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CHAPTER -3
Review of Literature
43
3.0 Review of Literature
The study of review of literature is an important aspect in any research through
which one understand the past trends in research output in any particular discipline. A
review is significant step to get clear picture of what has been done and suggested already
with regard to problem understanding. The attempt is to highlight the findings of the studies
conducted related to this topic which helps to undertake the present study in a systematic
manner.
To review the past studies the researcher has consulted the Library and Information
Abstracts (LISA), Library and Information Science Technology Abstracts (LISTA), Emerald
Journals, Indianjournals.com and others sources likes Books, Journals etc.
A number of studies have been carried out on the open source softwares for libraries
and the studies which are selected and reviewed were appended below chronologically
under the following selected areas as a supportive literature to the present study.
� Open Source softwares in General
� Application of Open Source Software in LIS
� Open source software and Library automation
� Open source software for E-Learning and Content Management Systems � Open source software for Digital Libraries and Institutional Repositories � Open source software for Web Technologies
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3.1 Literature on Open Source Software in general
Bretthauer, D (2002) state that the Librarians who are looking for alternatives to
restrictive software licences and expensive software, which does not fully meet their needs,
continue to incorporate open source software into their institutions. Describe a number of
recent developments in library related open source software.
Dorman, D (2002) discusses the growth of Open Source Software (OSS), viewing it
as part of society's intellectual commons, in a manner analogous to public libraries. He
focuses on OSS in the context of the information control wars, as part of the attempt to
foster free access to digital data in all its forms, as opposed to the trend to use technology to
control information use and distribution for economic gain.
Electronic Library (2003) reveals that the efforts to economize always come to the
force during economically challenging times. Although the OSS movement has been around
for over 20 years, the use of OSS has gained significant momentum only in the last few
years. Much of this adoption rate, in both the commercial sector and libraries, has been
based on economics. But this may be misguided. Although OSS allows some organizations
to save money, OSS may cost other organizations more in the long-term. The criteria for
OSS adoption in libraries should not be based solely on economics, but on its overall
integration with the existing environment of services and resources the library can provide.
Balas, Janet L. (2004) discusses the use of open source software in library
automation. Before turning to colleagues for information on open source projects, it may be
helpful to learn more about the topic. Librarians who have just begun to explore open source
might want to begin with the group of articles prepared by Web Junction to provide
technical overviews and a discussion of basic concepts.
Steely, Jeff A (2004) describes the open source software movement as a form of
resource sharing and examines the possible benefits of using open source products in
resource sharing operations. A sample of open source applications designed for resource
sharing is supplemented by a list of several other applications that may interest resource
sharing librarians.
Berry, David M & Moss, Giles (2006) reveals the implications that the use of free
and open-source software in government might have for democracy and public participation.
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Evans, Roger (2006) gives an overview of open source-based services at the Oslo
Public Library, and maps out a plan for international cooperation between libraries to
produce a customized Linux distribution for libraries modelled on the Norwegian
'Skolelinux' project. The Oslo Public Library has used the open source LAMP (Linux,
Apache, MySQL, PHP) for both office support and as a platform for servers providing
exciting multimedia services to its target public. On client computers, the LOOM
combination of open source products (Linux, Open Office, Mozilla) has enabled the library
to install many more public computers than would have been possible with a proprietary
platform.
Fox, Robert (2006) explores the roles that libraries play in the development of open
source software. Analyses how the use of open source software implies freedom and
flexibility for libraries. This column is simply exploratory, and proposes the motivation for
libraries to be more actively involved in the open source movement.
Lamb, Annette & Johnson, Larry (2006) state that the schools are finding
expenditure on proprietary software unsustainable, identifies the advantages and challenges
in using open-source software and reports how it is being used in the UK. Lists some of the
common applications with the relevant Web addresses covering: course management;
graphics; mind mapping; multimedia; productivity tools; reservations; Web authority; a Web
browser; a Web servers; and Wiki. Explains the impact of using open-source software on the
school library and offers tips on managing the migration.
Bisson, Casey (2007) discusses the difference between open source software and
free software. While free software is always given away to users for free, open source
software is not by definition made freely available to users, though source code is required
to be made available to those who receive the product. The author discusses the GNU
General Public License, which is used for a majority of open-Source Software projects,
which guarantees that users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, and change the
software.
Guhlin, Miguel (2007) discusses the impact of open source software on education.
Open source software is capable of facilitating school-community relations by allowing
students, parents, teachers, and administrators to exchange electronic documents such as
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blogs, wikis, and library automation systems. Educators and students are likely to benefit
from open source alternatives by giving them the opportunity to view, alter, redistribute the
source code.
Ghosh, Rishab Aiyer (2007) provides information on the concept of Intellectual
Property Rights (IPR), Free/Libre/Open source software (FLOSS), copyright and patents.
FLOSS communities are one of the most formalized in cyberspace since the basis of their
functioning are guided by licenses and based on copyright law as a foundation.
Wan, Gang (2007) As Linux becomes a major operating system and Apache
becomes the most popular Web server today, the concept of Open Source Software (OSS)
has been familiar to many people. This article discusses and compares some major OSS
projects particularly useful to libraries, and proposes a real-life OSS solution for your library
based on the author's first-hand experience.
Chudnov, Daniel (2008) describes the author's efforts to bring Free/Libre/Open
Source Software (FLOSS) to the attention of librarians by speaking at conferences about its
potential value. Today, there are hundreds of librarians around the world who understand the
benefits of FLOSS, advocate for it, use it where they are, and speak publicly and eloquently
about its advantages.
Gordon, Rachel Singer & West, Jessamyn (2008) describes the author’s ideas for
implementing open source software in libraries. According to the authors, they look for
software for libraries that saves time, money and hassle. They also recommend the
application of an 80/20 rule for library technology. They suggest some software released in
the market. They also advise to apply some open source blogging and content management
systems, including WordPress, Drupal, and Plone, because they are achieving some traction
in the library blogosphere.
Hoy, Geoff & Koopman, Margaret (2008) examines the constraints on using Free
and Open Source Software (FOSS) in academic libraries in South Africa and discusses why
FOSS is unlikely to be adopted. Constraints such as limited appropriate technical skills,
limited budgets, lack of consensus about and support for FOSS within and between libraries
and institutions and constraints on bandwidth all contribute to a conservative approach to
library solutions.
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Habibi, Shafi'e & Nodooshan, Ebrahim (2008) state that in recent years some efforts
have been made in using open source software in library and information services. Many
libraries, even in developed countries, use such software due to their capabilities. Librarians
can do necessary changes and amendments to open source software according to their own
needs and requirements.
Keats, Derek (2008) provides an overview of some of the free and open source
software (FOSS) tools that are available to libraries. FOSS tools is a national priority in
South Africa and is said to be recognized as a means to achieve quality, lower costs, create
agility and foster innovation. A brief history of the FOSS tools is provided to understand its
nature and how it can benefit libraries. A number of areas within libraries where FOSS tools
are often used are also described.
Chudnov, Daniel (2009) discusses the use of free software by libraries. The use of
free software offers several kinds of freedom to librarians, including the freedom to use the
software for any purpose and the freedom to study how the software works.
Houser, John (2009) presents a review of data in literature that deals with the use of
open source operating systems in libraries. It details how the topic of open source software
on public-access workstations evolved as a discussion within the mainstream library
literature. It is noted that cost savings, greater reliability and ease of administration are the
three main reasons for utilizing open source operating systems. The article concludes that
open source operating systems are important in light of the current economic crisis.
Rafiq, Muhammad (2009) was investigated the LIS Community's perceptions
towards Open Source Software (OSS) adoption in libraries. The results suggested that
respondents had positive perceptions towards OSS. However the results of t-Test and
ANOVA indicated that organization type or library type were insignificant factors but
country type was a significant factor as respondents from developed countries has
significant difference of perceptions in comparison with the respondents from developing
countries.
Mehra, Bharat; Singh, Vandana & Parris, Hannah (2010) state that OSS applications
in the TRLS are presented in terms of their current use as well as their future directions of
development and opportunities. Study of collaborations in OSS use and website
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development by public libraries in the TRLS reveals that the OSS infoscape is more
complex than previously understood.
Payne, Alexandria & Singh, Vandana (2010) provide a broad overview of the
deepening relationship between libraries and OSS. Libraries are seeking alternatives to
proprietary applications which may require specialized support and services. Moreover, OSS
and proprietary products have a functional verisimilitude, and, as proprietary applications
developers anticipate user needs, so too do OSS contributors.
Poulter, Alan (2010) reveals that the open source already aids libraries and has great
potential but it is hobbled by its intrinsically technical appeal.
Rapp, David (2011) focuses on the experiences of several U.S. libraries switching to
open source integrated library systems. The article mentions that libraries may be utilizing
open source packages such as the Apache web server software without realizing it.
Blowers, Helene (2012) describes that for libraries interested in implementing open
source, FOSS4LIB (free open source software for libraries) is a useful web site. Launched
by LYRASIS, FOSS4LIB offers a range of planning and decision support tools as well as a
registry of open source software solutions for libraries.
Bhatiasevi, Veera and Krairit, Donyaprueth (2013) describes to investigate the
acceptance of open source software in the context of developing countries, like Thailand. It
also proposes a comprehensive model that integrates individual, social, and software
characteristics to measure the acceptance of open source software. Based on the three-
pronged approach, the study puts forward an integrated model consisting of the extended
technology model, the innovation diffusion theory and software characteristics. The results
of the structural equation modelling illustrate that perceived ease of use, perceived
usefulness, intention to use, output quality, compatibility, software functionality, and
software maintainability have a statistically positive relationship with open source software
acceptance.
