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CONTENTS About the Authors iv | Updates and Additions vii | Learn, Practice, Assess! xi | Integration of Text and Digital xiv | Teaching and Learning xvii | Contents xix | Clinical Connections xxiv |

FOUNDATIONS FOR SUCCESS 1

I | LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 9

C H A P T E R 1Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 9

1.1 Introduction 111.2 Anatomy and Physiology 121.3 Levels of Organization 121.4 Characteristics of Life 141.5 Maintenance of Life 151.6 Organization of the Human Body 201.7 Life-Span Changes 281.8 Anatomical Terminology 28Some Medical and Applied Sciences 32C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 3 4C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 3 6I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 3 7

R E F E R E N C E P L A T E S 1 – 2 5

The Human Organism 38

C H A P T E R 2Chemical Basis of Life 58

2.1 Introduction 592.2 Structure of Matter 592.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells 69C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 8 0C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 8 1I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 8 2

C H A P T E R 3Cells 83

3.1 Introduction 843.2 A Composite Cell 843.3 Movements Into and Out

of the Cell 983.4 The Cell Cycle 1083.5 Control of Cell Division 1113.6 Stem and Progenitor Cells 1133.7 Cell Death 114C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 1 1 7C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 1 1 9I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 1 2 1

C H A P T E R 4Cellular Metabolism 122

4.1 Introduction 1234.2 Metabolic Processes 1234.3 Control of Metabolic Reactions 1254.4 Energy for Metabolic Reactions 1274.5 Cellular Respiration 1284.6 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 1324.7 Changes in Genetic Information 143C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 1 4 6C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 1 4 8I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 1 4 9

C H A P T E R 5Tissues 151

5.1 Introduction 1525.2 Epithelial Tissues 1525.3 Connective Tissues 1615.4 Types of Membranes 171

69

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C H A P T E R 8Joints of the Skeletal System 269

8.1 Introduction 2708.2 Fibrous Joints 2708.3 Cartilaginous Joints 2718.4 Synovial Joints 2738.5 Types of Joint Movements 2768.6 Examples of Synovial Joints 2798.7 Life-Span Changes 287C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 2 8 8C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 2 9 1I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 2 9 1

C H A P T E R 9Muscular System 292

9.1 Introduction 2939.2 Structure of a Skeletal

Muscle 2859.3 Skeletal Muscle Contraction 2979.4 Muscular Responses 3049.5 Smooth Muscles 3089.6 Cardiac Muscle 3099.7 Skeletal Muscle Actions 3109.8 Major Skeletal Muscles 3139.9 Life-Span Changes 341C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 3 4 1I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : M U S C U L A R S Y S T E M 3 4 2C H A P T E R A S S E S S E M E N T S 3 4 5I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 3 4 7

R E F E R E N C E P L A T E S 5 5 – 7 5

Surface Anatomy and Cadaver Dissection 348

III | INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION 360

C H A P T E R 10Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function 360

10.1 Introduction 36110.2 General Functions of the Nervous System 36210.3 Description of Cells of the Nervous System 363

5.5 Muscle Tissues 1715.6 Nervous Tissues 173C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 1 7 4C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 1 7 7I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 1 7 8

II | SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT 179

C H A P T E R 6Integumentary System 179

6.1 Introduction 1806.2 Skin and Its Tissues 1816.3 Accessory Structures of the Skin 1866.4 Regulation of Body Temperature 1906.5 Healing of Wounds and Burns 1926.6 Life-Span Changes 194I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : I N T E G U M E N T A R Y S Y S T E M 1 9 6C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 1 9 7C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 1 9 9I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 2 0 0

C H A P T E R 7Skeletal System 201

7.1 Introduction 2027.2 Bone Structure 2037.3 Bone Development

and Growth 2047.4 Bone Function 2117.5 Skeletal Organization 2137.6 Skull 2177.7 Vertebral Column 2277.8 Thoracic Cage 2327.9 Pectoral Girdle 2347.10 Upper Limb 2347.11 Pelvic Girdle 2397.12 Lower Limb 2437.13 Life-Span Changes 247

I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : S K E L E T A L S Y S T E M 2 4 8C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 2 4 9C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 2 5 2I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 2 5 3

R E F E R E N C E P L A T E S 2 6 - 5 4

Human Skull 254

n 186

97

S t 362

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13.3 Hormone Action 49013.4 Control of Hormonal Secretions 49613.5 Pituitary Gland 49713.6 Thyroid Gland 50413.7 Parathyroid Glands 50613.8 Adrenal Glands 50813.9 Pancreas 51313.10 Other Endocrine Glands 51513.11 Stress and Its Effects 51613.12 Life-Span Changes 518I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : E N D O C R I N E S Y S T E M 5 2 0C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 5 2 1C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 5 2 3I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 5 2 4

IV | TRANSPORT 525

C H A P T E R 14Blood 525

14.1 Introduction 52614.2 Blood Cells 52714.3 Blood Plasma 53814.4 Hemostasis 54014.5 Blood Groups and Transfusions 545C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 5 5 0C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 5 5 2I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 553

C H A P T E R 15Cardiovascular System 554

15.1 Introduction 55515.2 Structure of the Heart 55515.3 Heart Actions 56615.4 Blood Vessels 57515.5 Blood Pressure 58215.6 Paths of Circulation 59115.7 Arterial System 59315.8 Venous System 60115.9 Life-Span Changes 607I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : C A R D I O V A S C U L A R S Y S T E M 6 1 1C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 6 1 2C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 6 1 4I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 6 1 5

