104

CHAPTER – V

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data.

I. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Empowerment is a process by which individuals, groups and

communities are able to take control of their circumstances and achieve their

goals. It enables them to work towards helping themselves for empowerment in

education, economic, social, psychological and political areas. It simply means

“Becoming Powerful”. The most important social innovation to help the poor

in recent years has been the success of credit-based Self-Help Groups,

especially those formed by women.

The SHGs are an innovation in the field of rural development to finance

the rural poor and also to satisfy their credit needs. SHGs play an important

role in transforming the rural economy. Transformation of the prevailing social

discrimination against women must become the top priority and must happen

concurrently with increased direct action to rapidly improve the social and

economic status of women.

Economists have positively accepted the role of financial system in

economic development. It determines the living and social welfare through

variations in the supply of finance. The SHGs have common perception of

105

need to improve collective activity. Successful functioning of SHGs depends

on the socio-economic conditions of the respondents. In this chapter, an

attempt has been made to analyze the socio-economic conditions of the sample

respondents and their influencing factors that are mainly responsible for the

empowerment of women. The profile contains details regarding location, age,

community, marital status, education, family size, occupation, income, etc.

5.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF SHGs

5.2.1 COMMUNITY WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS

Table 5.1

Community Wise Classification of Respondents

S.No. Taluks COMMUNITY

Total BC MBC SC ST

1. Attur 12

(16.0)

35

(46.7)

24

(32.0)

4

(5.3) 75

2. Edapady 18

(24.0)

26

(34.7)

24

(32.0)

7

(9.3) 75

3. Gangavalli 11

(14.7)

39

(52.0)

20

(26.7)

5

(6.7) 75

4. Mettur 14

(18.7)

42

(56.0)

18

(24.0)

1

(1.3) 75

5. Omalur 18

(24.0)

33

(44.0)

20

(26.7)

4

(5.3) 75

6. Salem 12

(16.0)

39

(52.0)

20

(26.7)

4

(5.3) 75

7. Sangagiri 17

(22.7)

25

(33.3)

23

(30.7)

10

(13.3) 75

8. Valapady 9

(12.0)

33

(44.0)

19

(25.3)

14

(18.7) 75

9. Yercaud 15

(20.0)

35

(46.7)

17

(22.7)

8

(10.7) 75

Total

126

(18.7)

307

(45.5)

185

(27.4)

57

(8.4)

675

(100)

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

106

The data in table 5.1 indicate the community-wise distribution of

respondents. Out of the total 675 respondents selected, 18.7 per cent belong to

BC, 45.5 per cent belong to MBC and 27.4 per cent belong to SC group and

8.4 per cent belong to ST group. The BC group is found more (24.0%) in the

Edapady and Omalur Taluk, MBC group in the Mettur Taluk is (56%),

SC group in Attur and Edapady Taluk is (32%) and ST group in Valapady

Taluk is (18.7%). It is also seen from the table that number of MBC women

members are more than 25 in all the Taluks and BC members are less than 20

in all the Taluks. It is found that majority of the woman members of SHG

groups belong to MBC group in all the taluks (above 25 in each taluk).

107

Figure 5.1

Community Wise Classification of Respondents

16

.0

24

.0

14

.7 18

.7

24

.0

16

.0

22

.7

12

.0

20

.0

46

.7

34

.7

52

.0 56

.0

44

.0

52

.0

33

.3

44

.0 46

.7

32

.0

26

.7

24

.0 26

.7

5.3

9.3

6.7

1.3

5.3

5.3

13

.3

32

.0

26

.7 30

.7

25

.3

22

.7

18

.7

10

.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

Attu

r

Edap

ady

Gan

gaval

li

Met

tur

Om

alur

Sal

em

San

gagiri

Val

apad

y

Yer

caud

Taluks

Pe

rce

nta

ge BC

MBC

SC

ST

108

5.2.2 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION WISE CLASSIFICATION

OF RESPONDENTS

Table 5.2

Educational Qualification Wise Classification of Respondents

S.No. Taluk

Educational Qualification

Total Illiterate Primary

Pre

secondary Secondary

1. Attur 18

(24.0)

33

(44.0)

12

(16.0)

12

(16.0) 75

2. Edapady 16

(21.3)

33

(44.0)

11

(14.7)

15

(20.0) 75

3. Gangavalli 21

(28.0)

34

(45.3)

9

(12.0)

11

(14.7) 75

4. Mettur 14

(18.7)

44

(58.7)

12

(16.0)

5

(6.7) 75

5. Omalur 17

(22.7)

38

(50.7)

11

(14.7)

9

(12.0) 75

6. Salem 10

(13.3)

38

(50.7)

18

(24.0)

9

(12.0) 75

7. Sangagiri 17

(22.7)

36

(48.0)

15

(20.0)

7

(9.3) 75

8. Valapady 13

(17.3)

34

(45.3)

17

(22.7)

11

(14.7) 75

9. Yercaud 16

(21.3)

29

(38.7)

15

(20.0)

15

(20.0) 75

Total 142

(21.0)

319

(47.3)

120

(17.8)

94

(13.9) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table explains the educational qualification wise

classification of 675 respondents. Among them, 21.0 per cent are illiterates,

47.3 per cent are educated up to primary level, 17.8 per cent are pre secondary

level and 13.9 per cent are secondary level. From the analysis, It is understood

that in general, more than 20 per cent of the rural SHG members are illiterates.

98

Figure 5.2

Educational Qualification Wise Classification of Respondents

24.0

44.0

16.0

16.0

21.3

44.0

14.7

20.0

28.0

45.3

12.0

14.7 18.7

58.7

16.0

6.7

22.7

50.7

14.7

12.0 1

3.3

50.7

24.0

12.0

22.7

48.0

20.0

9.3

17.3

45.3

22.7

14.7

21.3

38.7

20.0

20.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

Perc

en

tag

e

Attur

Edap

ady

Gan

gaval

li

Met

tur

Om

alur

Sal

em

San

gagiri

Val

apad

y

Yer

caud

Taluks

Illiterate

Primary

Pre Secondary

Secondary

109

98

5.2.3 AGE WISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Table 5.3

Age Wise Classification of the Respondents

S.No. Taluk Age in Years

Total 20-30 31-40 41-50 Above 50

1. Attur 9

(12.0)

21

(28.0)

21

(28.0)

24

(32.0) 75

2. Edapady 5

(6.7)

21

(28.0)

25

(33.3)

24

(32.0) 75

3. Gangavalli 17

(22.7)

21

(28.0)

15

(20.0)

22

(29.3) 75

4. Mettur 9

(12.0)

26

(34.7)

16

(21.3)

24

(32.0) 75

5. Omalur 16

(21.3)

21

(28.0)

15

(20.0)

23

(30.7) 75

6. Salem 18

(24.0)

15

(20.0)

21

(28.0)

21

(28.0) 75

7. Sangagiri 19

(25.3)

17

(22.7)

15

(20.0)

24

(32.0) 75

8. Valapady 21

(28.0)

18

(24.0)

17

(22.7)

19

(25.3) 75

9. Yercaud 17

(22.7)

16

(21.3)

19

(25.3)

23

(30.7) 75

Total 131

(19.4)

176

(26.1)

164

(24.3)

204

(30.2) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

Table 5.3 shows the age-wise distribution of 675 respondents. Out of the

selected respondents, 19.4 per cent of them come under 20-30 years age group,

26.1 per cent are under 31-40 age group, 24.3 per cent are under 41-50 age

group and 30.2 per cent are more than 50 years of age. Majority (34.7%)

belong to 31 to 40 years aged respondents are from Mettur taluk followed by

33.3% in Edapady who belong to 41 to 50 years.

110

98

Figure 5.3

Age Wise Classification of the Respondents

12

.02

8.0

28

.03

2.0

6.7

28

.03

3.3

32

.0

22

.7

28

.02

0.0

29

.3

12

.0

34

.7

21

.33

2.0

21

.3

28

.02

0.0

30

.7

24

.02

0.0

28

.0

28

.0

25

.3

22

.72

0.0

32

.0

28

.02

4.0

22

.72

5.3

22

.72

1.3

25

.33

0.7

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Attur

Edap

ady

Gan

gaval

li

Met

tur

Om

alur

Sal

emSan

gagiri

Val

apad

yYer

caud

Taluks

20-30

31-40

41-50

Above 50

111

98

5.2.4 FAMILY SIZE WISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Table 5.4

Family Size Wise Classification of the Respondents

S.No. Taluk Family size

Total Small Medium Large

1. Attur 22

(29.3)

49

(65.3)

4

(5.3) 75

2. Edapady 23

(30.7)

45

(60.0)

7

(9.3) 75

3. Gangavalli 21

(28.0)

45

(60.0)

9

(12.0) 75

4. Mettur 24

(32.0)

50

(66.7)

1

(1.3) 75

5. Omalur 22

(29.3)

47

(62.7)

6

(8.0) 75

6. Salem 13

(17.3)

55

(73.3)

7

(9.3) 75

7. Sangagiri 18

(24.0)

51

(68.0)

6

(8.0) 75

8. Valapady 15

(20.0)

52

(69.3)

8

(10.7) 75

9. Yercaud 29

(38.7)

42

(56.0)

4

(5.3) 75

Total

187

(27.7)

436

(64.6)

52

(7.7) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The table 5.4 gives family size-wise distribution of 675 respondents It

could be observed that the small size households were 27.7 per cent, the

medium size 64.6 per cent and the large size 7.7 per cent. The small size

family is more in Yercaud Taluk (38.7%). The medium size family is more in

the Salem Taluk (73.3%) and the large size family is more in Gangavalli Taluk

(12.0%). It is found from the study that medium size family respondents are

more in the SHG activities in Salem Taluk.

112

98

Figure 5.4

Family Size Wise Classification of the Respondents

29.330.7

28.0

32.029.3

17.3

24.0

20.0

65.3

60.0 60.0

66.7

62.7

73.3

68.0 69.3

56.0

5.3

9.312.0

1.3

8.0 9.3 8.010.7

5.3

38.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

Attu

r

Edap

ady

Gan

gaval

li

Met

tur

Om

alur

Sal

em

San

gagiri

Val

apad

y

Yer

caud

Taluks

Perc

en

tag

e

Small

Medium

Large

113

98

5.2.5 MARITAL STATUS WISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Table 5.5

Marital Status Wise Classification of the Respondents

S.No. Taluk Marital Status

Total Married Unmarried

1 Attur 65

(86.7)

10

(13.3) 75

2 Edapady 73

(97.3)

2

(2.7) 75

3 Gangavalli 71

(94.7)

4

(5.3) 75

4 Mettur 69

(92.0)

6

(8.0) 75

5 Omalur 66

(88.0)

9

(12.0) 75

6 Salem 70

(93.3)

5

(6.7) 75

7 Sangagiri 67

(89.3)

8

(10.7) 75

8 Valapady 66

(88.0)

9

(12.0) 75

9 Yercaud 68

(90.7)

7

(9.3) 75

Total 615

(91.1)

60

(8.9) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

Table 5.5 gives data above the marital status of 675 respondents. It

could be noted that 91.1 per cent of respondents are married and 8.9 per cent

unmarried. It is found from the study that majority of the members involved in

SHG activities are women who are more in Edapady Taluk followed by

Gangavalli Taluk.

114

98

Figure 5.5

Marital Status Wise Classification of the Respondents

86.7

97.3

94.7

92.0

88.0

93.3

89.388.0

90.7

13.3

2.7

5.3

8.0

12.0

6.7

10.712.0

9.3

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

Attu

r

Edap

ady

Gan

gaval

li

Met

tur

Om

alur

Sal

em

San

gagiri

Val

apad

y

Yer

caud

Taluks

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Unmarried

Married

115

98

5.2.6 OCCUPATION WISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Table 5.6

Occupation Wise Classification of the Respondents

S. No.

Taluk Occupational Status

Total Worker

Rural Artisan

Marginal Farmer

Small farmer

1 Attur 32

(42.7) 29

(38.7) 6

(8.0) 8

(10.7) 75

2 Edapady 17

(22.7) 45

(60.0) 5

(6.7) 8

(10.7) 75

3 Gangavalli 23

(30.7) 28

(37.3) 9

(12.0) 15

(20.0) 75

4 Mettur 12

(16.0) 38

(50.7) 12

(16.0) 13

(17.3) 75

5 Omalur 18

(24.0) 35

(46.7) 13

(17.3) 9

(12.0) 5

6 Salem 14

(18.7) 29

(38.7) 19

(25.3) 13

(17.3) 75

7 Sangagiri 26

(34.7) 29

(38.7) 11

(14.7) 9

(12.0) 75

8 Valapady 12

(16.0) 43

(57.3) 8

(10.7) 12

(16.0) 75

9 Yercaud 21

(28.0) 25

(33.3) 17

(22.7) 12

(16.0) 75

Total 175

(25.9) 301

(44.6) 100

(14.8) 99

(14.7) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

Table 5.6 indicates the occupation-wise distribution of respondents. Out

of the total of 675 respondents, 25.9 per cent are workers, 44.6 per cent are

Rural Artisans, 14.8 per cent are Marginal farmers and 14.7 per cent are small

farmers. It is derived from the analysis that out of total respondents, (42.7%)

are working group in Attur Taluk, (60%) are rural artisan found in Edapady

Taluk, (25.3%) are marginal farmers found in Salem Taluk and (20%) are small

farmers in Gangavalli Taluk. This analysis reveals that nearly half of the

respondents are rural artisans, ¼ th

are workers and the small farmers are the

least category among the members of SHGs.