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3.2 Literature on application of open source software in LIS
Bhardwaj, A K & Suma, Yogesh (2003) is to present and analyse the recent trends in
development of Linux as operating system. It identifies the problems encountered and
examines the factors, which might play an important role in its future growth. It is pointed
out that while proprietary software like Windows dominates the market in desktop personal
computers (PCs), Linux is fast becoming a popular choice as number one server operating
system for enterprises because of its flexibility and low cost of ownership. It is predicted
that by year 2005, Linux will capture almost 50% of global market as enterprise operating
system. The authors conclude that because of its cost effectiveness and flexibility to change,
Linux can be a powerful tool in bridging the gap of digital divide in India.
Oberg, S (2003) provides a brief introduction to the open source software (OSS)
movement in libraries from a serialist's perspective. After defining what the movement is
about, highlights three examples of OSS applications in libraries: jake (Jointly Administered
Knowledge Environment); Koha and Open-Biblio.
Willinsky, John (2005) is to provide an insider's review of the journal management
and publishing software, Open Journal Systems (OJS), from the Public Knowledge Project.
The paper outlines the history, development, and features of OJS, including some of the
experimental aspects, as well as early research results and work underway, on which it is
based. OJS is an open source solution to managing and publishing scholarly journals online,
which can reduce publishing costs compared to print and other traditional publishing
processes. It is a highly flexible editor operated journal management and publishing system
that can be downloaded for free and installed on a local web server.
Chester, Bernard (2006) focuses on the benefits and risks of using open source
software in document management (DM). The author points out that open source software
are developed and maintained by a community of volunteer programmers. The advantages
of using such software in DM which includes: (1) cost efficient; (2) quality; (3)
customizable; and (4) open environment. However, there are disadvantages of using such
software in DM which includes: (1) limitations of the source codes; (2) absence or lack of
technical support; (3) investment costs; and (4) proprietary concerns. The author presents
several suggestions if one decides to use open source software in DM.
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Noriko, Arai (2006) says that NetCommons is an information sharing platform
provided as a GPL open source program. While NetCommons is a content management
system, it also has the groupware and e-learning function which is not found in other leading
content management systems. By introducing NetCommons, users can easily start a one-stop
service on single Web server. Especially in the case when educational facilities introduce
NetCommons, they can unify several distributed systems such as school homepage, e-
learning, groupware and information archives into one at low cost.
Stranack, Kevin (2006) discusses CUFTS, open source materials management
software that helps libraries manage online serials collections. CUFTS centers on a
knowledge base which operates as an online database of title lists from open access and
subscription-based electronic journal collections. This knowledge base allows CUFTS to
provide a range of services such as electronic resource management, a publicly accessible
serials database, article-level link resolving, journal searching, resource comparison, and the
creation and export of MARC records.
Performance Measurement & Metrics (2008) is to describe the development and
practical applications of a highly configurable online tool - LibStats - licensed under GNU
GPL, for collecting and reporting on statistics in the academic library, developed at the
University of Queensland Library. Beyond an introduction to the tool this paper explores the
potential benefits it brings to the organization in terms of information available to
management and staff time saved. LibStats is a tool which is available as open source
software and which facilitates the collection, recording, analysis and reporting of statistics in
an academic library. It is highly configurable, which allows for customized implementation
in other organizations.
Wray, Barry & Mathieu, Richard (2008) describes that it is to develop and test a
model of the relative performance of open source software (OSS) projects. They evaluate
the relative performance of OSS projects by evaluating multiple project inputs and multiple
project outputs by using a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The DEA model
produces an efficiency score for each project based on project inputs and outputs. The
method of producing an efficiency score is based on the convex envelopment technology
structure. The DEA model produced an index of corresponding intensities linking an
inefficient project to its benchmark efficient project(s). The inefficiency measures produced
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an ordering of inefficient projects. Eight projects were found to be "efficient" and used as
benchmarking projects.
Dixson, Larry E (2009) is to promote the usage of an open-source gateway product
that will enhance the functionality of a Z39.50 server that is maintained by a third-party
vendor. It is possible for many third-party server problems to be corrected or controlled even
if the server application is not accessible by vendor APIs. LC was able to do this by
installing the YAZ Proxy, a product that is both a Z39.50-to-Z39.50 gateway and an SRU-
to-Z39.50 gateway. The proxy provides a way to filter and sanitize problematic Z39.50
requests, and it also allows the ILS system server to support retrieval of XML records and to
support access via an XML-based search protocol. Dramatic system performance
improvements resulted from the installation of this product.
Tucker-Raymond, Caleb (2009) reports on the partnership of KnowItNow and L-Net
to develop a virtual reference service and software development. It states that OpenFire, an
open source instant messaging software platform, has been identified by these two
organizations. It notes that they are working on customizations to meet the library reference
service's needs.
Raja, Uzma & Tretter, Marietta J (2009) develops tests and validates a model for the
antecedents of open source software (OSS) defects, using Data and Text Mining. The public
archives of OSS projects are used to access historical data on over 5,000 active and mature
OSS projects. Using domain knowledge and exploratory analysis, a wide range of variables
is identified from the process, product, resource, and end-user characteristics of a project to
ensure that the model is robust and considers all aspects of the system. Multiple Data
Mining techniques are used to refine the model and data is enriched by the use of Text
Mining for knowledge discovery from qualitative information.
Dougherty, William C & Schadt, Audrey (2010) discusses the use of the Linux
operating system in libraries for servers, workstations, and public access terminals. Benefits
of learning Linux systems for librarians are examined and include cost and ease of use,
required computer resources, and support for mobile applications. Particular focus is given
to the Ubuntu distribution of Linux, concerns regarding support for open source software,
and financial implications of proprietary software use in library settings. Similarities
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between librarians and Linux users, developments in wireless standards, and the variety of
Linux applications available for library use are also discussed.
Puckett, Jason (2010) state that the Firebox add-ons are Zotero and LibX, free open
source tools developed by universities for academic researchers. Zotero is a citation manager
and bibliography creator which allow researchers to easily save, organize, and cite sources,
while LibX enhances the search process. The LibX search toolbar can be customized to
search a library's catalog and databases or insert library links into web sites such as
Wikipedia and Amazon.
Taylor, Donald; Dodd, Frances & Murphy, James (2010) state that the Librarians and
strategists at Simon Fraser University (SFU) have collaborated with a team of middle-sized
libraries to expand the open-source CUFFS reSearcher suite of tools to include an electronic
resource management (ERM) system called CUFTS ERM. This article focuses on the
development and implementation of CUFFS ERM; the interoperability between CUFFS
ERM and integrated library systems; and the impact of the ERM system on acquisitions,
serials, and collections workflows and staffing at SFU Library and the University of Prince
Edward Island (UPEI) Library.
Morton-Owens, Emily G & Hanson, Karen L (2011) state that an academic medical
library developed new open-source systems for three of its core functions over an 18-month
period. The authors compare and contrast their experiences working with Drupal, Koha, and
Fedora repository in order to share discoveries about the open-source approach. The article
compares the projects at different stages, such as requirements analysis, software selection,
configuration, training, rollout, and maintenance. New York University Health Sciences
Libraries' (NYUHSL's) results are not necessarily representative but show a range of
possibilities to expect when experimenting with open-source software.
Saric, Ivana; Magdic, Antonio & Essert, Mario (2011) state that Zotero is an open
source program inside the Mozilla Firefox web browser intended for automatic retrieval,
organization and reference management, reference export into various formats, and creation
of bibliographies of different styles. Reference management programs (reference managers)
store and organize papers cited by users. They are intended for researchers, teachers,
students, and librarians, and are used for creating personal databases which contain specific
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references important to each user. Along with the application of successful features of its
predecessors, Zotero uses achievements of modern software and web applications such as
iTunes and del.icio.is, providing interaction, tagging, and advanced search. It works equally
well off-line. This article presents the main functions of Zotero and its compatibility with
specific standards, emphasizing its application in libraries.
Blanke Tobias; Bryant, Michael & Hedges, Mark (2012) discusses the results of a
project to build a scalable OCR workflow for historical collections based on open source
tools that is particularly tailored towards use in small-scale historical archives. It argues that
open source tools allow for better customization to match these requirements, particularly
with regard to character model training and per-project language modeling. We offer
insights into our accuracy evaluation results of various open source OCR tools, as well as a
case study about the challenges and opportunities of open source OCR in historical archives.
Duke, Judy (2012) state that Bibliotheca is partnering with the library community to
facilitate adoption of open-source platforms for the delivery of electronic content. The
company will build upon the concepts originally designed and developed by the Douglas
County Libraries, to enable libraries, first in North America and then around the globe, to
meet the challenges presented by e-books.
Samuels, Ruth Gallegos & Griffy, Henry (2012) discusses best practices for
evaluating open source software for use in library projects, based on the authors experience
evaluating electronic publishing solutions and it concludes with a discussion of reporting the
results of an evaluation to decision-makers.
Singh, Vandana (2013) said that the interest in migrating to open source software
integrated library systems (OSS ILSs) continues to grow in libraries. In this research, twenty
librarians who have worked in institutions that migrated to OSS ILS, or are in the process of
migrating, were interviewed about resources for research and reasons an OSS ILS was
chosen, including cost-effectiveness, ease of use, community and vendor support options,
flexibility and customization, compatibility with other software, and an 'ethic of sharing.'
Librarians can find additional information at an online information portal created from this
research at http://www.opensourceils.com.
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Somaly Kim Wu (2013) Open Journal Systems (OJS) is open source software for the
managing and publishing of journals. Developed as part of the Public Knowledge Project
(PKP), OJS is one of four open source software solutions available. The others include Open
Conference Systems, Open Monographs Systems, and Open Harvester Systems. They can
all be down loaded freely from the PKP Web site. OJS provides an easy to use system for
researchers, scholars, librarians, scientists, publishers, and societies to publish journals with
little to no budget. The entire publishing cycle from submission to publication can be
accomplished within OJS. As listed on their Web site, OJS offers a number of unique
features that makes it stand out from similar products currently on the market.