10.4 Classifi cation of Cells of the Nervous System 36710.5 The Synapse 37210.6 Cell Membrane Potential 37210.7 Synaptic Transmission 37810.8 Impulse Processing 381I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : N E R V O U S S Y S T E M 3 4 8C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 3 8 5C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 3 8 7I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 3 8 8

C H A P T E R 11Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System 389

11.1 Introduction 39011.2 Meninges 39111.3 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid 39211.4 Spinal Cord 39311.5 Brain 40311.6 Peripheral Nervous System 41711.7 Autonomic Nervous System 43011.8 Life-Span Changes 437C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 4 3 8C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 4 4 0I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 4 4 2

C H A P T E R 12Nervous System III: Senses 443

12.1 Introduction 44412.2 Receptors, Sensation, and

Perception 44412.3 General Senses 44612.4 Special Senses 45212.5 Life-Span Changes 481C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 4 8 2C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 4 8 5I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 4 8 6

C H A P T E R 13Endocrine System 487

13.1 Introduction 48813.2 General Characteristics of the

Endocrine System 488

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18.3 Carbohydrates 69718.4 Lipids 69818.5 Proteins 70018.6 Energy Expenditures 70218.7 Vitamins 70618.8 Minerals 71318.9 Healthy Eating 71918.10 Life-Span Changes 723C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 7 2 4C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 7 2 7I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 7 2 9

C H A P T E R 19Respiratory System 730

19.1 Introduction 73119.2 Why We Breathe 73119.3 Organs of the Respiratory

System 73219.4 Breathing Mechanism 74319.5 Control of Breathing 74919.6 Alveolar Gas Exchanges 75419.7 Gas Transport 75619.8 Life-Span Changes 761I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : R E S P I R A T O R Y S Y S T E M 7 6 2C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 7 6 3C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 7 6 5I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 7 6 6

C H A P T E R 20Urinary System 767

20.1 Introduction 76820.2 Kidneys 76920.3 Urine Formation 77820.4 Elimination of Urine 79120.5 Life-Span Changes 796I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : U R I N A R Y S Y S T E M 7 9 7C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 7 9 8C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 8 0 0I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 8 0 1

C H A P T E R 21Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 802

21.1 Introduction 80321.2 Distribution of Body Fluids 80321.3 Water Balance 805

C H A P T E R 16Lymphatic System and Immunity 616

16.1 Introduction 61716.2 Lymphatic Pathways 61716.3 Tissue Fluid and Lymph 62016.4 Lymph Movement 62116.5 Lymph Nodes 62116.6 Thymus and Spleen 62316.7 Body Defenses Against Infection 62416.8 Innate (Nonspecifi c) Defenses 62616.9 Adaptive (Specifi c) Defenses or Immunity 62816.10 Life-Span Changes 640C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 6 4 2I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : L Y M P H A T I C S Y S T E M 6 4 3C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 6 4 6I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 6 4 7

V | ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION 648

C H A P T E R 17Digestive System 648

17.1 Introduction 64917.2 General Characteristics of the

Alimentary Canal 64917.3 Mouth 65317.4 Salivary Glands 65717.5 Pharynx and Esophagus 65917.6 Stomach 66317.7 Pancreas 67017.8 Liver 66917.9 Small Intestine 67617.10 Large Intestine 68317.11 Life-Span Changes 686C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 6 8 8I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : D I G E S T I V E S Y S T E M 6 8 9C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 6 9 2I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 6 9 3

C H A P T E R 18Nutrition and Metabolism 694

18.1 Introduction 69518.2 Appetite Control 696

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23.4 Postnatal Period 89423.5 Aging 898C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 9 0 0C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 9 0 3I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 9 0 4

C H A P T E R 24Genetics and Genomics 905

24.1 Introduction 90624.2 Modes of Inheritance 90824.3 Factors That Affect Expression of

Single Genes 91324.4 Multifactorial Traits 91424.5 Matters of Sex 91624.6 Chromosome Disorders 91824.7 Genetics and Personalized Medicine 922C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 9 2 2C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 9 2 4I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 9 2 5

A P P E N D I X A Scientifi c Method 926

A P P E N D I X B Metric Measurement System and Conversions 927

A P P E N D I X C Laboratory Tests of Clinical Importance 928

A P P E N D I X D Periodic Table of the Elements 931

A P P E N D I X E Cellular Respiration 932

A P P E N D I X F A Closer Look at DNA and RNA Structures 936

A P P E N D I X G Figure Question Answers 938

Glossary 939

Credits 965

Index 969

21.4 Electrolyte Balance 80721.5 Acid-Base Balance 81121.6 Acid-Base Imbalances 815C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 8 1 8C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 8 1 9I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 8 2 0

VI | THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE 830

C H A P T E R 22Reproductive Systems 821

22.1 Introduction 82222.2 Meiosis 82222.3 Organs of the Male

Reproductive System 82422.4 Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions 83622.5 Organs of the Female Reproductive System 83822.6 Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive

Functions 84722.7 Mammary Glands 85122.8 Birth Control 85322.9 Sexually Transmitted Infections 858I N N E R C O N N E C T I O N S : R E P R O D U C T I V E S Y S T E M 8 5 9C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 8 6 0C H A P T E R A S S E S S M E N T S 8 6 3I N T E G R A T I V E A S S E S S M E N T S / C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G 8 6 4

C H A P T E R 23Pregnancy, Growth, and Development 866

23.1 Introduction 86723.2 Conception 86723.3 Pregnancy/Prenatal Period 8711

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