116

Figure 5.6

Occupation Wise Classification of the Respondents

42.7

38.7

8.0

10

.7

22.7

60.0

6.7

10

.7

30.7

37.3

12

.02

0.0

16.0

50.7

16

.0

17

.3

24.0

46.7

17

.31

2.0

18.7

38.7

25

.31

7.3

34.7

38.7

14

.7

12

.016.0

57.3

10

.71

6.0

28.0

33.3

22

.71

6.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

Perc

en

tag

e

Attu

r

Edapad

y

Gan

gaval

li

Met

tur

Om

alur

Salem

Sangag

iri

Valap

ady

Yerca

ud

Taluks

Worker

Rural Artism

Marginal Farmer

Small farmer

117

5.2.7 GROUP DURATION WISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Table 5.7

Group Duration Wise Classification of the Respondents

S.No. Taluk Group Duration

Total Short Medium Long

1 Attur 15

(20.0)

15

(20.0)

45

(60.0) 75

2 Edapady 20

(26.7)

19

(25.3)

36

(48.0) 75

3 Gangavalli 12

(16.0)

24

(32.0)

39

(52.0) 75

4 Mettur 18

(24.0)

19

(25.3)

38

(50.7) 75

5 Omalur 20

(26.7)

19

(25.3)

36

(48.0) 75

6 Salem 12

(16.0)

20

(26.7)

43

(57.3) 75

7 Sangagiri 14

(18.7)

14

(18.7)

47

(62.7) 75

8 Valapady 16

(21.3)

30

(40.0)

29

(38.7) 75

9 Yercaud 13

(17.3)

21

(28.0)

41

(54.7) 75

Total 140

(20.7)

181

(26.8)

354

(52.4) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The table 5.7 shows that out of the total 675 respondents, 20.7 per cent

belong to the short, 26.8 per cent to the medium and 52.4 per cent to the long

duration group. It is observed that the long duration members hold the first

position in the SHGs followed by the medium duration members and the short

duration members.

118

5.3 HOUSING STATUS WISE RESPONDENTS

Housing is one of the basic necessaries, which indicates the social status

of the people to a greater extent. The housing status of SHG members in the

study is classified into houses of respondents, rented and others. The housing

status according to taluk-wise, community-wise, group duration-wise and

educational level- wise are given in tables 5.8, 5.9 and 5.10.

5.3.1 TALUK-WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS HOUSING

STATUS WISE

Table 5.8

Taluk-Wise Classification of Respondents Housing Status Wise

S.No. Taluk Nature of Housing

Total Rented Own House

1 Attur 31

(41.3)

44

(58.7) 75

2 Edapady 18

(24.0)

57

(76.0) 75

3 Gangavalli 14

(18.7)

61

(81.3) 75

4 Mettur 26

(34.7)

49

(65.3) 75

5 Omalur 18

(24.0)

57

(76.0) 75

6 Salem 19

(25.3)

56

(74.7) 75

7 Sangagiri 28

(37.3)

47

(62.7) 75

8 Valapady 16

(21.3)

59

(78.7) 75

9 Yercaud 20

(26.7)

55

(73.3) 75

Total 190

(28.1)

485

(71.9) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

119

From the table 5.8 it could be noted that out of the total 675 respondents,

28.1 per cent are living in rented and 71.9 per cent are living in own house. It

is derived that more rented house respondents have found in Sangagiri Taluk

(37.3%) and more own house respondents (81.3%) are in the Gangavalli Taluk.

It is observed that the own house members hold the first position in the SHGs

followed by rented house members.

5.3.2 COMMUNITY-WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS

HOUSING STATUS WISE

Table 5.9

Community-Wise Classification of Respondents Housing Status Wise

S.No. Community

Nature of Housing

Total

Rented Own House

1 BC 37

(29.4)

89

(70.6) 126

2 MBC 86

(28.0)

221

(72.0) 307

3 SC 56

(30.3)

129

(69.7) 185

4 ST 11

(19.3)

46

(80.7) 57

Total 190 485 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

120

It is clear from the above table that majority of (70.6%) BC Community

respondents live in their own houses, majority of (72%) MBC respondents live

in their own houses and majority of (69.7%) SC respondents live in their own

houses it is found that among four community majority (80.7%) of ST

communities respondents live in their own houses.

5.3.3 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION -WISE CLASSIFICATION

OF RESPONDENTS HOUSING STATUS WISE

Table 5.10

Educational Qualification -Wise Classification of Respondents

Housing Status Wise

S.No. Education

Nature of Housing

Total Rented

Own

House

1 Illiterate 45

(31.7)

97

(68.3) 142

2 Primary 70

(21.9)

249

(78.1) 319

3 Pre Secondary 39

(32.5)

81

(67.5) 120

4 Secondary 36

(38.3)

58

(61.7) 94

Total 190 485 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

Table 5.10 shows that more than half of the respondents at all levels of

education including the illiterates dwell in the houses of their own. However,

majority of 78.1 per cent primary level educated women lived in their own

houses. It was found that majority of the respondents under different

educational level lived in their own houses.

121

5.4 LAND OWNERSHIP STATUS

The land ownership pattern of the SHG members consists, of leased

land, own land and land less and it is analyzed according to taluk -wise,

community-wise, and educational level- wise. This is given in tables 5.11

and 5.12.

5.4.1 TALUK-WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS FOR

LAND OWNERSHIP STATUS

Table 5.11

Taluk-Wise Classification of Respondents For

Land Ownership Status

S.No. Taluk Nature of Land

Total Lease Own Landless

1 Attur 33

(44.0)

27

(36.0)

15

(20.0) 75

2 Edapady 31

(41.3)

23

(30.7)

21

(28.0) 75

3 Gangavalli 14

(18.7)

28

(37.3)

33

(44.0) 75

4 Mettur 32

(42.7)

21

(28.0)

22

(29.3) 75

5 Omalur 27

(36.0)

21

(28.0)

27

(36.0) 75

6 Salem 26

(34.7)

20

(26.7)

29

(38.7) 75

7 Sangagiri 21

(28.0)

26

(34.7)

28

(37.3) 75

8 Valapady 21

(28.0)

26

(34.7)

28

(37.3) 75

9 Yercaud 28

(37.3)

21

(28.0)

26

(34.7) 75

Total 233

(34.5)

213

(31.6)

229

(33.9) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

122

Table 5.11 indicates that out of 675 respondents, 34.5per cent have

leased land, 31.6% have own land and 33.9 per cent have no landed property.

It is derived that among leased land holders majority (44%) are in Attur taluk,

(37.3%) Gangavalli taluk respondents have own land and 44 per cent are land

less respondents.

5.4.2 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION-WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

FOR LAND OWNERSHIP STATUS

Table 5.12

Education-Wise Classifications for Land

Ownership Status

S.No. Education Nature of Land

Total Lease Own Landless

1 Illiterate 36

(25.4)

54

(38.0)

52

(36.6) 142

2 Primary 120

(37.6)

92

(28.8)

107

(33.5) 319

3 Pre Secondary 37

(30.8)

41

(34.2)

42

(35.0) 120

4 Secondary 40

(42.6)

26

(27.7)

28

(29.8) 94

Total 233 213 229 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

Table 5.12 in case of lease hold land, the majority 42.6 respondents are

secondary level educated and in case of own land, majority of 38 per cent are

Illiterates and majority of 36.6per cent Illiterates who are land less.

123

5.5 SHG FORMATION

5.5.1 RATIONALE BEHIND JOINING THE SHGs

The reasons for joining the SHGs are to save regular, to contribute to

household income, to do any self job and all purposes majority about have

been analyzed according to taluk-wise, community-wise, and educational level-

wise and the results are presented in tables 5.13,5.14,and 5.15.

5.5.1.1 TALUK WISE RESPONDENT’S REASONS FOR JOINING SHGs

Table 5.13

Taluk-Wise Respondent’s Reasons for Joining SHGs

S.

No. Taluk

Reason for Joining SHG

Total To save

regularly

To contribute

to household

income

To do

any self

job

All

purposes

1 Attur 53

(70.7)

14

(18.7)

2

(2.7)

6

(8.0)

75

2 Edapady 50

(66.7)

15

(20.0)

2

(2.7)

8

(10.7)

75

3 Gangavalli 31

(41.3)

10

(13.3)

8

(10.7)

26

(34.7)

75

4 Mettur 49

(65.3)

6

(8.0)

8

(10.7)

12

(16.0)

75

5 Omalur 47

(62.7)

7

(9.3)

7

(9.3)

14

(18.7)

75

6 Salem 43

(57.3)

11

(14.7)

12

(16.0)

9

(12.0)

75

7 Sangagiri 38

(50.7)

17

(22.7)

16

(21.3)

4

(5.3)

75

8 Valapady 45

(60.0)

17

(22.7)

8

(10.7)

5

(6.7)

75

9 Yercaud 41

(54.7)

19

(25.3)

8

(10.7)

7

(9.3)

75

Total 397

(58.8)

116

(17.2)

71

(10.5)

91

(13.5) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

124

It is clear from the table 5.13, that out of the total 675 SHG members,

58.8 per cent have joined the SHG with the motive of saving regularly, 17.2 per

cent to contribute to household income, 10.5 per cent to do any self job and

remaining 13.5 per cent are interested to join SHG for all the purposes

mentioned above. It is derived that, more (70.7%) Attur taluk respondents are

interested to join SHG to experience the habit of regular savings followed by

Edapady (66.7%) and Mettur (65.3%). In the case of contribution to household

income‟ majority of them belong to Yarcaud (25.3%) followed by Valapady

and Sangagiri. Most (21.3%) of the Sangagiri respondents join the SHG for

the reason of doing any self job and majority (34.7%) of the Gangavalli

respondents are interested to join with SHG for all the purpose. It is found

from the analysis that majority of 50 per cent of the selected sample

respondents are interested to join SHG for the main reason of their regular

saving.

125

5.5.1.2 COMMUNITY-WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONTENTS

REASONS FOR JOINING SHG

TABLE 5.14

Community Wise Classification of Respondents:

Reasons for Joining SHG

S.

No. Community

Reason for Joining SHG

Total Save

regularly

contribute

to

household

income

Do any

self job

All

purposes

1 BC 64

(50.8)

27

(21.4)

16

(12.7)

19

(15.1) 126

2 MBC 183

(59.6)

46

(15.0)

32

(10.4)

46

(15.0) 307

3 SC 115

(62.2)

34

(18.4)

14

(7.6)

22

(11.9) 185

4 ST 35

(61.4)

9

(15.8)

9

(15.8)

4

(7.0) 57

Total 397 116 71 91 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

It is understood from the above table that out of 675, majority (62.2%)

SC respondents are interested to join SHG to experience the habit of regular

savings followed by Edapady (66.7%) and Mettur (65.3%). In the case of

„contribute to household income‟ majority of members belong to Yarcaud

(25.3%) followed by Valapady and Sangagiri. Majority (21.3%) of the

Sangagiri respondents have joined the SHG for the reason of doing any self

job and majority (34.7%) of the Gangavalli respondents are interested to join

with SHG for all the purpose. It is found from the analysis that majority 50%

of the selected sample respondents are interested to join SHG for the main

reason of their regular savings.

126

5.5.1.3 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION-WISE CLASSIFICATION

OF RESPONTENTS REASON FOR JOINING SHGs

Table 5.15

Educational Qualification Wise of Respondents :

Reason for Joining SHGs

S.

No. Education

Reason for Joining SHG

Total To save

regularly

To contribute

to household

income

To do

any self

job

All

purposes

Mentioned

above

1 Illiterate 91

(64.1)

19

(13.4)

12

(8.5)

20

(14.1) 142

2 Primary 186

(58.3)

59

(18.5)

33

(10.3)

41

(12.9) 319

3 Pre

Secondary

66

(55.0)

23

(19.2)

14

(11.7)

17

(14.2) 120

4 Secondary 54

(57.4)

15

(16.0)

12

(12.8)

13

(13.8) 94

Total 397 116 71 91 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

Table 5.15 shows that 64.1 per cent of the Illiterates, 58.3 per cent of the

primary, 55 per cent of Pre secondary and 57.4 per cent of secondary level

educated SHG members have joined the SHGs motivated by its regular saving

habit. It is found that majority of 64.1 per cent illiterates have joined the

SHGs mainly for savings money.

5.5.2 SOURCES OF SHG ACTIVITIES

Generally, rural women become aware of the SHG activities through

government agencies like District Rural Development Agency and various

departments of the government like Social Welfare, Agriculture, Industry etc.,

127

Radio, Television, News papers and Non-governmental Organizations. The

sources of knowledge of SHG activities for the rural women in the study area

are NGOs, Peer Group, impact of other SHGs and other family members. The

influences of these are analyzed according to the units of analysis and

presented in tables 5.16, 5.17 and 5.18.

5.5.1 TALUK-WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENT’S SOURCES

OF AWARENESS ABOUT SHGs

Table 5.16

Taluk-Wise Classification of Respondent’s Sources

of Awareness About SHGs

S.No. Taluk

Source of Aware SHG

Total NGO

Peer

Group

Impact of

other

SHGs

Other

family

members

1 Attur 25

(33.3)

30

(40.0)

13

(17.3)

7

(9.3) 75

2 Edapady 32

(42.7)

20

(26.7)

9

(12.0)

14

(18.7) 75

3 Gangavalli 27

(36.0)

14

(18.7)

6

(8.0)

28

(37.3) 75

4 Mettur 37

(49.3)

10

(13.3)

5

(6.7)

23

(30.7) 75

5 Omalur 34

(45.3)

14

(18.7)

8

(10.7)

19

(25.3) 75

6 Salem 26

(34.7)

8

(10.7)

8

(10.7)

33

(44.0) 75

7 Sangagiri 43

(57.3)

24

(32.0)

4

(5.3)

4

(5.3) 75

8 Valapady 39

(52.0)

21

(28.0)

5

(6.7)

10

(13.3) 75

9 Yercaud 33

(44.0)

18

(24.0)

5

(6.7)

19

(25.3) 75

Total 296

(43.9)

159

(23.6)

63

(9.3)

157

(23.3) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

128

The Table 5.16 gives that 43.9 per cent of the respondents are aware

about SHG through NGO, 23.6 per cent are Peer group, 9.3 per cent are aware

through impact of other SHGs and remaining 23.3 per cent are getting

information about SHG from other family members. It indicates that NGOs

have occupied the first place in awareness generation about the SHG activities

followed by the peer group, in the second place and other family members in

the third place and impact of other SHGs in their locality, in the forth place In

general, NGOs are the major source of awareness among the women about

SHGs.