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3.3 Open Source Software and Library Automation
Schlumpf, P (1999) says that the open source movement is a phenomenon that is
affecting the software industry in fundamental ways. It is a paradigm shift in how software
is developed, marketed and used. Open source is likely to have a major effect on the library
automation marketplace as well. Already there exist efforts at developing open source
software tools for libraries, including automated library systems which have the potential to
profoundly change the landscape presenting challenges and opportunities for libraries and
automation software vendors alike.
Nakao, Yasushi & Murakami, Koji (2001) state that many libraries have set their
commercial WebOPAC and which can’t be customize and they are quite expensive. Hence,
librarians are migrated to WebOPAC’s developed under open source, although it may be
limited to some functions and easy to customize and maintained without much cost. They
describe a simplified version of WebOPAC, which is linked to the NACSIS Webcat to get
further information about books and other material.
Breeding, M (2002) reveals the possible impact of open source software (OSS) on
the library automation industry and potential effect to bring up radical changes to libraries.
Like Apache, an open source ILS would have to offer top-of-the-line features and
performance to gain acceptance over its commercial rivals. It is concluded that Linux and
Apache represent a worldwide victory over high-powered commercial opponents in the
operating system and Web server arenas but such victories of OSS over commercial
products in the ILS arena are not to be expected. Both broad historical and recent trends
argue against a movement toward libraries creating their own library automation systems,
either in an open source or closed development process. An undeniable trend in library
automation involves a movement toward vendor-supplied systems and away from locally
developed ones. Libraries large and small recognize that they do not have the resources to
develop and maintain library automation systems.
Sonker, Sharad Kumar & Jayakanth, Francis (2003) state that library professionals
are applying advanced technologies and automating their services to enable user
communities to get the right information at the right time. Several commercial library
automation packages are now available, but their cost is often beyond the reach of most
56
libraries, especially school and college libraries. They present an overview of KOHA, and
briefly discuss different features supported by it.
Breeding, Marshall (2004) discusses the use of open source software in integrated
library systems, or ILS. Open source presents an alternative to the commercial model in the
way that software is produced and distributed. Some of the most successful software, such
as Linux, was created through open source methods. The open-source ILS that has gathered
the most attention is called Koha.
Moe, Tammi (2004) addresses two aspects of technology in libraries, Open source
software and the optimization of library networks. This article is meant to inform and
influence the decisions of library management concerning technologies in libraries. To
accomplish its goal, this article relates the decision of several libraries in the U.S. to move
over to Open source solutions and the benefits they derived from it. Thin-client networking
and Open source software can provide stability, security, and flexibility to libraries while
simultaneously cutting technology costs by up to 75 percent.
Sturman, Roberto (2004) treatise aims at analyzing the initiatives for creating applied
software for managing libraries conceived as open source; it will deal more specifically only
with projects regarding the integrated management of traditional libraries that is libraries
based on what they own. A further inclusion criterion meant that only those initiatives
conceived in the full respect of the rules and standards of libraries, catalogues and the
exchange of these data in electronic form were considered. These rules and standards had
been approved and shared by the international library community and by the national library
agencies, such as for example the cataloguing codes, MARC, Z39.50, etc. Initiatives that
have already produced usable software were dealt with more extensively; of the others
including those abandoned mention is made while placing however greater emphasis on
those that represented a significant moment in the progress of the open source ILS; having
given life to software that is usable or not was also adopted as a criterion for grouping
projects into two categories. All those initiatives for which information was gathered from
Internet were considered.
Cargile, Cathleen (2005) examines the potential of open source integrated library
systems (OSILS) and their applications. He pays particular attention to four OSILS
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softwares like Koha, Emilda, MyPhpLibrary, and Learning Access ILS. Brief notes are
included relating to OS operating systems and programming languages.
Wrosch, Jackie (2005) state that to develop an open-source remote patron
authentication system to replace a problematic, proprietary vendor product. The new system
has been welcomed and the most widespread problems we encountered have been resolved.
Most importantly though, using an in-house system empowers libraries to introduce
enhancements and bug fixes as soon as possible and not rely on a vendor's schedule for
doing so.
Advanced Technology Libraries (2006) describes that West Liberty Public Library,
Iowa, has migrated to Koha, being the second US public library system to do so, following
the first US implementation at Nelsonville Public Library, Ohio. The Koha system is
installed on a Linux server and provides West Liberty Public Library with World Wide Web
based access to cataloguing, authority control, circulation, acquisitions, and periodicals
control. User images are displayed on the circulation page to enable circulation staff to
identify them easily. Koha's OPAC module provides online access to the catalogue, as well
as online services such as reserves and renewals, while enriched catalogue records, provided
by Amazon.com, allow users to view jacket images, book reviews, descriptions, and tables
of contents.
Brantley, Steve; Armstrong, Annie & Lewis, Krystal M (2006) reveals that open
source software MyLibrary gives the librarian control over the resources directed to users
based on their interests. University of Illinois at Chicago librarians developed My Chicago
Library as a way to streamline user access to library resources. A usability study designed
around common task categories tested the participants abilities to customize a personal
library Web page, understand the resource categories as defined by librarians, and manage
the discipline-specific content available in the portal.
Library Hi Tech News (2006) reports on the release of the Evergreen Integrated
Library System (ILS) Beta open source software in the U.S. in August 2006. Many
recommendations have been integrated to the open source software, including enhancements
in cataloging and a more powerful Z39.50 client.
Murakami, Yasuhiko and Kita, Katsuichi (2006) outlined the concept of OSS and
localizing of OSS in Japan. They also discussed the licenses developed by the Free Software
58
Foundation and the Open Source Initiative. Use of commercial products and OSS are
compared, highlighting potential risks of OSS. A model for evaluating library OSS is
proposed.
Sharma, A K (2006) describes the case study of Indian Institute of Soil Science
(IISS) Library, using Koha for library related management activities. Article defines
automation and discusses its need in the changing environment. The concept of open source
software and commercial software has been explained, giving their advantages and
disadvantages. Further he explained the installation of Koha on Windows operating system
with IIS web server and the system requirements etc.
Wilder, Stanley & Blyberg, John (2006) reveals the open source solutions appear to
offer a number of opportunities and reference is made to one such project, Rochester
University's eXtensible Catalog (XC) project, aims to create an open source catalogue that
will contain all of a library's legacy MARC metadata alongside metadata from other sources.
A brief note by John Blyberg describes the Ann Arbor District Library (AADL) online
catalogue which features electronic images of the old catalogue cards with the ability to
allow library users to add annotations in the way that such annotations were added manually
in the past.
Breeding, Marshall (2007) looks at the latest updates on open source integrated
library systems, some of which have emerged to challenge the commercial offerings.
Presents an overview of open source software and describes three projects that bolstered the
prospects of the open source integrated library systems. PINES consortium in Georgia is
used the Evergreen project and Koha project was first implemented at the Nelsonville Public
Library in Athens County, Ohio in late 2002 and Learning Access Institute, a Seattle-based
non-profit organization, is also involved in library automation based on open source
software.
Russo Gallo, Patricia (2007) describes the characteristics of the open source library
management software, PMB, including licensing, requirements and functionality, then they
analyses the features of the different modules and the OPAC. The author considers PMB to
be appropriate for both large and small libraries and document centres, enumerating
examples of existing applications in Catalan libraries.
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Weber, Jonathan (2007) describes Evergreen the new integrated library system of the
Georgia Public Library Service, which was designed to serve the library's large consortial
group of libraries across the state. This strategy has proven dramatically more flexible in
meeting the needs of GPLS, and the new system has been welcomed by librarians and
patrons alike. Implementing Evergreen was certainly hard work, but it has shown that an in-
house team can successfully compete with commercial vendors in the library automation
sphere. Much of the projects success can be attributed to the close working relationship of
developers and end users.
deVoe, Kristen (2007) focuses on the open source software application as an
alternative to commercial integrated library system (ILS). The free software offers the
availability of original source code of an application for anyone to study and modify. Unlike
the commercial ILS, open source software can be improved to fit local needs due to the
availability of source codes. The only major cost required is its local development, despite
being free from purchase and maintenance fee. Modification, usage, and application
distributions are said to be unlimited.
Jaffe, Lee David & Careaga, Greg (2007) probe on the underlying factors behind the
relatively passive attitude of libraries toward the development and application of open
source integrated library systems (ILS). It offers information on the background, features,
and the overall concept of open source and discusses the possible implications of the
libraries failure to adopt open source technology. Moreover, it presents strategies to consider
in the implementation and support of open source in libraries.
Yan Han & Rawan, Atifa (2007) describes an Afghanistan digital library initiative of
building an integrated library system (ILS) for Afghanistan universities and colleges based
on open-Source Software. The authors applied systems analysis approach, evaluated
different open-source ILSs, and customized the selected software to accommodate users
needs. Improvements include Arabic and Persian language support, user interface changes,
call number label printing, and ISBN-13 support.
Bissels, Gerhard (2008) describes the selection process and criteria of
implementation of Koha 3.0 at the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Library and
Information Service (CAMLIS), Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital. Koha 3.0 was
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selected because of the GNU license was considered more future-proof than proprietary
products, and more open to customization to meet the special needs of the library.
Balnaves, Edmund (2008) describes open source library management systems have
improved steadily in the last five years. They now present a credible option for small to
medium libraries and library networks. An approach to their evaluation is proposed that
takes account of three additional dimensions that only open source can offer the developer
and support community, the source code characteristics and the information schema. These
dimensions allow for extended comparative product review not generally possible with
proprietary software. This approach is applied to seven open source systems and highlights
the variety of design approaches and the different library sectors that these systems are
suitable for.
Breeding, Marshall (2008) explores the growing interest of U.S. libraries in open
source for technology solutions. According to the author, open source software has been
finding an increasing role in libraries, especially for behind-the-scenes infrastructure
components. He observes that open source library automation systems, including Koha and
Evergreen, have been propelled into the limelight. He believes that the decision between
open source and proprietary automation systems involves many factors.
