Chapter Outline Chapter 34: The Middle East, Africa and Latin America Since 1945 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. Brummett, et al Civilization, Past & Present

Brummett, et al Civilization, Past & Present

Chapter Outline

Chapter 34: The Middle East, Africa and Latin America Since 1945

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I. The Middle East, Post WarII. The Middle East, continuedIII. AfricaIV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins


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I. The Middle East, Post-War

A. Decolonization

EgyptGamal Abdel Nasser

overthrows King Faruq> Republic, 1953control of Suez

B. The Arab-Israeli ConflictArab League

rejects partitionMay, 1948, Israel

1967, Nasserthreatens wardefeated by Israel

1964, Palestinian Liberation Organization

(B. The Arab-Israeli Conflict)

1967, UN Resolution 242recognizes Israelorders return of landsSoviet Union aids Arab statesUS aids Israel and Arab states

Yom Kippur War, 1973Soviets and US square off1974, Egyptian-Israeli agreement

C. Oil Politics

1933, Ibn Sa’udconcession to Amoco

OPECIran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, VenezuelaEmbargo, 1973



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II. The Middle East, continued

A. Egyptian-Israeli Détente

1977, Anwar Sadatpeace talks with Israel

Camp David, 1978President CarterMenachim BeginAnwar Sadat

Sinai returned to Egypt> Egypt expelled from Arab

League



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II. The Middle East, continuedB. Turkey and Lebanon

Turkeyearly independence1946, multiparty elections1990s

Tansu Ciller, first female premierNecmettin Erbakan, first IslamistRefah party

Islamic reformoutlawed, 1998

Islamist Justice and Development

Partymoderate2002, 2/3’s majority

Recep Erdogan premier

LebanonFrench mandatePLO’s headquartersDruze

from Shi’ites1981, PLO attacks Israel

Beirut attacked

C. The Iranian RevolutionUS v. SovietsShah Mohammad Reza PahlaviIranian Communist party (Tudeh)

Mohammad Mosaddeq, Prime Minister

1978, student demonstrations> 1979, Shah flees

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinireturns, rulesWestern trends reversedSharia reimposed

Iran-Iraq war1980, Hussein attacks Iran1989, armistice

1997, Mohammad Khatamimove to Westre-elected, 2001



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II. The Middle East, continuedD. Toward a New Balance

EgyptAnwar Sadat

Muslim BrotherhoodHosni Mubarak

Saddam Hussein1990, Kuwait attacked

UN responseJordan, PLO aid Iraq1991, Iraq bombed

2003, overthrown1993, Arafat and Yitzhak

Rabinfive-year plan1995, Rabin assassinated

2001, World Trade Center attacked

E. Islamist FactionsHamas

rejects Israel

Al-QaedaOsama Bin Laden



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III. Africa

A. Trends1950s, 1960s, independence for

many

Organization of African Unityfounded, 1963

1980s, second wave of independence

Capitalism v. communism, socialism

Neocolonialismties remain with colonizers

IMFStructural Adjustment Programsmarket model

AIDS



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III. Africa

A. Trends1950s, 1960s, independence for

many

Organization of African Unityfounded, 1963

1980s, second wave of independence

Capitalism v. communism, socialism

Neocolonialismties remain with colonizers

IMFStructural Adjustment Programsmarket model

AIDS



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III. AfricaB. North Africa

Tunisia, Morocco1956, independence

AlgeriaFront for National Liberation (FLN)Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)

1992 elections1995, General Liamine Zéroual

(B. North Africa)

LibyaMuammar al-Qadhaffi

1969, overthrows monarchyinspired by NasserJamahiriya

socialism + Islam1977, “Socialist People’s Libyan Arab

Jamahiriya”North Africa,

2004



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C. Middle Africa

Ghana1957, Kwame Nkrumah

prime minister> dictator

1966, coup> military rule

1969, elections restored2000, John Kufuor

Nigeria1960, independence1966, military coup1967, Republic of Biafra

secessionOlesegun Obasanjo

elected 1993, 2003

Middle Africa, 2004



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III. AfricaDemocratic Republic of Congo

1960, independence

Joseph Mobutu Sese Seko (1930-97)coup, 1965> Zaïre

Laurent Kabilauprising, 1997

The Democratic Republic of Congo, 2004



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III. AfricaB. Northeastern Africa

EthiopiaHaile Selassie1973, faminemilitary coup, 1974Mengistu Haile Meriam

> socialismDergue, council

SomaliaSiad Barré, from Maréhan clan

1991, civil war> famine

RwandaHutus v. Tutsis1974, Juvenal Habyarimana

Hutu1990, Tutsi rebels from Uganda

> civil warHutu massacre of Tutsis, 1994Paul Kagame

Northeastern Africa, 2004



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C. Southern Africa1974, Portuguese coup

> independence for coloniesAngola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau

AngolaNational Union for the Total

Independence of Angola

(UNITA)aided by US

Movement for the Popular Liberation of Angola

(MPLA)aided by Soviet Union and Cuba

Zimbabwe1960s, rebellion against white ruleJoshua Nkomo, Robert Mugabe

boycott 1978 elections> new elections, 1980

Mugabe president

Africa, 2004



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III. AfricaC. Southern Africa

South Africa1948, apartheid

Population Registration ActGroup Areas Actbased on Bantustans

Protest1956, women’s march, Pretoria1976, student protests

1989, F. W. de Klerklegalizes banned partiesfrees Nelson Mandela

1994, free electionsMandela elected president

1999, 2004Thabo Mbeki president

Namibia1966, South Africa’s mandate

ended

South-West Africa Peoples’ Organization

(SWAPO)

Southern Africa, 2004



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IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt

A. The Perils of the Postwar EraDebt

1970: $27.6 billion1980: $2311990: $417.6

Drug trade

B. The Yankee FactorOrganization of American States

194835 countries

Alliance for ProgressJohn F. Kennedyeconomic support

1978, Panama Canal Zone treatyto Panama, 1999

1989, U.S. invasion of Panama

C. South America

BrazilJuscelino KubitshekJoão Goulart, 1961-64Fernando Cardoso, 1994, 1998

ArgentinaJuan PerónPerónistas1976, military rule

disparadosMothers of the Plaza del Mayo

1989, Carlos Menem

1999, Fernando de la Rúa2001, resignsbankruptcy



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IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or RevoltD. The Caribbean

Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom)

Jamaicamixed economyJamaican Labour Party (JLP)People’s National Party (PNP)

Michael ManleyEdward Seaga, JLP1989, Manley reelected1992, Percival Patterson

CubaFulgensio Batista

1934-581953, Fidel Castro

Communist1990s, opening

(D. The Caribbean)

Haiti

1957, François Duvalier(Papa Doc)Tontons Macoutes

1971, Jean-Claude Duvalier(Baby Doc)1986, forced out of office

1991, Jean-Bertrand Aristideexpelled> UN embargo> reprisals

1994, Aristide returned



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IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt

E. Mexico and Central AmericaMexico

Partido Revolucionaro Institucional (PRI)

North American Free Trade Association(NAFTA)

1997, PRI loses majority of congress2000, Vicente Fox Quesada

Alliance for Change

NicaraguaSomosa Family

dictators, 1937-79Sandinista National Liberation Front1984, Daniel Ortega2001 Enrique Bolaños

El Salvador1973, Napoleon Duarte

> death squads1991, peace agreement



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Borders and Realities: The UN Partition Plan

Documents

Chapter Outline Chapter 34: The Middle East, Africa and Latin America Since 1945 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. Brummett, et al Civilization, Past & Present