5.5.2 COMMUNITY WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENT’S

SOURCES OF AWARENESS ABOUT SHGs

Table 5.17

Community Wise Classification of Respondent’s

Sources of Awareness About SHGs

S.

No. Community

Source of Aware SHG

Total NGO

Peer

Group

Impact of

other

SHGs

Other

family

members

1 BC 53

(42.1)

41

(32.5)

9

(7.1)

23

(18.3) 126

2 MBC 146

(47.6)

57

(18.6)

29

(9.4)

75

(24.4) 307

3 SC 74

(40.0)

44

(23.8)

22

(11.9)

45

(24.3) 185

4 ST 23

(40.4)

17

(29.8)

3

(5.3)

14

(24.6) 57

Total 296 159 63 157 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

129

Table 5.17 shows that BC women are aware of the SHG activities

mainly through NGOs (42.1%) and peer group (32.5%). Majority of the MBC

women (47.6%) are aware of the SHG activities through the NGOs. But 40.0%

of SC women are aware of the SHG activities in the form of NGOs. On the

other hand, 40.4 per cent of ST women are aware of the SHG activities through

NGOs. It is found that NGOs are the major source of knowledge about the

SHG activities among the different community members.

5.5.2.1 EDUCATION WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENT’S

SOURCES OF AWARENESS ABOUT SHGs

Table 5.18

Education Wise Classification of Respondent’s

Sources of Awareness About SHGs

S.No. Education

Source of Aware SHG

Total NGO

Peer

Group

Impact

of other

SHGs

Other

family

members

1 Illiterate 63

(44.4)

30

(21.1)

16

(11.3)

33

(23.2) 142

2 Primary 144

(45.1)

76

(23.8)

27

(8.5)

72

(22.6) 319

3 Pre Secondary 55

(45.8)

26

(21.7)

12

(10.0)

27

(22.5) 120

4 Secondary 34

(36.2)

27

(28.7)

8

(8.5)

25

(26.6) 94

Total 296 159 63 157 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

130

Table 5.18 shows that the SHG members get the awareness through

many sources. Among this, 45.8 per cent of the pre secondary school educated

respondents gather awareness of SHG through NGO. The secondary school

educated respondents of 28.7 per cent are receiving the awareness of the SHG

through peer group and also from other family members, 26.6 per cent of the

respondents are capturing the awareness of SHG. The source of awareness

towards the impact of other SHG‟s are preaching about the awareness of the

SHG mostly gain the illiterate respondents at 11.3 per cent. From the analysis,

it is inferred that majority pre secondary school educated respondents are

obtaining the awareness of SHG majority through NGOs.

5.6 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT INDICATORS

In this section the women empowerment indicators are analysed. There

are a very large number of indicators; the empowerment indicators address the

women‟s influence in household decision making, decision making on general

good, the education of children, family health and their awareness on the role

and functions of banks, their mobility etc.

Ten indicators are employed to analyze the degree of women

empowerment with respect to the dependent units of analysis viz. taluks,

community, duration of the group and the educational level. They are

i) contribution of SHG women to their household income, ii) Awareness on the

functions of bank, iii) Bank operation procedures, iv) Financial handling

behaviour, v) Decision-making on the education of children and family health,

vi) Media exposure, vii) Skill development, xiii) performing tasks,

ix) Involvement in the SHG activities and x) Opinion of the respondents on the

131

impact of the SHGs on skill development and improvement of standard of

living of family members.

5.6.1 CONTRIBUTION OF SHG WOMEN TO THEIR HOUSEHOLD

INCOME

The income contribution of SHG women, after joining the SHGs, to the

household income is presented in tables 5.19, 5.20 and 5.21.

5.6.1.1 TALUK WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENT’S

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Table 5.19

Taluk Wise Classification of Respondent’s Household Income

S.No. Taluk Contribution to Household Income

Total

More Much Less No

1 Attur 34

(45.3)

35

(46.7)

4

(5.3)

2

(2.7) 75

2 Edapady 37

(49.3)

35

(46.7)

3

(4.0)

0

75

3 Gangavalli 30

(40.0)

42

(56.0)

2

(2.7)

1

(1.3) 75

4 Mettur 45

(60.0)

29

(38.7)

1

(1.3)

0

75

5 Omalur 42

(56.0)

32

(42.7)

1

(1.3)

0

75

6 Salem 40

(53.3)

35

(46.7)

0

0

75

7 Sangagiri 38

(50.7)

37

(49.3)

0

0

75

8 Valapady 42

(56.0)

31

(41.3)

1

(1.3)

1

(1.3) 75

9 Yercaud 32

(42.7)

30

(40.0)

5

(6.7)

8

(10.7) 75

Total 340

(34.9)

306

(31.4)

17

(1.7)

12

(1.2) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

131

The Table 5.19 SHG has proved the improvement of the respondents

towards the contribution to household income. 60 per cent respondents in

Mettur taluk have improved their household income through SHG the 56 per

cent Gangavalli taluk respondents contribute towards household income

through SHG. From SHG, the respondents are improved their income in

Yercaud taluk at minimum level It is found from the analysis that the majority

of 60 per cent Mettur taluk of SHG members have improved their household

income through SHG.

5.6.1.2 COMMUNITY WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENT’S

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Table 5.20

Community Wise Classification of Respondent’s Household Income

S.No. Community

Contribution to Household Income

Total

More Much Less No

1 BC 70

(55.6)

49

(38.9)

4

(3.2)

3

(2.4) 126

2 MBC 147

(47.9)

153

(49.8)

5

(1.6)

2

(.7) 307

3 SC 90

(48.6)

84

(45.4)

7

(3.8)

4

(2.2) 185

4 ST 33

(57.9)

20

(35.1)

1

(1.8)

3

(5.3) 57

Total 340 306 17 12 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

132

From the above table it is determined that majority of 57.9 per cent of

the ST community respondents have contributed more to household income.

Through SHG The respondents from the community of MBC have gathered

from SHG as much contribution to the household income at 49.8 per cent. The

SC community of the SHG respondents is having 3.8 per cent towards the less

contribution of household income. From the analysis it concludes that the

community of the ST respondents have improved their income from the gain

of SHG and more contribution to the household income at the maximum level.

5.6.1.3 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION-WISE CLASSIFICATION

OF RESPONDENTS HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Table 5.21

Educational Qualification-Wise Classification of Respondents

Household Income

S.No. Qualification Contribution to Household Income

Total More Much Less No

1 Illiterate 68

(47.9)

70

(49.3)

1

(.7)

3

(2.1) 142

2 Primary 168

(52.7)

140

(43.9)

6

(1.9)

5

(1.6) 319

3 Pre Secondary 54

(45.0)

59

(49.2)

6

(5.0)

1

(.8) 120

4 Secondary 50

(53.2)

37

(39.4)

4

(4.3)

3

(3.2) 94

Total 340

(50.4)

306

(45.3)

17

(2.5)

12

(1.8) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

133

From the above table it is observed that the educational qualification of

the respondents of SHG play a main role towards the contribution to

household income. It reveals that the 53.2 per cent of SHG respondents

having the secondary level of educational qualification reached more level of

contribution to household income. The respondents of illiterate level contribute

49.3 per cent to household income. The 5.0 per cent of the respondents of SHG

having the pre secondary school of educational qualification have less

contribution of household income. 3.2 per cent the secondary level educated

SHG respondents are not supporting to their household income. From the

above analysis it is clear that the SHG respondents having secondary school

educational qualification are at the maximum level with more contribution to

household income.

5.6.2 AWARENESS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF BANK

The details about the awareness of the functions of banks are given in

table 5.22, 5.23 and 5.24.

134

Table 5.22

Taluk Wise Classification of Respondent’s Awareness on the

Function of Banks

S.No. Taluk

Knowledge of

SB A/c.

Interest on

Saving

Additional Loan

Facilities

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1. Attur 55

(73.3)

20

(26.7)

49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

41

(54.7)

34

(45.3)

2. Edapady 49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

46

(61.3)

29

(38.7)

48

(64.0)

27

(36.0)

3. Gangavalli 57

(76.0)

18

(24.0)

61

(81.3)

14

(18.7)

44

(58.7)

31

(41.3)

4. Mettur 41

(54.7)

34

(45.3)

52

(69.3)

23

(30.7)

49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

5. Omalur 56

(74.7)

19

(25.3)

46

(61.3)

29

(38.7)

46

(61.3)

29

(38.7)

6. Salem 47

(62.7)

28

(37.3)

33

(44.0)

42

(56.0)

49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

7. Sangagiri 43

(57.3)

32

(42.7)

37

(49.3)

38

(50.7)

52

(69.3)

23

(30.7)

8. Valapady 39

(52.0)

36

(48.0)

37

(49.3)

38

(50.7)

53

(70.7)

22

(29.3)

9. Yercaud 52

(69.3)

23

(30.7)

41

(54.7)

34

(45.3)

55

(73.3)

20

(26.7)

Total 439 236 402 273 437 238

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The table 5.22 indicates that the awareness of the taluk-wise respondents

on bank functions. In Gangavalli taluk, 76.0 per cent of the taluk wise

respondents have the knowledge of savings bank accounts and 48.0 per cent of

the Valapady taluk respondents do not any knowledge about the SB account

details. In Gangavalli taluk, 81.3 per cent of the SHG respondents have interest

on savings and 56.0 per cent of the Salem taluk SHG respondents are not

having any interest on savings. In Yercaud taluk, SHG respondents are

135

awareness about the additional loan facilities at 73.3 per cent and 45.3 per cent

of the Attur taluk members are not having the awareness about the additional

loan facilities.

From the analysis, it is found that the majority of the Gangavalli taluk

SHG members are having awareness about the SB account and saving and

majority of the Yercaud taluk SHG members are aware of the additional loan

facilities.

Table 5.23

Community Wise Classification of Respondent’s Awareness on the

Function of Banks

S.No. Community SB A/c.

Interest on

Saving

Additional Loan

Facilities

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1 BC 85

(67.5)

41

(32.5)

76

(60.3)

50

(39.7)

87

(69.0)

39

(31.0)

2 MBC 201

(65.5)

106

(34.5)

178

(58.0)

129

(42.0)

199

(64.8)

108

(35.2)

3 SC 122

(65.9)

63

(34.1)

117

(63.2)

68

(36.8)

113

(61.1)

72

(38.9)

4 ST 31

(54.4)

26

(45.6)

31

(54.4)

26

(45.6)

38

(66.7)

19

(33.3)

Total 439 236 402 273 437 238

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The table No. 5.23 shows that the community wise awareness of the

functions of bank respondents. It determines that 67.5 per cent of the BC

community of SHG respondents are having an idea about SB account and 45.6

per cent of the ST community respondents are not having an idea about SB

account. The SC community of SHG respondents are having an interest on

136

savings at the rate of 63.2 per cent and 45.6 per cent of the ST community of

SHG respondents are not having an interest on savings. It is recognized that

69.0 per cent of the BC community of SHG respondents are having awareness

about additional loan facilities offered by the bank and 38.9 per cent of the SC

community of SHG respondents are not having any awareness about such

additional loan.

From the analysis, it is found that majority of the BC respondents are

having more awareness about both SB account and additional loan facilities

and the SC community respondents are having interest on savings at the

maximum level.

Table 5.24

Educational Qualification Wise Classification of Respondent’s

Awareness on the Function of Banks

S.

No. Education

SB A/c. Interest on Saving Additional Loan

Facilities

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1 Illiterate 94

(66.2)

48

(33.8)

94

(66.2)

48

(33.8)

90

(63.4)

52

(36.6)

2 Primary 207

(64.9)

112

(35.1)

182

(57.1)

137

(42.9)

200

(62.7)

119

(37.3)

3 Pre

Secondary

82

(68.3)

38

(31.7)

66

(55.0)

54

(45.0)

82

(68.3)

38

(31.7)

4 Secondary 56

(59.6)

38

(40.4)

60

(63.8)

34

(36.2)

65

(69.1)

29

(30.9)

Total 439 236 402 273 437 238

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

137

The table No. 5.24 shows that 68.3 per cent of the pre secondary school

educated respondents are aware of SB account and 40.4 per cent of the

secondary school educated respondents are not having knowledge about it.

66.2 per cent of illiterate of SHG respondents have an interest on savings and

45.0 per cent of pre secondary school educated respondents are not having

knowledge about it. On the other hand, the secondary school educated

respondents are aware about the additional loan facilities 69.1 per cent and 37.3

per cent of the primary school educated respondents are not having any idea

about it.

From the analysis, it is revealed that the majority of the pre secondary

school educated respondents are having awareness about SB account and

majority of the illiterate respondents are having an interest on savings and also

majority of the secondary school educated respondents are having awareness

about the additional loan facilities.

5.7 BANK OPERATIONS PROCEDURES

The knowledge on bank operation procedures of respondents is an

indicator of empowerment which is dealt in tables.5.25, 5.26 and 5.27

according to the units of analysis. An analysis on frequency of bank operation

by the SHG members is also examined. This shows that 409 out of 675

respondents are aware of bank operation facilities ie., 60.6 per cent of them are

aware and remaining 39.4 per cent are not aware of the bank operation

facilities. On the other hand, 231 (34.2%) of them frequently do bank

138

transaction, 291 (43.1%) of them are sometimes aware of and remaining 153

(22.7%) of them are occasionally aware of the process. The distribution of the

sample respondents according to the taluk wise and bank operation procedures

are discussed in the following table.