Clark, John R (2008) says that many of the libraries attracted to Koha in the
countries where automation was limited to the largest academic institutions. Smaller
colleges, universities, and public schools began giving serious consideration to Koha. There
was a corresponding increase in interest among public, school, and special libraries in the
United States and Canada. In addition to Koha, Evergreen is a functional open source
circulation and cataloging system that the provincial libraries in British Columbia are
planning to adopt. Both Evergreen and Koha are potential resources for librarians in the
behavioral and social sciences field.
Dalziel, Karin (2008) reveals the OSS solutions to meet the needs of library patrons
and disadvantages of OSS in respect of support by vendors and volunteers. Today, libraries
can choose open source and enjoy the benefits of full support and turnkey hosting for open
source ILSs. In the US, libraries currently have two options: LibLime, which supports the
open source products Koha and Evergreen, and Equinox supports Evergreen only. This
paper takes a look at LibLime, primarily their Koha and Koha ZOOM offerings.
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De Smet, Egbert (2008) discusses the Computer Documentation System/Integrated
Set of Information Systems (CDS/ISIS) software as a predecessor to the Free and Open
source (FOSS) software development movement, which is gaining importance in the library
and documentation field. It explores some experiences in teaching students and training
system managers on the software in the light of the context of being open software. It also
describes the FOSS ISIS-projects as they will define the softwares future.
Tanabe, Kosuke (2008) provides an overview of open-source options for integrated
library systems, focusing on the Project Next-L, which was developed in Japan. Outlines
Project Next-L's features, including circulation & holds functions, FRBR integration, patron
tagging, & webpage cataloging. He discusses the motivation for pursuing the project,
differences from other open-source options, & the potential for widespread use of open-
source solutions for small-scale libraries.
Advanced Technology Libraries (2009) reports on the implementation of the
Evergreen open-source library software at South Carolina Library Evergreen Network
Delivery System (SC LENDS), a state wide consortium for shared catalog and other services
which led by the South Carolina State Library. Eleven libraries will participate in a pilot
project, in which Equinox Software Inc. will provide data migration, software configuration
and post-migration technical support. The project is estimated to benefit more than 1.3
million people in 10 counties.
Advanced Technology Libraries (2009) focuses on the result of the study "Open
source Integrated Library Systems: Changing the Landscape" which was conducted by
Outsell Inc. in 2008. The study found that the Koha open-source integrated library system
was selected by majority of respondents, which includes nearly 300 library decision-makers
across the U.S. and Europe. These decision-makers represent various corporate, government,
academic, K-12, public and nonprofit libraries in the two geographic areas. The study also
revealed that public and academic libraries had either implemented an open-source ILS or
would consider adopting an open-source ILS.
Breeding, Marshall (2009) reflects on open source integrated library systems (ILS).
He says that the open source ILS has promised libraries with more control over their
software compared to others. He adds that he found no inconsistencies between the claim
made by vendors on opening their system through application programming interface (API)
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and the actual delivery of its capabilities. He concludes that while opening the API of some
library software is still a bit messy, he hopes that the time will come for this issue to evolve.
Breeding, Marshall (2009) discusses the use of automation software by libraries. The
library automation environment favors systems that can deliver, in one way or another,
products that allow libraries more liberal access to their data. Open source software is not
the only approach possible as libraries seek options to gain more access and control over
their data and other aspects of their technology environment. The Z39.50 Machine-Readable
Cataloging (MARC) protocol provides a standard approach for search and retrieval for
information systems and has been very effective as the basis for library applications.
Bess Sadler, Elizabeth (2009) gives an overview of the open source online public
access catalog (OPAC) software known as Blacklight. It includes a discussion of the reasons
why the University of Virginia decided to create the Blacklight project, rationale behind
design decisions, an overview of the technologies used, and some examples of interface
designs and object behaviors. The Blacklight project is not yet complete, but initial usability
testing is favourable. The project shows particular promise among previously underserved
populations such as music researchers, and for previously under-used collections.
Birong Ho; Kelley, Keith & Garrison, Scott (2009) is present a case study of what is
involved in implementing the VuFind discovery tool. The implementation process took
longer than the authors originally expected. Users' input was not consistent and demanded
software customization. WMU began with a relatively loose project management approach,
but later reinforced the project with a specific scope statement and prioritized items within
the scope to arrive at a beta-testable version of VuFind.
Bailey, Annette & Back, Godmar (2009) discuses the ability of libraries to integrate
their library systems with open source software in U.S. They focus on three aspects,
including the use of software which links users to library resources, use of integrated library
systems (ILS) in webpages and to increase users' experience of using online library catalogs.
The authors also believe that the library community should agree on the standards of ILS
systems.
Houser, John (2009) reveals a case study seeks to document the experiences of
Villanova University's Falvey Library staff as they developed and implemented the VuFind
open source discovery tool for libraries. It aims to address the decision to hire a programmer
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for the library, the decision to make the VuFind software open source, and the library's
development and implementation processes. The creators of VuFind took a relatively
informal approach to library software development. However, the resulting software has
been well received, both by the library development community and Villanova University.
Keys to this success were close attention to user expectations deriving from their
experiences using widely available web-based search tools and applications, a continuous
process of sharing work and soliciting input, and rapid improvements to the software.
Matthews, J Greg (2009) introduces the essays discussed within this issue, including
one on the functional limitations of online catalogs and integrated library systems (ILS)
vendors' response to the next generation challenge and another on the design and
development of open-source applications that reveal library collections to users.
Rafiq Muhammad & Ameen, Kanwal (2009) identified and discuss key issues
related to the adoption of open source software (OSS) in Pakistani libraries. Adoption of
OSS in libraries is just at a beginning stage in Pakistan, and only a few organizations have
so far made their first move in this direction. The major identified issues affecting OSS
adoption in Pakistani libraries are: social (cultural) disparity, conceptual confusions, digital
divide, lack of technological, financial, and human development.
de Smet, Egbert (2010) describes the ISIS-software origins of the newly launched
ABCD-software for which there is a more than-average interest in many parts of the
libraries and information communities in the developing world. Many librarians in the West
have never heard about ISIS, its relevance and its technological concepts, so we will try to
shed some light on this in order for librarians to better judge the meaning of the ABCD
software for international librarianship and why not perhaps even for their own purposes.
Helling, John (2010) compared the two leading open source library management
system (LMS) packages and highlights the reasons behind a switch from one open source
provider to another. It is based on practical experience. Koha and Evergreen ILMs are
presented in terms of their current use as well as their future directions of development and
opportunities. He compared the history of Koha and Evergreen. The former is criticized
because of the recent "fork," i.e. commercial use of open source code. Problems with a local
implementation of Koha are also discussed. Evergreen however, since it was developed by a
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library consortium, appeared the better choice for the Indiana Shared Library Catalog
(ISLC), a consortium of different libraries in Indiana.
Hopkinson, Alan (2010) offers information on CDS/ISIS software package that are
running under MS/DOS or Microsoft Windows on personal computers. It provides updates
regarding the developments of JAVA/ISIS from the United Nations Educational, Science
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Automation of Libraries and Documentation
Centers (ABCD), as well as the new package of BIREME which retains compatibility within
CDS/ISIS. According to the article, the development, maintenance and distribution of
ABCD follows the free and open source software modality, under the coordination of
BIREME, along with the support of the Consortium of Flemish Universities. It relies on the
voluntary partnership of more than 60 professional users of ISIS software from 19 countries.
Longwell Beth (2010) reveals that information on Sage Library System of Eastern
Oregon which had been implementing open source to a different level from an integrated
library system (ILS) to an open source Evergreen ILS.
McGinnis, Walter, Ransom, Joann (2010) is to explore the benefits of using open
standards to support the gathering of relevant data from a variety of sources from across an
organization's software applications and also from completely external information
providers. The article looks at the history of Koha and Kete projects and their interactions. A
focus on supporting open standards and general interoperability not only makes it simple to
integrate instances of the two software projects, but also creates larger possibilities for data
sharing with a number of web sites and services.
Silva, Marcio Bezerra da & Dias, Guilherme Ataide (2010) examines the relationship
between the process of automation, & the information professional. It addresses the
principal requisites of a Library Automation System (LAS) & presents LAS models based
on different paradigms of classification, focusing on the use of the OpenBIBLIO system.
Yang, Sharon Q & Hofmann, Melissa A (2010) says that the open source integrated
library systems are continue to grow in maturity and popularity but question remains as to
how much we have achieved in open-source development toward the next-generation
catalog compared to commercial systems. They intended to answer this question by
comparing the next-generation features of the OPACs of two open-source ILSs (Koha and
Evergreen) and one proprietary ILS (Voyager's WebVoyage).
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Balas, Janet L. (2011) examines case studies of integrated library system (ILS)
migration projects to guide librarians on its implementation. An overview of the
international non-profit organization Electronic Information for Libraries' (EIFL) EIFL-
FOSS project designed to help libraries in the network to evaluate and migrate to free and
open source software (FOSS) ILS is provided. The three pilot libraries with full case studies
linked in the Evergreen ILS are cited.
de Smet, Egbert (2011) Purpose – The "advanced loans" module of the relatively
new library software, ABCD, is an addition to the normal loans module and it offers a
"generic transaction decision-making engine" functionality. The module requires extra
installation effort and parameterization, so this article aims to explain to the many
potentially interested libraries, especially from the target-group of ABCD users, why and
how to use the module in comparison with the basic loans module. The article concludes
that for libraries with specific conditions (external user registration, high transactional
volumes, multi-policy) the extra burden of installing the software might be worth the effort.
Dhamdhere, Sangeeta Namdev (2011) says that ABCD caters to almost all present
needs of modern libraries of any sizes. It offers a solution to library automation with ISBD
as well as local formats. It has excellent indexing and retrieval features based on UNESCO's
ISIS technology, a web OPAC, and a library Portal with integrated meta-search and content
management system to manage online as well as offline digital resources and physical
documents and media.
