patriarchy–Women

Legal and cultural disabilities

–Adultery in men tolerated Punishable in women

–Some improvement in Hellenistic period



A Complex Legacy

• Ideas–No lasting polities

• Artistic legacy–Direct and indirect–Consciously imitated, revived–Mingled with Middle Eastern legacy

Documents

Chapter Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education,