Table 5.25

Taluk Wise Classification of Respondent’s Awareness of

Bank Operation Procedures

S.No. Taluk

Bank

Operation

Procedure

Frequency of Bank Transaction

Yes No Always Sometimes Occasionally

1. Attur 46

(61.3)

29

(38.7)

22

(29.3)

37

(49.3)

16

(21.3)

2. Edapady 49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

34

(45.3)

40

(53.3)

1

(1.3)

3. Gangavalli 39

(52.0)

36

(48.0)

28

(37.3)

46

(61.3)

1

(1.3)

4. Mettur 40

(53.3)

35

(46.7)

32

(42.7)

17

(22.7)

26

(34.7)

5. Omalur 52

(69.3)

23

(30.7)

16

(21.3)

28

(37.3)

31

(41.3)

6. Salem 51

(68.0)

24

(32.0)

19

(25.3)

25

(33.3)

31

(41.3)

7. Sangagiri 42

(56.0)

33

(44.0)

27

(36.0)

25

(33.3)

23

(30.7)

8. Valapady 42

(56.0)

33

(44.0)

24

(32.0)

40

(53.3)

11

(14.7)

9. Yercaud 48

(64.0)

27

(36.0)

29

(38.7)

33

(44.0)

13

(17.3)

Total 409 266 231 291 153

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

139

The above table shows the taluk-wise respondent‟s awareness of the

bank operation procedures. It is inferred that 69.3 per cent of the SHG

respondents in Omalur taluk are very familiar with bank operation procedures

and 48.0 per cent of the SHG respondents in Gangavalli taluk are not familiar

with it. 45.3 per cent of the Edapady taluk SHG respondents are always aware

of the bank transaction followed by 61.3 per cent of the Gangavalli taluk

respondents sometimes aware of it and 41.3 per cent of the Omalur and Salem

taluk SHG respondents are occasionally aware of the frequency operations.

From the above analysis it is clear that the awareness of bank operation

procedure are very much familiar in Omalur taluk at the maximum level. And

further the Gangavalli taluk SHG respondents are sometimes aware of the

frequency of bank transaction.

Table 5.26

Community Wise Classification of Respondent’s Awareness of

Bank Operation Procedures

S.No. Community

Bank

Operation

Procedure

Frequency of Bank Transaction

Yes No Always Sometimes Occasionally

1 BC 81

(64.3)

45

(35.7)

43

(34.1)

54

(42.9)

29

(23.0)

2 MBC 185

(60.3)

122

(39.7)

113

(36.8)

132

(43.0)

62

(20.2)

3 SC 104

(56.2)

81

(43.8)

58

(31.4)

83

(44.9)

44

(23.8)

4 ST 39

(68.4)

18

(31.6)

17

(29.8)

22

(38.6)

18

(31.6)

Total 409 266 231 291 153

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

140

The above table indicates the community wise awareness of bank

operation procedures. It is clear that 68.4 per cent of the ST respondents are

well aware of the bank operation procedures and 43.8 per cent of the SC

respondents are not familiar with it. It shows that 36.8 per cent of the MBC

respondents are always aware of the frequency of bank transaction followed by

44.9 per cent of the SC respondents are sometimes aware of it and 31.6 per cent

of the ST respondents are occasionally aware of the frequency of bank

transaction.

From the analysis it is known that majority of the ST respondents are

well aware of the bank operation procedures and maximum of the SC

respondents sometimes do the bank transaction.

Table 5.27

Educational Qualification Wise Classification of Respondent’s

Awareness of Bank Operation Procedures

S.

No. Education

Bank Operation

Procedure Frequency of Bank Transaction

Yes No Always Some

times Occasionally

1 Illiterate 96

(67.6)

46

(32.4)

36

(25.4)

77

(54.2)

29

(20.4)

2 Primary 181

(56.7)

138

(43.3)

127

(39.8)

121

(37.9)

71

(22.3)

3 Pre Secondary 71

(59.2)

49

(40.8)

40

(33.3)

46

(38.3)

34

(28.3)

4 Secondary 61

(64.9)

33

(35.1)

28

(29.8)

47

(50.0)

19

(20.2)

Total 409 266 231 291 153

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

141

The above table shows the education wise awareness of bank operation

procedure of the SHG members. It confirms that 67.6 per cent of the Illiterate

respondents know about the bank operation procedure and the primary

educated respondents are not knowing about the operations. It is identified that

the primary educated respondents are always familiar with the frequency of

bank transaction followed by the illiterate respondents are sometimes know

about the frequency of bank operation and occasionally known by the pre

secondary educated respondents at 28.3 per cent.

From the analysis, it is found that majority of the illiterate respondents

are familiar with the bank operation procedures and the majority of primary

educated respondents also familiar about the frequency of bank operation.

5.8 FINANCIAL HANDLING BEHAVIOUR

Improvement in the financial handling behaviour is depicted in

tables.5.28, 5.29 and 5.30 according to the units of analysis.

142

Table 5.28

Taluk Wise Classification of Respondent’s Financial Handling Behaviour

S.No. Taluk

Have SB

Account

Deposit Bank

Account Chit Fund

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1 Attur 61

(81.3)

14

(18.7)

50

(66.7)

25

(33.3)

24

(32.0)

51

(68.0)

2 Edapady 64

(85.3)

11

(14.7)

53

(70.7)

22

(29.3)

27

(36.0)

48

(64.0)

3 Gangavalli 55

(73.3)

20

(26.7)

58

(77.3)

17

(22.7)

22

(29.3)

53

(70.7)

4 Mettur 54

(72.0)

21

(28.0)

37

(49.3)

38

(50.7)

43

(57.3)

32

(42.7)

5 Omalur 57

(76.0)

18

(24.0)

43

(57.3)

32

(42.7)

35

(46.7)

40

(53.3)

6 Salem 51

(68.0)

24

(32.0)

28

(37.3)

47

(62.7)

45

(60.0)

30

(40.0)

7 Sangagiri 51

(68.0)

24

(32.0)

30

(40.0)

45

(60.0)

48

(64.0)

27

(36.0)

8 Valapady 51

(68.0)

24

(32.0)

37

(49.3)

38

(50.7)

38

(50.7)

37

(49.3)

9 Yercaud 55

(73.3)

20

(26.7)

40

(53.3)

35

(46.7)

35

(46.7)

40

(53.3)

Total 499 176 376 299 317 358

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

From the table no 5.28 it is clear that 85.3 per cent of the Edapady

respondents are having SB account and (32.0%) of the Salem, Sangagiri and

Valapady respondents are not having SB account. The Gangavalli taluk

respondents are mostly (77.3%) having deposit bank account and majority

(62.7%) of the respondents are not having the account. The Sangagiri

respondents are mostly (64.0%) having chit fund account and 70.7 per cent of

the respondents are not maintaining any chit account.

143

From the analysis it is clear that majority of the Edapady respondents

are having SB account than other taluk respondents and majority of the

Gangavalli respondents are having deposits in bank and the same are not

having chit account.

Table 5.29

Community Wise Classification of Respondent’s Financial

Handling Behaviour

S.No. Community

Have SB

Account

Deposit Bank

Account Chit Fund

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1 BC 95

(75.4)

31

(24.6)

65

(51.6)

61

(48.4)

63

(50.0)

63

(50.0)

2 MBC 227

(73.9)

80

(26.1)

172

(56.0)

135

(44.0)

137

(44.6)

170

(55.4)

3 SC 142

(76.8)

43

(23.2)

105

(56.8)

80

(43.2)

94

(50.8)

91

(49.2)

4 ST 35

(61.4)

22

(38.6)

34

(59.6)

23

(40.4)

23

(40.4)

34

(59.6)

Total 499 176 376 299 317 358

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table shows the involvement in financial handling procedure

among the selected community wise women respondents. It discloses that

majority (76.8%) of the SC respondents are having SB account and 38.6 per

cent of the ST respondents are not having any SB account. 59.6 percentage of

the ST respondents are maintaining deposits with the bank and 48.4 per cent of

the BC respondents are not having any deposits in banks. Finally, 50.8 per cent

of the SC respondents are having chit account and 59.6 per cent of the ST

respondents are not maintaining chit fund account.

144

From the analysis it is found that majority of the SC respondents are

having SB account, ST respondents are having deposits with banks and the are

maintaining chit accounts.

Table 5.30

Educational Qualification Wise Classification of Respondent’s

Financial Handling Behaviour

S.No. Education

Have SB

Account

Deposit Bank

Account Chit Fund

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1 Illiterate 106

(74.6)

36

(25.4)

85

(59.9)

57

(40.1)

67

(47.2)

75

(52.8)

2 Primary 233

(73.0)

86

(27.0)

177

(55.5)

142

(44.5)

152

(47.6)

167

(52.4)

3 Pre Secondary 86

(71.7)

34

(28.3)

63

(52.5)

57

(47.5)

62

(51.7)

58

(48.3)

4 Secondary 74

(78.7)

20

(21.3)

51

(54.3)

43

(45.7)

36

(38.3)

58

(61.7)

Total 499 176 376 299 317 358

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table explains educational qualification wise classification

of respondent‟s financial handling behaviour From the analysis of the data, it

is clear that majority (78.7%) of secondary level educated respondents are

having SB account and 28.3 per cent of the pre secondary respondents are not

having any SB account. It is followed 59.9 per cent of the Illiterate respondents

are having deposits with the bank and 47.5 per cent of the pre secondary

educated respondents are not having any deposits. And finally, 51.7 per cent of

the pre secondary respondents are having chit funds and 61.7 per cent of the

secondary respondents are not having any chit funds.

145

From the analysis it is found that majority of the secondary school

educated respondents are maintaining their SB account, Illiterate respondents

are having deposits in banks and most of them are not having any chit fund.

5.9 DECISION MAKING ON EDUCATION OF THE CHILDREN

AND HEALTH OF FAMILY MEMBERS

Using the units of analysis, decision making is followed on the

education of children and health of family members and the details are

presented in tables.5.31, 5.32 and 5.33.

Table 5.31

Taluk-Wise Classification of Respondent’s Decision Making on

Education of the Children and Health

S.No. Talsuk Anganwadi School Health

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1 Attur 36

(48.0)

39

(52.0)

55

(73.3)

20

(26.7)

41

(54.7)

34

(45.3)

2 Edapady 34

(45.3)

41

(54.7)

56

(74.7)

19

(25.3)

39

(52.0)

36

(48.0)

3 Gangavalli 39

(52.0)

36

(48.0)

56

(74.7)

19

(25.3)

36

(48.0)

39

(52.0)

4 Mettur 55

(73.3)

20

(26.7)

41

(54.7)

34

(45.3)

36

(48.0)

39

(52.0)

5 Omalur 47

(62.7)

28

(37.3)

49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

35

(46.7)

40

(53.3)

6 Salem 59

(78.7)

16

(21.3)

28

(37.3)

47

(62.7)

43

(57.3)

32

(42.7)

7 Sangagiri 38

(50.7)

37

(49.3)

37

(49.3)

38

(50.7)

31

(41.3)

44

(58.7)

8 Valapady 46

(61.3)

29

(38.7)

40

(53.3)

35

(46.7)

35

(46.7)

40

(53.3)

9 Yercaud 39

(52.0)

36

(48.0)

38

(50.7)

37

(49.3)

39

(52.0)

36

(48.0)

Total 393 282 400 275 335 340

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

146

The above table shows the maintenance of children education in the

study area taluk wise. It is clear that majority (78.7%) of the Salem respondents

decide to send their children to Anganwadi and 54.7 per cent of the Edapady

respondents do not send their children to Anganwadi. It is followed by 74.7

per cent of the Edapady and Gangavalli respondents who send their children to

school for school education and 62.7 per cent of the Salem respondents are not

sending their children to school. And finally, 57.3 per cent of the Salem

respondents are deciding their health related issues and 58.7 per cent of the

Sangagiri respondents are not challenging their health related issues.

From the analysis it is found that majority of the Salem respondents

have decided to send their children to Anganwadi for education, Edapady and

Gangavalli respondents choose school for children education and Sangagiri

respondents are able to decide for health related issues.

Table 5.32

Community-Wise Classification of Respondent’s Decision Making on

Education of the Children and Health

S.No. Community Anganwadi School Health

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1 BC 74

(58.7)

52

(41.3)

70

(55.6)

56

(44.4)

59

(46.8)

67

(53.2)

2 MBC 189

(61.6)

118

(38.4)

191

(62.2)

116

(37.8)

143

(46.6)

164

(53.4)

3 SC 106

(57.3)

79

(42.7)

99

(53.5)

86

(46.5)

107

(57.8)

78

(42.2)

4 ST 24

(42.1)

33

(57.9)

40

(70.2)

17

(29.8)

26

(45.6)

31

(54.4)

Total 393 282 400 275 335 340

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

147

The above table shows the community wise respondents‟ decision

making status towards their children‟s education and health related issues. It

explained that 61.6 per cent of the MBC respondents decide to send their

children to Anganwadi for education and 57.9 per cent of the ST respondents

do not send their children to Anganwadi. 70.2 per cent of the ST respondents

who send their children to school for education and 46.5 per cent of the SC

respondents do not send their children to school. Finally, 57.8 per cent of the

SC respondents are deciding authority about the health related issues and 54.4

per cent of ST respondents are not having any decision about it.

From the analysis it is found that majority of the MBC respondents are

interested to send their children to Anganwadi for education. Majority of ST

respondents are send their children to school for education and majority SC

respondents are decide children‟s health related issues alone.