Dennison, Lyn H. & Lewis, Alana Faye (2011) discusses the implementation of an
open source integrated library system (ILS) in public libraries in Georgia. It particularly
cites how the Paine College Collins-Callaway Library has shifted to a hosted, open source
ILS from a proprietary ILS system in 2010. The college has adopted the Koha ILS system
from New Zealand due to its track record and international implementation.
Espiau-Bechetoille, Camille1; Bernon, Jean; Bruley, Caroline; Mousin, Sandrine
(2011) seeks to show how three university libraries (Rhone-Alpes, France) decided to switch
their proprietary software for the Open-ILS Koha, with particular focus on how they
organized themselves to pool their technical skills, human resources and costs. They provide
information for acquiring knowledge and expertise in an Open-ILS, and to minimize costs
by cooperating.
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Florin, Julia (2011) describes how King's Fund Information and Library Service
migrated its bibliographic data to Koha. The King's Fund became one of the first libraries in
the UK to migrate its bibliographic data from a proprietary system. The King's Fund
previously used a proprietary system from SirsiDynix. The switch to open source was
prompted by financial pressures, and the organization saw an opportunity to save money by
using Koha. Aside from the fact that The King's Fund only has to pay for support rather than
for the software itself, it also can take control of the system unlike the previous system
which does not provide access to the source code.
Genoese, Lisa & Keith, Latrina (2011) says that the New York Academy of Medicine
(NYAM) Library made the decision to migrate to an open source integrated library system.
They believed this would provide them with more control to structure and customize its
functionality to serve the library's needs and serve as a long-term investment in reducing
costs. This article offers a brief overview of the experiences of NYAM staff, describing
challenges and lessons learned, with an emphasis on open source development and
licensing.
Katz, Demian; LeVan Ralph & Ziso Ya'aqov (2011) examines several ways in which
the open source VuFind environment provides information to its users, showing how these
mechanisms can be combined with authority data to enhance discovery. Topics covered
include autosuggestion, context-sensitive recommendations, use of APIs, and means of
harvesting and locally indexing authority data.
Keast, Don (2011) aims to examine the adoption of the open source library
management system, Koha, amongst Australian special libraries. The main reasons given for
conversion to Koha were practical economic grounds, coupled with dissatisfaction with
conventional library systems. Libraries found the conversion to Koha reasonably trouble-
free. Satisfaction ratings on most aspects of Koha performance were "above average" to
"good". Library expectations of value for money and overall cost savings appear to have
been realized. Koha has proved well suited to small health libraries, and the GWAHS
experience has been successfully replicated amongst many other Australian special libraries.
Liu, Guoying, & Zheng Huoxin (2011) address the integration of SFX link resolver
with Evergreen open source integrated library system (ILS). It also aims to describe a
method to incorporate print serials into SFX. It contains two sub-projects: to incorporate all
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forms of serials in SFX; and to integrate SFX with the Evergreen library catalogue for
serials access. Various issues associated with print serials and open source software was also
investigated. A unified view of print and electronic serials is desired and well received by
librarians and patrons. There is no technical difficulty uploading print serials data into SFX,
but the process can be time-consuming and challenging. Open source software is flexible in
terms of customization and interoperability with other library systems though it presents
challenges to system staff.
Molyneux, Robert E (2011) derived a glossary of terms one finds in open source
integrated library systems (ILSs). It focuses two major open source ILSs Evergreen and
Koha. These are being used in an increasing number of U.S. and Canadian public libraries as
well as other types of libraries. The glossary is an introduction to the terms that those
working with these open source library systems use on a day-to-day basis, with links to
sources with more information for those new to open source projects.
Muller, Tristan (2011) seeks to present the results of an analysis of 20 free and open
source ILS platforms offered to the library community. These software platforms were
subjected to a three-step analysis, whereby the results aim to assist librarians and decision
makers in selecting an open source ILS, based on objective criteria. More than 20 open
source ILSs were tested, but only three passed all the steps: Evergreen, Koha, and PMB. The
main goal is not to identify the best open source ILS, but rather to highlight from which, of
the batch of dozens of open source ILSs, librarians and decision makers can choose without
worrying about how perennial or sustainable each open or free project is, as well as
understanding which ILS provides them with the functionalities to meet the needs of their
institutions.
Ramalho Luciano G (2011) says that decade’s bibliographic data has been stored in
non-relational databases, and thousands of libraries in developing countries still use ISIS
databases to run their OPACs. Fast forward to 2010 and the NoSQL movement has shown
that non-relational databases are good enough for Google, Amazon.com and Facebook.
Meanwhile, several Open source NoSQL systems have appeared.
Raven, Debby (2011) reports on open source library management systems (LMS)
and how they can be cost effective for libraries. The article discusses library budgets and
spending, describing how software for managing library systems decreases licensing and
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development costs. Information is provided on the Koha Open source system, the Evergreen
Open source (OS) system, and the Talis library software company.
Sunil, M V & Harinarayana, N S (2011) reveals that the requirements of Indian
college libraries in ILS products in general and Open Source Integrated Library Systems in
particular. The requirements are analyzed for the housekeeping modules and viability
indicators by direct questioning. The performance of the 9 OSILS Products ABCD, Emilda,
Evergreen, Koha, NewGenLib, OPALS, OpenBiblio, PMBILS and PhpMyLibrary is
evaluated against the listed requirements.
Tajoli, Zeno; Carassiti, Alessandra; Marchitelli, Andrea; Valenti, Fulvia (2011)
illustrates a case study of integration of a big Italian consortium specializing in ITC support
for libraries and public administration, in the development community of an integrated
library system, and to describe the characteristics of CILEA support for this programme.
CILEA worked to adapt Koha to Italian libraries and now it is a part of the library
community. Koha is suitable for all institutions wanting to automate their libraries using a
system that allows complete control over data and over the software itself.
Chen, Hsin-liang & Albee, Barbara (2012) reveals that large scale open-source
library automation systems can increase efficiencies in bibliographic production. Evergreen
was examined in order to ascertain whether it facilitated detection and use of library
collections in Indiana public libraries. Three hundred forty-nine participants recruited from
nine public libraries completed user surveys. Additionally, library server data about
interlibrary loan (ILL) statistics were collected from participating libraries on a monthly
basis. The self-reported user survey included questions about patron history at local public
libraries, use of the previous Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs), and use of the
Evergreen OPAC for finding and accessing multiple library collections since library users
could directly request interlibrary loans via the Evergreen OPAC. The findings indicate that
the implementation of the Indiana Evergreen system received moderately positive ratings
from the participants; the positive evaluation was primarily related to the use of the ILL
function. The ILL service satisfied the participants' needs and motivated them to use the
Evergreen OPAC.
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Shafi-Ullah Farasat & Qutab Saima (2012) elaborates the library data migration
process from LAMP (Library Automation Management Program) to the open source
software Koha (2.2.8 Windows based) Pakistani flavour PakLAG-Koha in six legislative
assembly libraries of Pakistan. They explained the different steps of the data migration from
one ILM (integrated library management system) to a new ILM in six libraries over the
course of three months. Qualitative research methods, i.e. direct observation and interviews,
were adopted for finding the problems and solutions of the delayed project. Training and
support was offered by a local volunteer group (PakLAG). The paper identifies several
critical issues and their solutions concerning data migration within a local scenario as well
as how local consultants and support groups are coping with these issues. It was noticed that
the data migration can be done quickly if any support group is properly involved with the
library staff.
Takashi, Harada (2012) The Project Next-L is to develop specifications for the next-
generation integrated library system by the library community. Next-L Enju was developed
based on the current specification of the Project Next-L. Some of the key features of Next-L
Enju are: 1) various new functions enough to meet the needs for web2.0, 2) handling all
library materials as well as web pages, and 3) managing bibliographic records based on
FRBR model. Currently some of the libraries are using Next-L Enju, which has been
growing in the library community.
Amollo, Beatrice Adera (2013) aims to help to investigate and test usability and cost
effectiveness of a typical OSS for ILS. It will involve deploying the software from
installation, configuration to creating customized user interfaces and structures that are
specific to the requirements of the library's parent organization. The cost and performance of
the OSS will then be compared with that of typical commercial based software with the
same functionalities. A casual observation of the Kenyan situation reveals that the majority
of academic, public and research libraries depend on commercial, free or locally developed
systems. This scenario may be attributed to lack of knowledge in OSS alternatives and lack
of sufficient technical expertise to support them. While there are quite a number of libraries
and librarians worldwide that have shown a great interest in OSS, few library administrators
have actually implemented OSS. Could this be due to fear of taking on the risks that may
come with reliance on open source library automation systems? Is the low uptake due to lack
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of sufficient technical expertise in the libraries? The research outcomes will help formulate a
model and guidelines to be used by systems librarians considering the use of OSS for library
processes.
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3.4 Open Source Software for e-Learning and Content Management
Software
Cervone, H Frank (2005) provides an overview of both the open source software
movement and how that movement relates to providing library services. In addition to
describing some software packages that related to specific areas of service for distance
learning students, the article includes some guidelines for distance learning librarians to
consider when making a choice to use open source software packages.
Koohang, Alex & Harman, Keith (2005) explores open source as a metaphor for e-
learning. It builds the case that e-learning and open source movement are rooted in the
constructivist movement and the constructivist movement is itself rooted in the pragmatism
and instrumentalism that pervades John Deweys theories of understanding as applied to
learning. As a result, it is recommended that the use of open source as metaphor for e-
learning be further explored in three areas: instructional practices, instructional platforms,
and instructional philosophy.
Miller, Ron (2005) looks at the open source content management system landscape
and provides some examples of companies operating in this space. Screen display
illustrations are provided in the article, and a list of companies featured.