Table 5.33

Educational Qualification –Wise Classification of Respondent’s Decision

Making on Education of the Children and Health

S.No. Education Anganwadi School Health

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1 Illiterate 80

(56.3) 62

(43.7) 89

(62.7) 53

(37.3) 74

(52.1) 68

(47.9)

2 Primary 179

(56.1) 140

(43.9) 188

(58.9) 131

(41.1) 145

(45.5) 174

(54.5)

3 Pre Secondary 77

(64.2) 43

(35.8) 70

(58.3) 50

(41.7) 64

(53.3) 56

(46.7)

4 Secondary 57

(60.6) 37

(39.4) 53

(56.4) 41

(43.6) 52

(55.3) 42

(44.7)

Total 393 282 400 275 335 340

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

148

The above table shows the decision making in education of children and

health related issues among the sample respondents it is discussed from the

analysis that 64.2 per cent of the pre secondary educated respondents are

sending their children to Anganwadi and 43.9 per cent of the primary educated

respondents are not interested to send their children to Anganwadi school.

62.7 per cent of the Illiterate respondents who have curiosity to send their

children to school and 43.6 per cent of the secondary educated respondents are

not interested to send their children to school. While in the case of health

related issues, 55.3 per cent of the secondary school educated respondents are

deciding alone and 54.5 per cent of them are not deciding their own children

health.

From the analysis it is found that majority of the pre secondary educated

sample respondents are interested to send their children to Anganwadi.

Majority of Illiterates are interested to send their children to school and

majority of the secondary school educated respondents are able to manage their

children health related issues alone.

5.10 MEDIA EXPOSURE

Media exposure is considered as one of the potential sources of women

empowerment. The media exposure of SHG members considered in the

present study are reading newspapers, radio listening and watching TV.

Analyses of these aspects are presented in Tables 5.34, 5.35 and 5.36.

149

Table 5.34

Taluk-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About

Use of Media Exposure

S. No.

Taluk

Newspaper Reading Radio Listening Watching TV

Reg

ula

rly

Occ

asi

on

all

y

Nev

er

Reg

ula

rly

Occ

asi

on

all

y

Nev

er

Reg

ula

rly

Occ

asi

on

all

y

Nev

er

1. Attur 32

(2.7)

41

(42.7)

75

(54.7) 0

40

(53.3)

35

(46.7)

75

(100.0) 0 0

2. Edapady 0 43

(57.3)

32

(42.7) 0

36

(48.0)

39

(52.0)

75

(100.0) 0 0

3. Gangavalli 1

(1.3)

40

(53.3)

34

(45.3)

1

(1.3)

35

(46.7)

39

(52.0)

75

(100.0) 0 0

4. Mettur 1

(1.3)

34

(45.3)

40

(53.3) 0

30

(40.0)

45

(60.0)

75

(100.0) 0 0

5. Omalur 2

(2.7)

41

(54.7)

32

(42.7)

2

(2.7)

40

(53.3)

33

(44.0)

75

(100.0) 0 0

6. Salem 0 41

(54.7)

34

(45.3) 0

40

(53.3)

35

(46.7)

75

(100.0) 0 0

7. Sangagiri 5

(6.7)

32

(42.7)

38

(50.7)

2

(2.7)

37

(49.3)

36

(48.0)

75

(100.0) 0 0

8. Valapady 4

(5.3) 35

(46.7) 36

(48.0) 2

(2.7) 43

(57.3) 30

(40.0) 75

(100.0) 0 0

9. Yercaud 3

(4.0)

44

(58.7)

28

(37.3)

3

(4.0)

41

(54.7)

31

(41.3)

75

(100.0) 0 0

Total 18 342 315 10 342 323 675 0 0

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table shows the respondents opinion towards media exposure.

It is acknowledged that 6.7 per cent of the Sangagiri respondents are regularly

reading newspaper, 58.7 per cent of the Yercaud respondents are occasionally

reading newspaper and 54.7 per cent of the Attur respondents are never reading

newspaper. Yercaud respondents are regularly listening to radio and 57.3 per

cent of the Valapady respondents are occasionally hearing radio and 60.0 per

cent of the Mettur respondents are never hear radio. Finally, all taluk

respondents are regularly watching television.

150

It is found from the analysis that majority of the Yercaud respondents

are occasionally reading newspaper and Valapady respondents are listening to

radio occasionally and all the respondents in all selected taluks are watching

television.

Table 5.35

Community-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About Use of Media Exposure

S.

No.

Co

mm

un

ity

Newspaper Reading Radio Listening Watching TV

Reg

ula

rly

Occa

sio

na

lly

Nev

er

Reg

ula

rly

Occa

sio

na

lly

Nev

er

Reg

ula

rly

Occa

sio

na

lly

Nev

er

1 BC 5

(4.0)

55

(43.7)

66

(52.4)

2

(1.6)

58

(46.0)

66

(52.4)

126

(100.0) 0 0

2 MBC 9

(2.9)

164

(53.4)

134

(43.6)

5

(1.6)

163

(53.1)

139

(45.3)

307

(100.0) 0 0

3 SC 2

(1.1)

88

(47.6)

95

(51.4)

3

(1.6)

89

(48.1)

93

(50.3)

185

(100.0) 0 0

4 ST 2

(3.5)

35

(61.4)

20

(35.1) 0

32

(56.1)

25

(43.9)

57

(100.0) 0 0

Total 18 342 315 10 342 323 675 0 0

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table depicts the community wise respondents media

exposure. It is noted that 4.0 per cent of the BC respondents are regularly

reading newspaper and 61.4 per cent of the ST respondents occasionally read

newspaper and 52.4 per cent of the BC respondents never read newspaper. 1.6

per cent of the BC, MBC and SC respondents in each case regularly hear

radio and 56.1 per cent of the ST respondents are occasionally listening to radio

and 52.4 per cent of the BC respondents are never listening to radio. Finally, all

the community respondents are regularly watching television.

151

From the analysis it is found that majority of the ST respondents are

occasionally reading newspaper and listening to radio. All the community

respondents are watching television.

Table 5.36

Educational Qualification-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About

Use of Media Exposure

S.

No.

Ed

uca

tio

n

Newspaper Reading Radio Listening Watching TV

Reg

ula

rly

Occa

sio

na

lly

Nev

er

Reg

ula

rly

Occa

sio

na

lly

Nev

er

Reg

ula

rly

Occa

sio

na

lly

Nev

er

1 Illiterate 5

(3.5)

67

(47.2)

70

(49.3)

7

(4.9)

67

(47.2)

68

(47.9)

142

(100.0) 0 0

2 Primary 5

(1.6)

159

(49.8)

155

(48.6)

2

(.6)

167

(52.4)

150

(47.0)

319

(100.0) 0 0

3 Pre

Secondary

1

(.8)

64

(53.3)

55

(45.8)

1

(.8)

54

(45.0)

65

(54.2)

120

(100.0) 0 0

4 Secondary 7

(7.4)

52

(55.3)

35

(37.2) 0

54

(57.4)

40

(42.6)

94

(100.0) 0 0

Total 18 342 315 10 342 323 675 0 0

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table infers that the education wise respondents opinion

towards media exposures. It explains that 7.4 per cent of the secondary school

educated respondents are reading newspaper regularly and the same are

reading occasionally at 55.3 per cent and 49.3 per cent of the illiterate

respondents are never reading newspaper. It is followed by 4.9 per cent of the

illiterates are listening radio regularly, 57.4 per cent of the secondary

respondents are occasionally listening radio and 54.2 per cent of the pre

secondary respondents never listen to ratio. And further, different education

level respondents are regularly watching television.

152

From the above analysis that majority of the secondary educated

respondents are occasionally reading newspaper and also listening to radio and

all the respondents are watching television.

5.11 SKILL DEVELOPMENT

The tables 5.37,5.38 and 5.39 shows the respondents‟ value on skill

development, Taluk-wise, community-wise, and education-wise.

Table 5.37

Taluk-Wise Respondent’s Opinion Skill Development SHG

S.No. Taluk Skill Development-SHG

Total More Much Less No

1. Attur 14

(18.7)

41

(54.7)

15

(20.0)

5

(6.7)

75

(100.0)

2. Edapady 26

(34.7)

36

(48.0)

11

(14.7)

2

(2.7)

75

(100.0)

3. Gangavalli 33

(44.0)

40

(53.3)

1

(1.3)

1

(1.3)

75

(100.0)

4. Mettur 36

(48.0)

37

(49.3)

2

(2.7) 0

75

(100.0)

5. Omalur 27

(36.0)

45

(60.0)

3

(4.0) 0

75

(100.0)

6. Salem 28

(37.3)

45

(60.0)

2

(2.7) 0

75

(100.0)

7. Sangagiri 25

(33.3)

39

(52.0)

10

(13.3)

1

(1.3)

75

(100.0)

8. Valapady 29

(38.7)

39

(52.0)

6

(8.0)

1

(1.3)

75

(100.0)

9. Yercaud 24

(32.0)

32

(42.7)

9

(12.0)

10

(13.3)

75

(100.0)

Total 242 354 59 20 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table shows the taluk wise respondents opinion towards

skill development of the SHG It is noted from the above analysis that 48.0 per

cent of the Mettur respondents are more developed their skills through SHG

153

activities. Omalur and Salem respondents are much developed their skills at

60.0 per cent and 20.0 per cent of Attur respondents are less developed skills

through SHG. On the other hand, 6.7 per cent of the Attur respondents have not

developed any skills through SHG activities. It is found from the analysis that

majority of the Omalur and Salem respondents are much developed their skills

through SHG activities.

Table 5.38

Community-Wise Respondent’s Opinion about Skill Development SHG

S.No. Community Skill Development-SHG

Total More Much Less No

1. BC 40

(31.7)

65

(51.6)

15

(11.9)

6

(4.8)

126

(100.0)

2. MBC 117

(38.1)

161

(52.4)

24

(7.8)

5

(1.6)

307

(100.0)

3. SC 64

(34.6)

101

(54.6)

16

(8.6)

4

(2.2)

185

(100.0)

4. ST 21

(36.8)

27

(47.4)

4

(7.0)

5

(8.8)

57

(100.0)

Total 242 354 59 20 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table shows the community wise respondents opinion about

their status of skills after involved in the SHG activities. It under stood that

38.1 per cent of the MBC respondents are more developed their skills after

joining into SHG. The SC respondents are developed their skills at 54.6 per

cent. The respondents of BC category are developed their skills with less level

of 11.9 percentage. Further, 8.8 per cent of the ST respondents are not

developed any skills of their own even after joining into SHG. From the

analysis it is found that majority of the SC category respondents are much

developed their skills after joining into SHG.

154

Table 5.39

Educational Qualification - Wise Respondent’s Opinion About

Skill Development SHG

S.No. Education Skill Development-SHG

Total More Much Less No

1. Illiterate 45

(31.7)

76

(53.5)

14

(9.9)

7

(4.9)

142

(100.0)

2. Primary 114

(35.7)

169

(53.0)

30

(9.4)

6

(1.9)

319

(100.0)

3. Pre

Secondary

52

(43.3)

60

(50.0)

4

(3.3)

4

(3.3)

120

(100.0)

4. Secondary 31

(33.0)

49

(52.1)

11

(11.7)

3

(3.2)

94

(100.0)

Total 242 354 59 20 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

It is seen from the above table that 43.3 per cent of the pre secondary

educated respondents are more developed their skills at the maximum level

followed by 53.5 per cent of the illiterate respondents are much developed their

skills, 11.7 per cent of the secondary respondents are developed skills and

remaining 4.9 per cent of the illiterates are not developed any skill even after

joining SHG. It could be found from the analysis that majority of the illiterates

are much developed their skills after joining into SHG.

5.12 PERFORMING TASKS

Executing the tasks of writing name, identifying currency notes, reading

number of upto 500, understanding brand names, making pass book entries and

filling up bank chalan are included as empowerment variables in the study.

These are analysed according to taluk-wise, community-wise, and education-

wise with the help of tables 5.40, 5.41 and 5.42.

155

Table 5.40

Taluk-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About Difficulty in Performing Tasks

S.

No. Taluk

Writing your name Identifying currency

notes

Reading numbers Upto

500

No

Som

e

More

No

Som

e

More

No

Som

e

More

1. Attur 3

(4.0)

53

(70.7)

19

(25.3)

3

(4.0)

42

(56.0)

30

(40.0)

10

(13.3)

37

(49.3)

28

(37.3)

2. Edapady 2

(2.7)

53

(70.7)

20

(26.7)

1

(1.3)

50

(66.7)

24

(32.0)

4

(5.3)

51

(68.0)

20

(26.7)

3. Gangavalli 7

(9.3)

37

(49.3)

31

(41.3)

4

(5.3)

43

(57.3)

28

(37.3)

7

(9.3)

35

(46.7)

33

(44.0)

4. Mettur 6

(8.0)

37

(49.3)

32

(42.7)

4

(5.3)

39

(52.0)

32

(42.7)

4

(5.3)

41

(54.7)

30

(40.0)

5. Omalur 12

(16.0)

44

(58.7)

19

(25.3)

12

(16.0)

43

(57.3)

20

(26.7)

11

(14.7)

44

(58.7)

20

(26.7)

6. Salem 10

(13.3)

38

(50.7)

27

(36.0)

9

(12.0)

38

(50.7)

28

(37.3)

11

(14.7)

37

(49.3)

27

(36.0)

7. Sangagiri 18

(24.0)

51

(68.0)

6

(8.0)

15

(20.0)

49

(65.3)

11

(14.7)

24

(32.0)

25

(33.3)

26

(34.7)

8. Valapady 31

(41.3) 34

(45.3) 10

(13.3) 27

(36.0) 37

(49.3) 11

(14.7) 17

(22.7) 21

(28.0) 37

(49.3)

9. Yercaud 13

(17.3)

35

(46.7)

27

(36.0)

8

(10.7)

34

(45.3)

33

(44.0)

16

(21.3)

30

(40.0)

29

(38.7)

Total 102 382 191 83 375 217 104 321 250

S.

No. Taluk

Understanding brand

names

Reading pass book

entries Writing bank Chelan

No

So

me

Mo

re

No

So

me

Mo

re

No

So

me

Mo

re

1. Attur 25

(33.3) 30

(40.0) 20

(26.7) 39

(52.0) 23

(30.7) 13

(17.3) 47

(62.7) 20

(26.7) 8

(10.7)

2. Edapady 28

(37.3)

42

(56.0)

5

(6.7)

40

(53.3)

32

(42.7)

3

(4.0)

47

(62.7)

25

(33.3)

3

(4.0)

3. Gangavalli 33

(44.0)

32

(42.7)

10

(13.3)

49

(65.3)

25

(33.3)

1

(1.3)

46

(61.3)

29

(38.7) 0

4. Mettur 26

(34.7)

44

(58.7)

5

(6.7)

29

(38.7)

42

(56.0)

4

(5.3)

31

(41.3)

41

(54.7)

3

(4.0)

5. Omalur 38

(50.7)

30

(40.0)

7

(9.3)

40

(53.3)

26

(34.7)

9

(12.0)

43

(57.3)

23

(30.7)

9

(12.0)

6. Salem 20

(26.7)

38

(50.7)

17

(22.7)

33

(44.0)

30

(40.0)

12

(16.0)

33

(44.0)

31

(41.3)

11

(14.7)

7. Sangagiri 26

(34.7)

22

(29.3)

27

(36.0)

26

(34.7)

18

(24.0)

31

(41.3)

34

(45.3)

9

(12.0)

32

(42.7)

8. Valapady 24

(32.0)

22

(29.3)

29

(38.7)

21

(28.0)

26

(34.7)

28

(37.3)

22

(29.3)

17

(22.7)

36

(48.0)

9. Yercaud 27

(36.0)

33

(44.0)

15

(20.0)

35

(46.7)

34

(45.3)

6

(8.0)

36

(48.0)

29

(38.7)

10

(13.3)

Total 247 293 135 312 256 107 339 224 112

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Brackets denote percentage to row total

156

The above table from the analysis shows the taluk wise difficulty in

performing tasks that 41.3 per cent of the Valapady respondents are not having

any difficulty to write their names followed by 70.7 per cent of the Attur and

Edapady members find in difficulty sometimes to write their names and 42.7

per cent of the Mettur respondents are having more difficulty to write their

names.

While in the case of identify currency notes, 36.0 per cent of the

Valapady respondents are not having any difficulty to identify current notes,

66.7 per cent of the Edapady members are sometimes having difficulty to

identify current notes and 44.0 per cent of the Yercaud respondents are having

more difficult to identify the current notes.

In reading number upto 500, 32.0 per cent of the Sangagiri respondents

are not having any difficulty towards reading numbers upto 500, 68.0 per cent

of the Edapady respondents are having some difficulty to read and 49.3 per

cent of the Valapady members are having more difficulty to read numbers up to

500.

In the case of understanding brand names, 50.7 per cent of the Omalur

respondents are not having any difficulty to understand brand names, 58.7 per

cent of the Mettur respondents are having some difficulty to understand brand

names and remaining 38.7 per cent of the Valapady respondents are having

more difficult to understand brand names.

157

It could be found about the reading bank pass book entries, 65.3 per cent

of the Gangavalli members are not attempting any difficult to read pass book

entries, 56.0 per cent of the Mettur respondents are having some difficult to

read pass book and 41.3 per cent of the Sangagiri respondents are having more

difficulty to read pass book entries.

While in writing bank Chalan details, it is understood that 62.7 per cent

of the Attur and Edapady respondents are not having any difficulty in writing

bank chalan. 54.7 per cent of the Mettur respondents are having some

difficulty in writing bank chalan as. 48.0 per cent the Valapady respondents at

are having more difficulty to write bank chalan.

From the analysis it is found that majority of the Attur and Edapady

respondents are having some difficulty in writing their names as well as writing

bank chalan. It is observed that majority of the Edapady respondents are having

some difficulty to identify currency notes and reading numbers upto 500.

Majority of the Mettur respondents are sometimes having difficulty to

understand brand names and majority of Gangavalli taluk respondents are not

having difficulty to write bank chalan.

158

Table 5.41

Community-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About

Difficulty in Performing Tasks

S.No. Community

Writing their own

name

Identifying currency

notes

Reading numbers

Upto 500

No Some More No Some More No Some More

1. BC 17

(13.5)

74

(58.7)

35

(27.8)

13

(10.3)

73

(57.9)

40

(31.7)

22

(17.5)

60

(47.6)

44

(34.9)

2. MBC 50

(16.3)

181

(59.0)

76

(24.8)

43

(14.0)

171

(55.7)

93

(30.3)

45

(14.7)

154

(50.2)

108

(35.2)

3. SC 20

(10.8)

102

(55.1)

63

(34.1)

17

(9.2)

104

(56.2)

64

(34.6)

29

(15.7)

81

(43.8)

75

(40.5)

4. ST 15

(26.3)

25

(43.9)

17

(29.8)

10

(17.5)

27

(47.4)

20

(35.1)

8

(14.0)

26

(45.6)

23

(40.4)

Total 102 382 191 83 375 217 104 321 250

S.No. Community

Understanding brand

names

Reading pass book

entries Writing bank Chelan

No Some More No Some More No Some More

1. BC 46

(36.5)

53

(42.1)

27

(21.4)

54

(42.9)

47

(37.3)

25

(19.8)

57

(45.2)

44

(34.9)

25

(19.8)

2. MBC 113

(36.8)

138

(45.0)

56

(18.2)

149

(48.5)

113

(36.8)

45

(14.7)

159

(51.8)

102

(33.2)

46

(15.0)

3. SC 65

(35.1)

78

(42.2)

42

(22.7)

83

(44.9)

75

(40.5)

27

(14.6)

92

(49.7)

65

(35.1)

28

(15.1)

4. ST 23

(40.4)

24

(42.1)

10

(17.5)

26

(45.6)

21

(36.8)

10

(17.5)

31

(54.4)

13

(22.8)

13

(22.8)

Total 247 293 135 312 256 107 339 224 112

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table shows the Community wise respondents difficulty in

performing tasks The ST respondents are not having any difficulty to write

their names at the maximum of (26.3%) 59.0 per cent of the MBC respondents

are having difficulty for sometimes and 34.1 per cent of the SC respondents are

having more difficulty to write their names.

In the case of identifying currency notes, 17.5 per cent of the ST

respondents are not having any difficulty to identify currency notes, 57.9 per

cent of the BC respondents are having some difficulty and 35.1 per cent of the

ST respondents are attempting more difficulty to identify currency notes.

159

While analyzing reading number upto 500, among the four groups, 17.5

per cent of the BC respondents are not having difficulty to read numbers upto

500, 50.2 per cent of the MBC respondents have some difficulty to read and

40.5 per cent of the ST respondents are having more difficulty to read number

upto 500.

Respondents understanding capacity of brand names, 40.4 per cent of

the ST respondents are not having any difficulty to understand, 45.0 per cent of

the MBC have some difficulty and 22.7 per cent of the SC respondents are

having more difficulty to understand brand names.

While in case of reading pass book entries, 48.5 per cent of the MBC

respondents are not having any difficulty to read pass book entries, 40.5 per

cent of the SC members face some difficulty to read pass book entries and 19.8

per cent of the BC members face more difficulty to read pass book entries.

In analyzing writing bank chalan, 54.4 per cent of the ST respondents

are not having any difficulty to write bank chalan, 35.1 per cent of the SC

respondents have some difficulty to write bank chalan and 22.8 per cent of the

ST respondents are having more difficulty to write bank chalan.

From the analysis, it could be found that among the different community

wise respondents performance in different empowerment activity, majority of

MBC community members are attempting some difficulty towards writing their

names, reading numbers upto 500, understanding brand names and another side

160

not having any difficulty to read pass book entries. Majority the BC

respondents are attempting some difficulty to identify currency notes and

finally SC respondents are having some difficulty to write bank chalan.

Table 5.42

Educational Qualification-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About

Difficulty in Performing Tasks

S.

No. Education

Writing their own

name

Identifying currency

notes

Reading numbers Upto

500

No Some More No Some More No Some More

1. Illiterate 21

(14.8)

78

(54.9)

43

(30.3)

12

(8.5)

85

(59.9)

45

(31.7)

11

(7.7)

75

(52.8)

56

(39.4)

2. Primary 47

(14.7) 200

(62.7) 72

(22.6) 47

(14.7) 182

(57.1) 90

(28.2) 59

(18.5) 160

(50.2) 100

(31.3)

3. Pre

Secondary

20

(16.7)

65

(54.2)

35

(29.2)

13

(10.8)

69

(57.5)

38

(31.7)

16

(13.3)

52

(43.3)

52

(43.3)

4. Secondary 14

(14.9)

39

(41.5)

41

(43.6)

11

(11.7)

39

(41.5)

44

(46.8)

18

(19.1)

34

(36.2)

42

(44.7)

Total 102 382 191 83 375 217 104 321 250

S. No.

Education

Understanding brand

names

Reading pass book

entries Writing bank Chelan

No Some More No Some More No Some More

1. Illiterate 52

(36.6)

60

(42.3)

30

(21.1)

80

(56.3)

47

(33.1)

15

(10.6)

82

(57.7)

41

(28.9)

19

(13.4)

2. Primary 132

(41.4)

128

(40.1)

59

(18.5)

150

(47.0)

113

(35.4)

56

(17.6)

162

(50.8)

100

(31.3)

57

(17.9)

3. Pre

Secondary

35

(29.2)

61

(50.8)

24

(20.0)

43

(35.8)

54

(45.0)

23

(19.2)

50

(41.7)

48

(40.0)

22

(18.3)

4. Secondary 28

(29.8)

44

(46.8)

22

(23.4)

39

(41.5)

42

(44.7)

13

(13.8)

45

(47.9)

35

(37.2)

14

(14.9)

Total 247 293 135 312 256 107 339 224 112

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

161

The above table indicates educational qualification-wise respondent‟s

opinion about difficulty in performing tasks that 16.7 per cent of the pre

secondary educated members are not having any difficulty to write their names,

62.7 per cent of the respondents are having some difficulty to write their name

and 43.6 per cent of the respondents are having more difficulty to write their

names.

In identifying currency notes, 14.7 per cent of the primary educated

respondents are not having any difficulty to identify currency notes, 59.9 per

cent of the illiterates are having some difficulty and 46.8 per cent of the

respondents are having more difficulty to identify currency notes.

In reading number upto 500, 19.1 per cent of the secondary educated

respondents are not having any difficulty to read number upto 500, 52.8 per

cent of the illiterates are having some difficult to read number upto 500 and

44.7 per cent of the secondary educated respondents are attempting more

difficulty to read numbers upto 500.

In the case of understanding brand names, 41.4 per cent of the primary

educated respondents are not having any difficulty to understand brand names,

50.8 percentage of the pre secondary educated respondents are finding some

difficulty and 23.4 per cent of the secondary educated respondents are having

more difficulty to understand brand names.

162

In reading pass book entries, 56.3 per cent of the illiterates are not

having any difficulty to read pass book entries, 45.0 per cent of the pre

secondary respondents have some difficulty to read and 19.2 per cent of the

respondents are having more difficulty to read bank pass book entries.

It is understood from the study that 57.7 per cent of the illiterates are

not having any difficulty to write bank chalan, 40.0 per cent of the pre

secondary respondents have some difficulty to write and 18.3 per cent of the

respondents are having more difficulty to write bank chalan.

From the analysis it is found that majority of the illiterates have some

difficulty to identify currency notes, reading number upto 500 and not

attempting any difficulty to read pass book entries and writing bank chalan. On

the other side, majority of the primary educated respondents have some

difficulty to write their name and majority of pre secondary educated

respondents are attempting some difficulty to understand brand names.

5.13 RESPONDENTS INVOLVEMENT IN SHG ACTIVITIES

The SHG activities reflecting women empowerment include attending

number of meeting, training programmes and participating SHG activities. The

information of these variables on taluk-wise, community-wise, and education

wise are given in tables 5.43, 5.44 and 5.45.

163

Table 5.43

Taluk Wise Respondents Involvement in SHG Activities

S.

No. Taluk

Meeting

attended

every month

No. of meeting

attended in a year

No. of training days

attended in a year

No. of SHG

activities

attended in a

year

Yes

No

1-1

0

11

-15

More

than

15

1-3

4-5

More

than

15

1-5

More

than

5

1. Attur 53

(70.7) 22

(29.3) 17

(22.7) 25

(33.3) 33

(44.0) 21

(28.0) 33

(44.0) 21

(28.0) 38

(50.7) 37

(49.3)

2. Edapady 58

(77.3)

17

(22.7)

18

(24.0)

34

(45.3)

23

(30.7)

27

(36.0)

26

(34.7)

22

(29.3)

45

(60.0)

30

(40.0)

3. Gangavalli 42

(56.0)

33

(44.0)

24

(32.0)

34

(45.3)

17

(22.7)

25

(33.3)

38

(50.7)

12

(16.0)

34

(45.3)

41

(54.7)

4. Mettur 59

(78.7)

16

(21.3)

22

(29.3)

30

(40.0)

23

(30.7)

23

(30.7)

28

(37.3)

24

(32.0)

43

(57.3)

32

(42.7)

5. Omalur 59

(78.7)

16

(21.3)

28

(37.3)

26

(34.7)

21

(28.0)

25

(33.3)

34

(45.3)

16

(21.3)

41

(54.7)

34

(45.3)

6. Salem 49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

17

(22.7)

37

(49.3)

21

(28.0)

24

(32.0)

26

(34.7)

25

(33.3)

35

(46.7)

40

(53.3)

7. Sangagiri 49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

18

(24.0)

31

(41.3)

26

(34.7)

19

(25.3)

34

(45.3)

22

(29.3)

48

(64.0)

27

(36.0)

8. Valapady 40

(53.3)

35

(46.7)

28

(37.3)

34

(45.3)

13

(17.3)

28

(37.3)

37

(49.3)

10

(13.3)

48

(64.0)

27

(36.0)

9. Yercaud 45

(60.0)

30

(40.0)

27

(36.0)

25

(33.3)

23

(30.7)

30

(40.0)

21

(28.0)

24

(32.0)

24

(32.0)

51

(68.0)

Total

454

(67.3)

221

(32.7)

199

(29.5)

276

(40.9)

200

(29.6)

222

(32.9)

277

(41.0)

176

(26.1)

356

(52.7)

319

(47.3)

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table indicates the taluk wise respondent involvement in

SHG activities It is understood from the analysis that 78.7 per cent of the

Mettur and Omalur members attend meeting once in every month and 46.7 per

cent of the Valapady members do not attend meeting every month.