Bramscher, Paul F & Butler, John T (2006) reveals that the University of Minnesota
Libraries have developed and implemented LibCMS, an open architecture content
management system (CMS) that combines with the previously-built LibData system to meet
the web page publishing and site management needs of a large research library. The purpose
of this paper is to present overall observations about CMSs and their implementation, and
details the requirements and design of LibCMS. Developing the CMS locally ensured that
design followed the requirements of a large academic library environment and its service-
business model. This also allowed the implementation to be an organic extension of existing
authoring tools in the environment rather than the potentially disruptive incorporation of a
new system.
Dewever, Fanuel (2006) discuss the open source applications for eLearning offer an
alternative to commercial offerings today, specifically in the context of education. The
lessons drawn here also apply to other (public) organizations and applications.
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Shen, Ching-Heng; Huang, Xin-Yi (2006) analyzes the meaning, theoretical basis
and research findings of web-based peer assessment and generally introduces the structure
and design of the system. They discuss the set up and application of peer assessment
function of the Moodle. It is expected that this article can not only improve teachers
understanding of web-based assessment and the system but also develop their ability of
implementing web-based peer assessment by using the system.
Barr, Hugh; Gower, Beverly & Clayton, John (2007) state that in June 2004 a
consortium of New Zealand Tertiary Institutions led by the Waikato Institute of Technology
secured a one-year Ministry of Education grant to support the "Open source Courseware
Initiative New Zealand" (OSCINZ). The OSCINZ project focused on the development and
implementation of "Moodle" (Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment) to
create a uniquely New Zealand learning management system, based on quality open source
code developed and tested by leading educational providers. This paper describes the
response of faculty in three of the project's partner tertiary institutions to the implementation
of Moodle in their institutions.
Fennell, Chad M.(2007) state that the University of Minnesota Health Sciences
Libraries undertook several major Web-related projects in 2006, including a complete
overhaul of those systems supporting Web content publishing at the libraries. Based upon
identified user needs and internal technology support considerations, the Health Sciences
Libraries chose a popular open source content management tool known as “Drupal.” This
paper discusses content management system components and how they are manifested in the
Drupal framework. The Health Sciences Libraries local installation is then considered in
more detail.
Serrano-Cobos, Jorge (2007) analyzes the concept of CMS, its evolution from the
1970s to the open source tools developed since 2000, and its relationship to other systems,
such as document management, records management or enterprise content management.
Finally, a set of basic functions is detailed, along with practical advice to help determine the
best CMS to meet the specific needs of any particular information service.
Byrne, Tony (2009) offers information on open source software, and examines the
benefits of open source web content management (WCM). There are more than 70 open
source WCM packages at present. The main reason why open source software always seems
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attractive is the absence of license fees. It was found, however, that not all open source tools
are free of cost. Most open source WCM products also share a real aversion to Microsoft
Windows and Office integration, which severely limits their reach in an enterprise setting.
Doering, William & Chilton, Galadrie (2009) describes the experience in creating a
freely available electronic resource management (ERM) system at the University of
Wisconsin-La Crosse, where they both work as librarians. Prior to the development of the
ERM, the university library struggled to manage their 200-plus electronic resources and
relied on disparate means of managing some e-resource data. The library also did not have
an organizational structure for other data, with no single place to enter and efficiently access
e-resource information. The new ERM system, dubbed ERMes, addressed all these
problems. The latest version features a completely new and more intuitive interface, plus
two means of entering use statistics and an initial attempt at functionality to help manage e-
journals title by title.
Giri, Rabishankar & Sengar, D S (2009) provides an insight into the practical
implementation aspects of selection and implementation of Open Source Software (OSS) for
managing the activities and services of a library or an information centre. The main pre-
requisite for Librarian is to able harness the potential capabilities of its staff by motivating
them effectively to use the OSS in the libraries. Finds that OSS is more future oriented and
more easily amenable for customization and can be an effective low-cost alternative to their
proprietary counterpart.
Ghalib, Mohamed A.M.; Chandrashekara, M; Talawar, V G (2009) state that open
source e-learning courseware (OSeLCW) is an initiative and many institutions today post
their courses for free and open access via the Internet to users all over the world. This paper
assesses the awareness, access, and utilisation of such wealth of web-based OSeLCW
among educators and students of engineering colleges in Mysore city.
Lee, Hsun-Ming; Davis, Robert A; Chi, Yu-Liang (2009) addresses issues for e-
learning in a professional setting to foster the development of computer skills in students. In
particular personalized templates generated according to student and learning object models
are proposed for instructors to provide practice exercises, Standardized XML technologies
and open source software are integrated to create information filters and user interfaces to
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achieve personalization. The students use open source software that acts as a new type of
Web client other than a browser. A case study that applies personalized templates for the
learning of computer programming students with different skill levels is presented.
Pujar, S M & Kamat, R K (2009) presents the key role of LIS professionals in the e-
learning paradigm. After a thorough analysis of the e-learning scenario, authors have
realised that libraries and librarians have an important role to play possibly through the
digital libraries-a contemporary movement growing along-with the e-learning. The
aspirations of e-learner community from the LIS professionals in this new era of e-learning
are propagation of the movement itself, course content development, technical facilitation,
technical trouble shooting, fuelling open-archives, improving user interfaces, identifying and
training the usage of free and open source software tools to the user community to ensure
maximum participation in teaching-learning process. The paper also discusses e-learning-
library linkages and the innovations implemented in the top ranking off-shore public
libraries that the Indian LIS community can follow.
Sheehan, Kate (2009) discusses the use of open source software by Darien Library in
Darien, Connecticut. On September 1, 2008, the library launched a new website built with
Drupal, an open source content management system (CMS). Drupal offered a way to push
the staff-driven content of blogs onto the rest of the site while increasing the ease of use for
staff. Migrating to Drupal presented cultural challenges for the staff members of the library
despite being accustomed to blogging. SOPAC 2.0 is a Drupal module that integrates the
Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) with the website and enables patron tagging, ratings
and reviews in the catalog.
Wiersma, Gabrielle (2009) focuses on the library application of Drupal and allows
easy contribution of content by individuals and communities to the library's Web site. It
adds that the Drupal helps the discussion and communication between library and its patrons
through the incorporation of interactive feedback from the community. However, some
criticizes the steep learning curve of Drupal.
Bahr, Ellen & Speed, Matt (2010) state that many organizations, including libraries,
are turning to content management systems to simplify the management of their websites.
Alfred University's Herrick Memorial Library recently implemented a new website using
Joomla. While Drupal has received significant attention in the library community, Joomla
75
may be a more practical choice for some libraries. The purpose of this paper is to share our
experience with Joomla so that other libraries can more easily evaluate its suitability to their
environment.
Becker, Danielle A (2010) describes the experience of New Yorks Hunter College
Libraries in redesigning its web site using Drupal. As the Drupal community continues to
grow, the softwares functionality also continues to evolve and improve. Current drawbacks
include the steep learning curve, the confusing modules, and the inability to paste from
Word. In addition, WYSIWYG editors need improvement and HTML and CSS coding
experience is required. Drupal has many benefits, such as the ability to perform the back end
for the website that can be saved off-site and backed up easily in one file; the site's content is
stored in the database and is easy to change, view in different situations, expand, and
manipulate; all content is indexed and searchable. Drupal also enables users to organize and
tag content using the taxonomy system.
S. F. F. (2010) discusses the use of open source software Drupal for Web site
development, with particular focus given to its use in the development of the publication's
Web site. The use of Drupal in library settings, the community-building connected with the
use of Drupal. The grassroots nature of open source software is also discussed.
Ayyagari, Ramakrishna (2011) suggest the use of freely available open source
solution - OpenERP, as an alternative for teaching hands-on ERP concepts. This provides
numerous schools an avenue to teach hands-on component without the need for significant
resource commitment. Our experiences from a simple role-playing exercise and related
hands-on component using OpenERP are discussed. In conclusion, we make an important
contribution by providing details and experiences with using a free ERP solution -
OpenERP.
Konstantinidis, Andreas; Papadopoulos, Pantelis M; Tsiatsos, Thrasyvoulos &
Demetriadis, Stavros (2011) presents the rationale behind the utilization of a Moodle
Learning Management System for the facilitation of a blended learning approach in the
Informatics department. The authors present and analyze the steps followed in order to
replace the prior decentralized organizational structure of the courses, which consisted of a
multitude of different and incompatible systems. The main goal was to implement a single
system, which would be easy to operate, maintain, and update, and would cater to the variety
76
of instructor and student needs. Furthermore, evaluation data of the new system is presented
in detail.
Bscones, Pere & Carreras, Csar (2012) state that around 98% of museums in Europe
are defined as small and medium–size institutions due to their limited human and economic
resources. Those memory institutions are getting real difficulties in becoming digital, in
other words using ICT applications. In this context, Project Mus.Cat, which is funded by the
Department of Culture of the Generalitat of Catalonia, is attempting to address some of these
problems by developing museum templates for open–source content management systems
(CMSs) such as Joomla 1.5. Such templates downloaded online allow small and medium
size institutions create high quality portals for content dissemination in internet with low
economic investment and computer expertise. Curators could easily manage and update
contents, include new functionalities, personalise and scale portals and favour the
introduction of Web 2.0 applications.
Keengwe, Jared & Agamba, Joachim J (2012) state that the emergence of e-learning
tools such as Course Management Systems (CMS) offer instructors a practical means to
transition from face-to-face to blended delivery modalities that could better serve the needs
of digital learners. However instructors fail to take advantage of such existing modern
classroom technologies to provide better learning experiences for their learners. Part of this
is due to the lack of a system to determine the underuse of technological tools in a CMS.
This project focused on examining the degree of Moodle technology integration into course
instruction to support effective student teaching and learning by three instructors. This
article stimulates reflections on pedagogical experiences with regard to course content
material and instructor practices. The study illustrates that instructors and learners can
believe technology is being used well in a CMS course site when the opposite is true.