164

It could be found from the analysis that 37.3 per cent of the Omalur and

Valapady taluk members are attending 1 to 10 meetings in a year, 49.3 per cent

of the Salem respondents are attending 11 to 15 meetings in a year and 44.0 per

cent of the Attur respondents are attending more than 15 meetings in a year.

While in analysis of number of training days attended in a year 40.0 per

cent of the Yercaud members have attended 1 to 3 trainings in a year, 50.7 per

cent of the Gangavalli members have attended 4 to 5 trainings and 33.3

percentage of the Salem respondents have attended more than 5 trainings in a

year.

In the case of number of SHG activities attended in a year, 64.0 per cent

of the Sangagiri and Valapady members are participating 1 to 5 activities in a

year and 68.0 percentage of the Yercaud respondents are involved in more than

5 activities in a year.

From the analysis it is found that majority of the Mettur and Omalur

respondents are attending the meetings once in every month, most of the

Salem respondents attend 11 to 15 meetings in a year, majority of the

Gangavalli members attended 4 to 5 training in a year and majority of the

Yercaud respondents are participating SHG activities in a year.

165

Table 5.44

Community Wise Respondents Involvement in SHG Activities

S.

No. Community

Attended

every month

meeting

No. of meeting

attended in a year

No. of training days

attended in a year

No. of SHG

activities

attended in a

year

Yes

No

1-1

0

11

-15

More

th

an

15

1-3

4-5

More

than

5

1-5

More

than

5

1. BC 98

(77.8)

28

(22.2)

44

(34.9)

51

(40.5)

31

(24.6)

53

(42.1)

52

(41.3)

21

(16.7)

73

(57.9)

53

(42.1)

2. MBC 199

(64.8)

108

(35.2)

94

(30.6)

125

(40.7)

88

(28.7)

92

(30.0)

131

(42.7)

84

(27.4)

152

(49.5)

155

(50.5)

3. SC 123

(66.5)

62

(33.5)

41

(22.2)

80

(43.2)

64

(34.6)

59

(31.9)

71

(38.4)

55

(29.7)

104

(56.2)

81

(43.8)

4. ST 34

(59.6)

23

(40.4)

20

(35.1)

20

(35.1)

17

(29.8)

18

(31.6)

23

(40.4)

16

(28.1)

27

(47.4)

30

(52.6)

Total 454 221 199 276 200 222 277 176 356 319

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table depicts the SHG activities among the community wise

selected SHG members. It is cleared that 77.8 per cent of the BC respondents

attend meeting ones in every month 40.4 per cent of the ST respondents do not

attend meetings every month.

166

With regard to of meetings attended in a year, 35.1 per cent of the ST

respondents have attended 1 to 10 meetings in year, 43.2 and 34.6 per cent of

SC respondents have attended 11 to 15 and more than 15 meetings in a year

respectively.

While in the case of training days it shows that 42.1 per cent of the BC

respondents have attended 1 to 3 trainings in a year, 42.7 per cent of the MBC

respondents have attended 4 to 5 trainings and 29.7 per cent of the SC members

have attended more than 5 trainings in a year.

With regard to SHG activities attended in a year, 57.9 per cent of the

BC members have involved from 1 to 5 activities and 52.6 per cent of the ST

respondents have participated more than 5 activities in a year.

From the analysis it is clear that majority of the BC respondents have

attended meetings ones in a every month and participate 1 to 5 activities in

SHG. Majority of the ST respondents have attended 1 to 10 meetings in a year

and majority of MBC members have attended 4 to 5 training days in a year.

167

Table 5.45

Educational Qualification Wise Respondents Involvement

in SHG Activities

S.

No. Education

Meeting Attended

every month

No. of meeting

attended in a year

No. of training days

attended in a year

No. of SHG activities

attended in a

year Y

es

No

1-1

0

11

-15

More

th

an

15

1-3

4-5

More

th

an

5

1-5

More

th

an

5

1. Illiterate 102

(71.8)

40

(28.2)

54

(38.0)

51

(35.9)

37

(26.1)

52

(36.6)

57

(40.1)

33

(23.2)

76

(53.5)

66

(46.5)

2. Primary 201

(63.0)

118

(37.0)

84

(26.3)

132

(41.4)

103

(32.3)

96

(30.1)

135

(42.3)

88

(27.6)

165

(51.7)

154

(48.3)

3. Pre

Secondary

72

(60.0)

48

(40.0)

26

(21.7)

56

(46.7)

38

(31.7)

47

(39.2)

42

(35.0)

31

(25.8)

56

(46.7)

64

(53.3)

4. Secondary 79

(84.0)

15

(16.0)

35

(37.2)

37

(39.4)

22

(23.4)

27

(28.7)

43

(45.7)

24

(25.5)

59

(62.8)

35

(37.2)

Total 454 221 199 276 200 222 277 176 356 319

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table shows the Education wise respondents participation in

SHG activities in the study area. It is understood from the analysis that 84.0

per cent of the secondary school educated respondents have attended the

meeting once in every month and 40.0 per cent of the pre-secondary school

educated respondents did not attend it.

It deals with the number of meetings attended in a year, 38.0 per cent of

the illiterates are attending 1 to 10 meetings, 46.7 per cent of the pre secondary

respondents are attending 11 to 15 meetings in a year and 32.3 per cent of the

primary respondents are attending more than 15 meetings in a year.

168

In analyzing number of training days attended in a year that 39.2 per

cent of the pre secondary respondents attended 1 to 3 training days, 45.7 per

cent of the secondary educated respondents attended 4-5 training days and 27.6

per cent of the primary respondents attended more than 5 training days in a

year.

In the case of number of SHG activities attended in a year 53.5 per cent

of the illiterates are attending 1 to 5 activities in a year and 53.3 per cent of the

pre secondary respondents are attending a more than 5 activities in a year.

From the above analysis it is derived that majority of the illiterates

participate 1 to 5 activities in a year and majority of the pre secondary school

educated respondents attended 4 to 10 meetings in a year. On the other hand,

majority of the secondary school educated respondents attended meetings every

month and 4-5 training days attended in a year.

5.14 OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS ABOUT THE IMPACT OF

SHGs ON SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR STANDARD OF

LIVING

The SHGs are emerging as a major tool for empowering women

country. The opinions of the respondents with respect to the impact of SHGs

on their skill development and their standard of living are analysed taluk-wise,

community-wise, and education-wise. The benefits of SHG members are

classified into two major heads i). skill development and ii). household benefits

and the data related to these aspects are presented in tables 5.46,5.47, and 5.48.

169

Table 5.46

Taluk-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About the Impact of

SHGs on Skill Development

S.

No. Taluk

Work and save

regularly

Attend the meeting

regularly

Participate in

welfare programmes

of SHG Y

es

No

To

tal

Yes

No

To

tal

Yes

No

To

tal

1. Attur 55

(73.3)

20

(26.7)

75

(100)

55

(73.3)

20

(26.7)

75

(100)

41

(54.7)

34

(45.3)

75

(100)

2. Edapady 58

(77.3)

17

(22.7)

75

(100)

47

(62.7)

28

(37.3)

75

(100)

48

(64.0)

27

(36.0)

75

(100)

3. Gangavalli 51

(68.0)

24

(32.0)

75

(100)

53

(70.7)

22

(29.3)

75

(100)

43

(57.3)

32

(42.7)

75

(100)

4. Mettur 58

(77.3)

17

(22.7)

75

(100)

35

(46.7)

40

(53.3)

75

(100)

51

(68.0)

24

(32.0)

75

(100)

5. Omalur 56

(74.7)

19

(25.3)

75

(100)

33

(44.0)

42

(56.0)

75

(100)

44

(58.7)

31

(41.3)

75

(100)

6. Salem 53

(70.7)

22

(29.3)

75

(100)

25

(33.3)

50

(66.7)

75

(100)

53

(70.7)

22

(29.3)

75

(100)

7. Sangagiri 53

(70.7)

22

(29.3)

75

(100)

34

(45.3)

41

(54.7)

75

(100)

32

(42.7)

43

(57.3)

75

(100)

8. Valapady 47

(62.7)

28

(37.3)

75

(100)

32

(42.7)

43

(57.3)

75

(100)

45

(60.0)

30

(40.0)

75

(100)

9. Yercaud 52

(69.3)

23

(30.7)

75

(100)

38

(50.7)

37

(49.3)

75

(100)

49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

75

(100)

Total

483

(71.6)

192

(28.4) 675

352

(52.1)

323

(47.9) 675

406

(60.1)

269

(39.9) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

170

The data shown in the table 5.46 reveals that 77.3 per cent of the Mettur

respondents opined that they work and save regularly and 37.3 per cent of the

Valapady respondents have not done work and did not save regularly.

The data presented in the table shows that 73.3 per cent of the Attur

respondents attend meeting regularly and 66.7 per cent of the Salem

respondents do not attend meetings regularly.

It is derived from the analysis that 70.7 per cent of the Salem

respondents are participating in welfare programmes in SHG and 57.3 per cent

of the Sangagiri respondents are not participating in any welfare activities in

SHG.

It is found from the analysis that majority of the Mettur respondents

work and save regularly, majority of the Attur respondents attend meetings

regularly and majority of the Salem respondents are participating in welfare

programs conducted in SHG.

171

Table 5.47

Taluk-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About the Impact of

SHGs on Standard of Living

S.No. Taluk

Improvement of household financial

position

Small business after

joining the SHGs

More Much Less No Total Yes No Total

1. Attur 18

(24.0)

50

(66.7)

5

(6.7)

2

(2.7)

75

(100)

39

(52.0)

36

(48.0)

75

(100)

2. Edapady 18

(24.0)

48

(64.0)

8

(10.7)

1

(1.3)

75

(100)

40

(53.3)

35

(46.7)

75

(100)

3. Gangavalli 31

(41.3)

43

(57.3)

1

(1.3) 0

75

(100)

46

(61.3)

29

(38.7)

75

(100)

4. Mettur 36

(48.0)

39

(52.0) 0 0

75

(100)

48

(64.0)

27

(36.0)

75

(100)

5. Omalur 37

(49.3)

38

(50.7) 0 0

75

(100)

37

(49.3)

38

(50.7)

75

(100)

6. Salem 23

(30.7)

52

(69.3) 0 0

75

(100)

49

(65.3)

26

(34.7)

75

(100)

7. Sangagiri 31

(41.3)

42

(56.0)

2

(2.7) 0

75

(100)

48

(64.0)

27

(36.0)

75

(100)

8. Valapady 36

(48.0)

37

(49.3)

2

(2.7) 0

75

(100)

31

(41.3)

44

(58.7)

75

(100)

9. Yercaud 32

(42.7)

39

(52.0)

3

(4.0)

1

(1.3)

75

(100)

45

(60.0)

30

(40.0)

75

(100)

Total

262 (38.8)

388 (57.5)

21 (3.1)

4 (0.6)

675 383

(56.7) 292

(43.3) 675

S.

No. Taluk

Bank saving for family improvement Improvement of family

financial position

More Much Less No Total More Much Less Total

1. Attur 14

(18.7)

53

(70.7)

7

(9.3)

1

(1.3)

75

(100)

28

(37.3)

44

(58.7)

3

(4.0)

75

(100)

2. Edapady 20

(26.7)

47

(62.7)

6

(8.0)

2

(2.7)

75

(100)

24

(32.0)

49

(65.3)

2

(2.7)

75

(100)

3. Gangavalli 33

(44.0)

38

(50.7)

4

(5.3) 0

75

(100)

41

(54.7)

32

(42.7)

2

(2.7)

75

(100)

4. Mettur 29

(38.7)

46

(61.3) 0 0

75

(100)

22

(29.3)

53

(70.7)

0 75

(100)

5. Omalur 31

(41.3)

43

(57.3)

1

(1.3) 0

75

(100)

35

(46.7)

40

(53.3)

0 75

(100)

6. Salem 30

(40.0)

43

(57.3)

2

(2.7) 0

75

(100)

39

(52.0)

36

(48.0)

0 75

(100)

7. Sangagiri 29

(38.7)

44

(58.7)

2

(2.7) 0

75

(100)

39

(52.0)

28

(37.3)

8

10.7)

75

(100)

8. Valapady 38

(50.7)

33

(44.0)

4

(5.3) 0

75

(100)

39

(52.0)

33

(44.0)

3

4.0)

75

(100)

9. Yercaud 25

(33.3)

41

(54.7)

4

(5.3)

5

(6.7)

75

(100)

28

(37.3)

41

(54.7)

6

8.0)

75

(100)

Total

249

(36.9)

388

(57.5)

30

(4.4)

8

(1.2) 675

295

(43.7)

356

(52.7)

24

(3.6) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

172

It is noted from the above table that 48.0 percentage of the Mettur and

Valapady respondents have improved more in household financial position,

66.7 per cent of the Attur respondents have much improved, 10.7 per cent of

the Edapady respondents are less improved and 2.7 per cent of the Attur

respondents have not improved.