Lee, Ying-Chen & Terashima, Nobuyoshi (2012) discussed a Moodle-based
educational system has been constructed by providing a friendly interface to fit most
students in e-learning. For the website implementation, the authors take the course
"Multimedia Implementation Using JAVA" as a case study. From the modified Moodle-
based educational system, the browsing time of each web page for students can be obtained.
By analyzing the recorded information, teachers can find out factors which will affect
students learning performance, so as to apply the proposed learning performance evaluation
77
mechanism to evaluate students learning performance for providing adequate auxiliary
learning materials to individual students.
Costello, Eamon (2013) describes virtual learning environment (VLE) has grown to
become a piece of complex infrastructure that is now deemed critical to higher educational
provision. This paper looks at Moodle and its adoption in higher education. Moodle’s
origins, as an open source VLE, are investigated and its growth examined in the context of
how higher educational institutions adopt VLEs.
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3.5 Open Source Software for Digital Library/Institutional Repositories
Witten, I H; Loots, M; Trujillo, M F; Bainbridge, D (2001) state that Digital libraries
are a key technology for developing countries and outlines a broad range of issues and then
goes on to describe how a freely available digital library system called 'Greenstone' provides
a flexible tool that helps meet information dissemination of areas like health, agriculture,
nutrition, hygiene, water supply and many more. Being 'open source' software, Greenstone
can be shaped by its users to meet new requirements.
Baudoin, Patsy; Branschofsky, Margret (2003) describes MIT Libraries experience
implementing DSpace, a home-grown open source digital institutional repository, which
other institutions may want to introduce as a service to their communities. MIT's
introduction of DSpace as an operating service illustrates the many political and
organizational considerations that must be addressed to establish and operate institutional
repositories. It outlines the impacts the service has had on the library, on MIT, and on the
perception of MIT Libraries within the Institute.
D-Lib Magazine (2005) presents information about version 2.0 of the Fedora open-
source digital repository software. The Fedora Project has announced the release of version
2.0 of the Fedora open-source digital repository software. This release represents a
significant increase in features and functionality over previous releases. New features
include the ability to represent and query relationships among digital objects, a simple XML
encoding for Fedora digital objects, enhanced ingest and export interfaces for
interoperability with other repository systems, enhanced administrative features, and
improved documentation.
Jones, Richard; Andrew, Theo (2005) examined how the synergy of open access and
open source have been used at Edinburgh University Library to design and implement an e-
thesis service, and to offer a comfortable theoretical framework to aid others. That open
access and open source are a natural and forward looking way to develop e-theses and other
research material repositories. The discussion of developing open source and the brief study
of the creation of ERA by using open source software (Tapir for DSpace) show us that this
approach is both warranted and useful.
79
Krishnamurthy, M. (2005) discusses the implementation of Dspace at the Indian
Statistical Institute and challenges facing implementing digital library. This paper outlines
the practical issues and key stages involved in digitizing, based on work undertaken as part
of the developing digital library with a teaching and research context. In this paper an
attempt has been made to explain the importance of open source software, developing a
digital library at the Indian Statistical Institute, and its features are discussed.
Borras, Antoni; Carreno, Juan; Jorba, Ferran; Prats, Jordi & Ros, Ramon (2006)
describes the selection process undertaken in 2004 by the Consorci de Biblioteques
Universitaries de Catalunya (University Library Consortium of Catalonia) for choosing a
programme to administer the Consortium's digital repositories. Two of the conditions were
that the software had to be open source and available for immediate implementation. The
programmes analysed were ARNO, CDSware, Dspace, Eprints, Fedora, I-Tor and MyCoRe.
The authors describe the principal features of each and justify the choice of Dspace.
Dion Hoe-Lian Goh ; Alton Chua; Davina Anqi Khoo; Emily Boon-Hui Khoo; Eric
Bok-Tong Mak & Maple Wen-Min Ng (2006) state that many open source software
packages are available for organizations and individuals to create digital libraries (DLs).
However, a simple to use instrument to evaluate these DL software packages does not exist.
The objectives of the present work are to develop a checklist for DL evaluation and use this
checklist on four DL software packages. The checklist was then used to evaluate four
popular open source DL software packages (CDSware, EPrints, Fedora, and Greenstone)
for the purposes of assessing suitability for use in a DL project to be undertaken by the
authors. A checklist consisting of 12 categories of items was developed. Using this,
Greenstone was found to be the best performer, followed by CDSware, Fedora and EPrints.
Greenstone was the only software package that consistently fulfilled the majority of the
criteria in many of the checklist categories. In contrast, EPrints was the worst performer due
to its poor support for certain features deemed important in our checklist, and a total absence
of functionality in other categories.
Fox, Robert (2006) explores the roles that libraries play in the development of open
source software. Analyses how the use of open source software implies freedom and
flexibility for libraries. This column is simply exploratory, and proposes the motivation for
libraries to be more actively involved in the open source movement.
80
Rogers, Michael (2006) announces VTLS's contracts with overseas institutions. The
Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia has promised to buy VITAL to
manage its collections using the FEDORA open source software. The National Library of
Pakistan will install the Virtua system to organize its depository of Pakistan's published and
copyrighted works.
Ashalatha Laxminarsaiah, Iqbalahmad U. Rajgoli (2007) describes how the ISRO
HQ Institutional Repository (IR) idea emerged and what are the steps taken to implement
and build the IR. The scope of the repository, which started with newspaper clippings, has
been enhanced to accommodate research papers, speeches/lectures, office
orders/memorandums, videos, annual reports and the in-house publications. The paper
provides evidence on how the ISRO HQ IR was built from scratch and how different
collections with numerous forms and formats can be accommodated using DSpace software.
Many problems were faced during customisation of metadata forms for different collections
apart from Dublin Core metadata fields. DSpace allows workflow and customisation as per
institutional requirements. It supports community/collection based content and submission
by different user communities.
Chachra, Vinod (2007) seeing the potential in institutional repositories and in
keeping with its visionary approach to library automation, VTLS has developed a product
known as VITAL. The Fedora open source software was used as the base architecture for
VITAL, which allowed VTLS to create a highly flexible and customizable package. VITAL
builds on the Fedora repository architecture by providing VTLS developed workflow
extensions, management utilities, indexing enhancements, advanced searching capabilities
and specialized content displays. Using Fedora defined web services, VITAL provides a
mechanism for organizations to create tools, enhance the functionality provided by VTLS,
or leverage the open source community for future applications.
Library Hi Tech News (2007) focuses on a library catalog created by Eric Lease
Morgan using the MyLibrary software. The purpose of project was to demonstrate the
applications of MyLibrary, an open source digital library framework and toolbox. The
library catalog is an index of just less than 300,000 Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC)
81
records. After downloading the MARC records from the U.S. Library of Congress, MARC
data was cross-walked to MyLibrary fields and imported.
Stanger, Nigel & McGregor, Graham (2007) is to report on the impact and
cost/benefit of implementing three - EPrints digital repositories at the University of Otago,
and to encourage others to follow suit. The paper shows that digital repositories can be
established quickly and effectively with surprisingly few resources; readily incorporate any
kind of extant digital content, or non-digital material that is converted to electronic form;
meet multifarious needs, from academic institutions seeking to enhance research visibility
and impact, to individuals and small communities collecting and preserving their unique
memory and heritage records; and establish connectivity with the global community from
the moment they go live.
Doctor, Gayatri (2008) conducted a survey and a pilot implementation of dspace
institutional repository at the ICFAI Business School, Ahmedabad, India. The study
indicates that faculty in business schools from different academic areas and teaching
experience do use digital resources for scholarly publications and teaching material, they do
indicate a knowledge sharing culture and tend to show a positive attitude towards the need
and use of a Digital institutional repository. Implementing the pilot institutional repository
using Open source DSpace software was an experience and provided visibility to the
institutional intellectual capital.
Krishnamurthy, M (2008) describes the open access and open source movement in
the digital library world. A review of key developments in the open access and open source
movement is provided. Open source software and open access to research findings are of
great use to scholars in developing nations.
Alam, Md Nurul & Pandey, Pragya (2010) provides a mechanism for the
development of a digital library Greenstone Astronomical Digital Image Library (GADIL)
for astronomical images using open source software Greenstone digital library, and its use
for astronomy community and educational users in India.
Biswas, Goutam & Paul, Dibyendu (2010) reveals that the Dspace and Greenstone
Digital Library Software have helped spread the practical impact of digital library
technology throughout the world, with particular emphasis on developing countries. As
Dspace and Greenstone enters its second decade, this article takes a retrospective look at its
82
development, the challenges that have been faced, and the lessons that have been learned in
developing and deploying a comprehensive open-source system for the construction of
digital libraries internationally. Open source digital library packages are gaining popularity
nowadays. To build a digital library under economical conditions open source software is
preferable. This paper tries to identify the extent of adoption of open source digital library
software packages in various organizations through an online survey. In this paper an online
survey has been done to find out the usability of these open source digital library software. It
lays down the findings from the survey. In this paper also try to compare with the features of
this popular OSS digital library software.
Kurtz, Mary (2010) provides an overview of Dublin Core (DC) and DSpace together
with an examination of the institutional repositories of three public research universities.
The universities all use DC and DSpace to create and manage their repositories. I drew a
sampling of records from each repository and examined them for metadata quality using the
criteria of completeness, accuracy, and consistency. I also examined the quality of records
with reference to the methods of educating repository users.
Myeza, J (2010) provides an overview of the practical implementation of a digital
library using open source software. Southern Africa has not fully embraced or incorporated
open source software into their information management operations. The article gives
guidelines and recommendations on what to consider when planning to digitize a collection.
The following issues will be looked at: digital rights management, institutional repositories,
Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) and its applications, the open
archives initiatives, and open source software for digital libraries. The article also focuses on
the practical steps in using open source software for digitizing.
Shoeb, Md. Zahid Hossain (2010) describes the procedure of setting up an
institutional repository (IR) at the Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), using open
source software. IUB faculty and research scholars will be able to publish their research
output in the proposed IR and make it globally visible. DSpace is preferred as IR software at
IUB. This paper also provides the procedure to set up the IR along with content submission
and workflow processes.
83
Caffaro, Jerome & Kaplun, Samuele (2011) state that Invenio, an open-source
repository software, has been developed as part of CERN's institutional repository strategy
to archiving of grey literature. In this document we describe how the particular context of
grey literature within the HEP community shaped the development of Invenio. We focus on
the strategies that have been established in order to process grey material within the software
and we analyse how it is used in a real production environment, the CERN Document Server
(CDS).
Kumar, B.L. Vinod (2011) describes briefly the design and development of a
machine-readable Sanskrit-English glossary for Yoga and allied sciences using GSDL
(Greenstone Digital Library software). Applications of glossary in an information system are
mentioned.
Neelameghan, A. & Lalitha, S. K (2011) describes the application of the open source
software WINISIS of UNESCO and Greenstone Digital Library (GSDL) of the University
of Waikato, New Zeeland in designing and developing an English-Tamil bilingual
Thesaurus hyperlinked to the online Tamil Lexicon (TL) maintained by The University of
Chicago WINISIS has very good indexing and hyper-linking facilities but is not Unicode
compliant to accept Indian Languages such, as Tamil; however, GSDL is Unicode compliant
and data entry and display in Tamil script is feasible. Exporting records from WINISIS to
GSDL, data entry in Tamil script, searching using Tamil terms in Tamil script, the same
transliterated into Roman script, and terms in English, hyperlinking within the thesaurus,
and linking to and searching and retrieval from, the online TL and display are demonstrated
with screen shots.
Sarika Sawant (2011) studied various issues concerning the IR software/system
involved in development of institutional repositories (IRs) in India. It was observed that 79
per cent of the institutions had implemented the DSpace IR software package. The
respondents considered the End-user interface to be the top ranking IR-system feature. It
was found that all IRs supported Text (HTML, Postscript, PDF, Spreadsheet etc.) file
formats. Half of the respondents marked bitstream copying as a long-term preservation
strategy. Almost all institutional repositories were OAI-PMH-compliant.
84
Jayakanth, Francis; Minj, Filbert & Dastidar, Prabir G (2012) briefly details the work
that has gone into setting up and configuring the digital repository of the Ministry of Earth
Sciences (MOES). The repository has been set up using the free and open source software,
GNU Eprints. Such a repository will not only help in the wider dissemination of the
publications that emerge from the projects and programmes supported by the MOES, but it
will also serve as an information management system for the ministry.
Madalli, Devika P; Barve, Sunita & Amin, Saiful (2012) presents an analytical study
along with observations regarding digital preservation support available in existing open-
source digital library software (OSS-DL) based on test beds created for that purpose.
Biradar, B. S. and Banateppanavar, Koteppa (2013) gave the practical guidelines of
setting up an institutional repository through DSpace open source software. The paper
discussed step by step procedures in building an institutional repository using DSpace
including collections. This paper helps in planning to build an IR. It also helps the beginners
in understanding the steps to be followed for uploading different file formats to build digital
repository to maintain collection with uniformity.
Paknejad, Azad (2013) tries to identify the extent of adoption and utility of
Greenstone Digital Library Software (GDLS) in Persian language in Iran. What are the
powerful capabilities and features of Greenstone and what about its programming bugs and
errors toward information retrieval and storage in Persian language? There is similar
consensus about GSLS effectiveness and capabilities between researcher and specialists.
There is a lack of experts in Perl and Java programming language for upgrading of software
in Iran. Further, software infrastructure especially in the interaction, support of standards
and metadata features is powerful. Relatively poor user interface, incomplete sorting of
Persian alphabet for "" characters, immature Unicode support like KWIC (or phind) index
are some outstanding bugs.
85
3.6 Open Source Software for Web Technologies
Stoffel Bruce & Cunningham, Jim (2005) determine the extent and nature of library
involvement in campus portal development. The Campus technology staff from US colleges
and universities participating in the JA-SIG u Portal open source software project were
surveyed. All respondents indicated having an active campus portal a majority of
respondents had at least one library feature on their campus portal. Some library features
included automated display of information specific to the portal user such as library account
information. Collaboration between campus and library staff was a common theme among
institutions successfully deploying library features.
Brantley, Steve; Armstrong, Annie & Lewis, Krystal M (2006) state that the
popularity of customizable Web sites in libraries has increased librarians interest in
supplementing user services with portal technology. The open source-software MyLibrary
gives the librarian control over the resources directed to users based on their interests.
University of Illinois at Chicago librarians developed My Chicago Library as a way to
streamline user access to library resources. A usability study designed around common task
categories tested the participant’s abilities to customize a personal library Web page,
understand the resource categories as defined by librarians, and manage the discipline-
specific content available in the portal.
Zoltanne, Horvath (2006) state that having set the objective of the quick and
comprehensive searching of portal and webpage contents, the professionals engaged in the
development of the so-called semantic or intelligent web are working towards the creation of
a web-based open and distributed system, that aims to apply standard descriptive languages
to the online information sources, and will reach its full potential when the automatic
distribution of data becomes possible. New programs and methods are being developed with
the collaboration of software engineers, and the milestones of the progress are reported on
by W3C working groups. The coordinated and computer-based development of various
traditional and automatic cataloguing languages demonstrates remarkable achievements. As
far as computer-based classification tools are concerned, a group of experts in the theoretical
issues of information sciences regard taxonomies and related tools as an easily adoptable
classification system that can be generated relatively quickly.
86
Ceterski, Joe (2007) reports on several software applications or Web sites that are
useful in a library setting. Angela Rand of Orange Beach Public Library explained how
these "gadgets" are used in her library. Some of these are Internet-based versions of familiar
software tools such as word processing or presentation applications. Rand also discuss
gadgets that provide something new which includes MySpace, YouTube, LibraryThing,
Flicker Badges, Bloglines, Audacity, and Zoho Office Suite.
Jackson, Millie; Blackburn, Jonathan D & McDonald, Robert H. (2007) describes
the bundling of MediaWiki into the electronic resource access strategy to enable custom
content that supports online training and course-based information literacy objectives.
Marchitelli, Andrea & Piazzini, Tessa (2008) are compared traditional OPAC
systems, enriched OPAC, social OPAC and social cataloguing systems. The aim is to
underline new theoretical trends and to offer a taxonomic outline of such tools, according to
the interaction level granted to users and to the chance to manage user's generated contents
from the point of view of the application of Web 2.0 tendencies to libraries, in the Library
2.0. At the end, a brief review of softwares, open source and not, that seem promising for
this future application.
Trainor, Cindi (2009) is to provide an insight into the use of Web 2.0 and Library 2.0
technologies so that librarians can combine open source software with user-generated
content to create a richer discovery experience for their users. Libraries are moving away
from the traditional, vendor-sourced library catalogue software in favour of open source
software that can be tailored to meet the community's needs by the people who are most
familiar with those needs: library staff. Open source products and some vendor products
outside the traditional ILS market allow libraries to pool data created by users: tags, reviews,
and comments. This allows the smallest libraries to harvest richer data than those of their
own communities.
West, Jessamyn (2009) offers tips to librarians on the use of open source software
(OSS) to improve their library computing environment. Solid Really Simple Syndication
(RSS) clients that allow for text styling and exporting or importing Outline Processor
Markup Language (OPML) are useful for librarians dealing with many feeds. Thunderbird is
the electronic mail (email) client created by the Mozilla community, and it has the three-
panel interface that will be familiar to Eudora or Outlook users.
87
Fernandez, Peter (2011) is highlights how the open-source bibliographic
management program Zotero harnesses Web 2.0 features to make library resources more
accessible to casual users without sacrificing advanced features. This reduces the barriers
understanding library resources and provides additional functionality when organizing
information resources.
Gil, Jose1; Diaz, Laura; Granell, Carlos & Huerta, Joaquin (2012) states the advent
of new factors such as the rapid growth and rise of open source projects, or new paradigms
promoted by government organizations to manage environmental data, such as Infrastructure
for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) directive, or the massive use
of Web 2.0 techniques where users are looking for applications with a high degree of
collaboration, interactiveness, and multimedia effects. The authors point out the need to
merge the traditional building and maintenance of these infrastructures, driven by official
providers, with these more participative methodologies where users can participate in
creating and integrating information. It seems necessary to develop new geospatial tools
which integrate these new trends. This paper proposes a unified solution offering to the
scientific field an open development framework based on standards and philosophies
focused on new technologies and scientific needs.
88
3.7 Inferences on Reviews
An evaluation of the literature on various aspects of the study provides an
understanding of the following
1. Total of 177 studies on the broad areas of open source softwares in general and
libraries in particular have been covered in this chapter.
2. The study on open source softwares have been grouped and presented under the
following headings
a. Open Source softwares in General
b. Application of Open Source Software in LIS
c. Open source software and Library automation
d. Open source software for E-Learning and Content Management Systems e. Open source software for Digital Libraries and Institutional Repositories f. Open source software for Web Technologies
3. The pioneering authors in the field of open source softwares in the review of
literature are Daniel Chudnov, Egbert De Smet, Frank H Cervone, Ian H Witten,
John Houser, Krishnamurthy M, Keats Derek, Marshall Breeding, Schlumpf P, and
Vandana Singh.
4. There are studies on the individual open source softwares like integrated
management systems, institutional repositories, content management systems, and
many more.
5. There are more studies on open source softwares in developed countries rather than
developing countries. There are good number studies are also conducted on adoption,
problems and prospects of open source softwares in Indian sub-continent.
6. There is no comprehensive study on usage, adoption and application of open source
softwares in higher academic institutions, particularly in India, the present study tries
to fill the gap and provides some new literature in this era.
89
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