Opinion towards small business activities, 65.3 per cent of the Salem

respondents are starting small business after joining into SHG and 58.7 per cent

of the Valapady respondents do not start any small business.

It could be found that 50.7 per cent of the Valapady respondents are

having more savings for their family improvement, 62.7 per cent of the

Edapady respondents are having much savings, 9.3 per cent of the Attur

respondents are having less savings and 6.7 per cent of the Yercaud

respondents are not having any savings in the banks.

It is found out from the above analysis that 54.7 per cent of the

Gangavalli respondents more improved the family financial position, 70.7 per

cent of the Mettur respondents much improved,the family financial position

10.7 per cent of the Sangagiri respondents are less improved their family

financial position.

From the analysis it is found that most of the Attur respondents have

improved their household financial position followed by the Salem respondents

who start small business after joining into SHG, Edapady members are having

much savings for their family improvement and Mettur members have much

improved their financial position.

173

Table 5.48

Community-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About the Impact of

SHGs on Skill Development

S.

No. Community

Work and save

regularly

Attend the meeting

regularly

Participate in welfare

programmes of SHG

Yes

No

Tota

l

Yes

No

Tota

l

Yes

No

Tota

l

1. BC 91

(72.2)

35

(27.8)

75

(100)

54

(42.9)

72

(57.1)

75

(100)

84

(66.7)

42

(33.3)

75

(100)

2. MBC 226

(73.6)

81

(26.4)

75

(100)

168

(54.7)

139

(45.3)

75

(100)

181

(59.0)

126

(41.0)

75

(100)

3. SC 134

(72.4)

51

(27.6)

75

(100)

103

(55.7)

82

(44.3)

75

(100)

115

(62.2)

70

(37.8)

75

(100)

4. ST 32

(56.1)

25

(43.9)

75

(100)

27

(47.4)

30

(52.6)

75

(100)

26

(45.6)

31

(54.4)

75

(100)

Total

483

(71.6)

192

(28.4) 675

352

(52.1)

323

(47.9) 675

406

(60.1)

269

(39.9) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table gives the respondents‟ opinion towards impact of SHG

on skill development. It is noted from the table that 73.6 per cent of the MBC

community respondents work and save regularly and 43.9 per cent of the ST

respondents do not properly work and save regularly.

174

With regard to opinion towards meetings attended show that 55.7 per

cent of the SC respondents regularly attend meetings and 57.1 per cent of the

BC respondents not regularly attend meetings.

With regard opinion towards participation of welfare programmes in

SHG, 66.7 per cent of the BC community respondents regularly participate in

welfare activities in SHG and 54.4 per cent of the ST respondents do not

regularly participate in welfare programmes of SHG.

From the analysis it is found that majority of MBC respondents are work

and save regularly, majority of the BC respondents do not attend meetings

regularly and the same are participating welfare programmes in SHG.

175

Table 5.49

Community-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About the Impact of

SHGs on Standard of Living

S.No. Community

Improvement of household financial position

Small business after joining the SHGs

More Much Less No Total Yes No Total

1. BC 61

(48.4)

60

(47.6)

5

(4.0) 0

75

(100)

67

(53.2)

59

(46.8)

75

(100)

2. MBC 113

(36.8)

187

(60.9)

6

(2.0)

1

(.3)

75

(100)

177

(57.7)

130

(42.3)

75

(100)

3. SC 67

(36.2)

110

(59.5)

5

(2.7)

3

(1.6)

75

(100)

110

(59.5)

75

(40.5)

75

(100)

4. ST 21

(36.8)

31

(54.4)

5

(8.8) 0

75

(100)

29

(50.9)

28

(49.1)

75

(100)

Total 262

(38.8)

388

(57.5)

21

(3.1)

4

(0.6) 675

383

(56.7)

292

(43.3) 675

S.No. Community Bank saving for family improvement

Improvement of family

financial position

More Much Less No Total More Much Less Total

1. BC 56

(44.4)

65

(51.6)

3

(2.4)

2

(1.6)

75

(100)

55

(43.7)

68

(54.0)

3

(2.4)

75

(100)

2. MBC 115

(37.5)

180

(58.6)

10

(3.3)

2

(.7)

75

(100)

138

(45.0)

162

(52.8)

7

(2.3)

75

(100)

3. SC 59

(31.9)

113

(61.1)

10

(5.4)

3

(1.6)

75

(100)

84

(45.4)

95

(51.4)

6

(3.2)

75

(100)

4. ST 19

(33.3)

30

(52.6)

7

(12.3)

1

(1.8)

75

(100)

18

(31.6)

31

(54.4)

8

(14.0)

75

(100)

Total 249

(36.9)

388

(57.5)

30

(4.4)

8

(1.2) 675

295

(43.7)

356

(52.7)

24

(3.6) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

It could be noted from the table 5.49 that 48.4 per cent of the BC

respondents opined that their financial position have been more improved and

60.9 per cent of the MBC respondents are much improved, their financial

position 8.8 per cent of them are less improved and 1.6 percentage of them do

not improved their financial position.

176

The SC respondents have established small business after joining in to

SHG as the per cent of 59.5 and 49.1 per cent of the ST respondents are not

able to start new business.

While in the case of usage of bank savings 44.4 per cent of the BC

respondents use bank savings for their family improvement 61.1 per cent of the

SC respondents are much using the savings, 12.3 per cent of the ST

respondents are using less level of savings and 1.8 per cent of the ST

respondents are not using the bank savings for their family improvement.

It could be noted that 45.4 per cent of the SC respondents told that their

overall financial position improved more in the case of ST respondents, 54.4

per cent of them opined as much improved and 14.0 per cent of them opined as

less improved.

From the above table it is noted that majority of the MBC respondents

are improved much in their household financial position Majority of the SC

members are starting new small business after joining into SHG and the SC

members are much using the bank savings for their family improvement.

Further, majority of the ST respondents have opined that their family financial

position has improved .

177

Table 5.50

Educational Qualification-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About the

Impact of SHGs on Skill Development

S.

No. Education

Work and Save

Regularly

Attend the meeting

Regularly

Participate in Welfare

Programmes of SHG

Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total

1 Illiterate 104

(73.2)

38

(26.8)

75

(100) 72

(50.7)

70

(49.3)

75

(100) 85

(59.9)

57

(40.1)

75

(100)

2 Primary 226

(70.8)

93

(29.2)

75

(100) 176

(55.2)

143

(44.8)

75

(100) 183

(57.4)

136

(42.6)

75

(100)

3 Pre Secondary 85

(70.8)

35

(29.2)

75

(100) 61

(50.8)

59

(49.2)

75

(100) 79

(65.8)

41

(34.2)

75

(100)

4 Secondary 68

(72.3) 26

(27.7)

75

(100) 43

(45.7) 51

(54.3)

75

(100) 59

(62.8) 35

(37.2)

75

(100)

Total

483

(71.6)

192

(28.4) 675

352

(52.1)

323

(47.9) 675

406

(60.1)

269

(39.9) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The table 5.50 shows the respondents opinion towards the impact of

SHG on their skills development. It reveals that 73.2 per cent of the illiterates

work and save regularly and 29.2 per cent of the primary educated respondents

do not properly work and save.

It could be noted that 55.2 per cent of the primary educated respondents

attend meetings regularly and 54.3 per cent of the secondary educated

respondents do not attend meeting regularly.

With regard to participating in welfare programmes, 65.8 per cent of the

pre secondary educated respondents are participating in welfare programmes of

SHG and 42.6 per cent of the primary educated respondents are not interested

to participate in any welfare programmes in SHG.

178

Table 5.51

Education Qualification-Wise Respondent’s Opinion About the

Impact of SHGs on Standard of Living

S.No. Education

Improvement of House hold

financial position

Small Business after

SHG

More Much Less No Total Yes No Total

1 Illiterate 59

(41.5)

79

(55.6)

4

(2.8) 0

142

(21.0)

90

(63.4)

52

(36.6)

142

(21.0)

2 Primary 112

(35.1)

198

(62.1)

8

(2.5)

1

(0.3)

319

(47.3)

179

(56.1)

140

(43.9)

319

(47.3)

3 Pre

Secondary

51

(42.5)

63

(52.5)

5

(4.2)

1

(0.8)

120

(17.8)

65

(54.2)

55

(45.8)

120

(17.8)

4 Secondary 40

(42.6)

48

(51.1)

4

(4.3)

2

(2.1)

94

(13.9)

49

(52.1)

45

(47.9)

94

(13.9)

Total 262

(38.8)

388

(57.5)

21

(3.1)

4

(0.6) 675

383

(56.7)

292

(43.3) 675

S.No Education

Bank Savings for Family

improvement.

Improvement of Family

Financial Position

More Much Less No Total More Much Less Total

1 Illiterate 50

(35.2)

88

(62.0)

2

(1.4)

2

(1.4)

142

(21.0)

66

(46.5)

75

(52.8)

1

(0.7)

142

(21.0)

2 Primary 115

(36.1)

190

(59.6)

14

(4.4)

0

319

(47.3)

142

(44.5)

164

(51.4)

13

(4.1)

319

(47.3)

3 Pre

Secondary

47

(39.2)

66

(55.0)

5

(4.2)

2

(1.7)

120

(17.8)

53

(44.2)

61

(50.8)

6

(5.0)

120

(17.8)

4 Secondary 37

(39.4)

44

(46.8)

9

(9.6)

4

(4.3)

94

(13.9)

34

(36.2)

56

(59.6)

4

(4.3)

94

(13.9)

Total 249

(36.9)

388

(57.5)

30

(4.4)

8

(1.2) 675

295

(43.7)

356

(52.7)

24

(3.6) 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

The above table shows the respondents opinion towards the impact of

SHG on their standard of living. 42.6 per cent of the secondary school educated

respondents felt that their household financial position has been improved,

62.1 per cent of the primary educated respondents opined that their income has

been improved, 4.3 per cent of the secondary educated respondents felt that

179

there are less improvement in household financial position and 2.1 per cent of

the secondary educated respondents are having no improvement.

While in the case of small business activities 63.4 per cent of the

illiterates have started small business after joining into SHG and 47.9 per cent

of the secondary educated respondents are not interested to start a new business

after joining in SHGs.

In analyzing the use of bank savings for their family improvement 39.4

per cent of the secondary level educated are using the bank savings, 62.0 per

cent of the illiteracy are much using the bank savings, 9.6 per cent of the

secondary educated respondents use less bank savings and 4.3 per cent of the

secondary educated respondents do not use bank savings for their family

improvement.

In the case of overall family financial position, 46.5 per cent of the

illiterates opined that their overall financial position is improved much, 59.6

per cent of the secondary educated respondents opined that their income much

improved and 5.0 per cent of pre secondary educated respondents opined that

their over all financial position is less improved.

It is found from the analysis that majority of the primary educated

respondents opined that their household financial position is more improved

and majority of the illiterates are starting small business after joining into SHG,

majority of the illiterates are using their bank savings for their family

improvement and finally majority of the secondary educated respondents are

much improved their overall financial position.

180

II. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

5.18 TESTING OF HYPOTHESES AND STATISTICAL INFERENCES

This Part Deals With Testing of Hypotheses By Using Chi-Square

Analysis.

5.18.1 TALUKS AND LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT STATUS

Hypothesis

H0 : There is no association between taluks and level of empowerment

status among the SHG members.

Table 5.52

Taluks and Level of Empowerment Status

S.No. Taluks No. of

Respondents %

Ave

rage

Range S.D

Min Max

1. Attur 75 11.1 55.6 40 68 5.66

2. Edapady 75 11.1 57.0 45 68 4.49

3. Gangavalli 75 11.1 57.2 44 71 5.84

4. Mettur 75 11.1 56.2 46 69 5.17

5. Omalur 75 11.1 57.0 46 70 5.75

6. Salem 75 11.1 55.3 42 65 5.24

7. Sangagiri 75 11.1 54.6 44 67 4.72

8. Valapady 75 11.1 53.9 44 61 3.89

9. Yercaud 75 11.1 55.5 42 68 4.92

Total 675 100.0

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

181

It is observed from above table that the level of empowerment status of

Attur SHG members range between 40 and 68 and corresponding average of

55.6. The range for the respondents „Edapady‟ is 45 and 68 with an average of

57.0. The level of empowerment of Gangavalli SHG women ranges between 44

and 71 with an average of 57.2. The empowerment status of Mettur SHG

women respondents ranges between 46 and 69 with an average of 56.2. The

respondents who belong to Omalur SHG group ranges between 46 and 70 with

an average of 57.0. Salem respondents‟ empowerment status ranges between

42 and 65 with an average of 55.3. The respondents who belong to Sangagiri

ranges between 44 and 67 with an average of 55.6. The level of empowerment

status of Valapady SHG women members ranges between 44 and 61 with an

average of 53.9. On the other the empowerment status of Yercaud SHG

women ranges between 42 and 68 with an average of 55.5. From the analysis,

it is found that among all the 9 taluks, Gangavalli SHG women respondents are

having empowerment at the highest level.

With a view to find the degree of association between taluks and level of

empowerment of SHG women, a two-way table was prepared and is illustrated

as below.

182

Table 5.53

Taluks and Level of Empowerment Status

(Two-Way Table)

S.

No. Taluks

Level of Empowerment Total

Low Medium High

1. Attur 12

(16.0)

21

(28.0)

42

(56.0) 75

2. Edapady 3

(4.0)

25

(33.3)

47

(62.7) 75

3. Gangavalli 11

(14.7)

17

(22.7)

47

(62.7) 75

4. Mettur 12

(16.0)

22

(29.3)

41

(54.7) 75

5. Omalur 10

(13.3)

21

(28.0)

44

(58.7) 75

6. Salem 15

(20.0)

24

(32.0)

36

(48.0) 75

7. Sangagiri 16

(21.3)

28

(37.3)

31

(41.3) 75

8. Valapady 16

(21.3)

31

(41.3)

28

(37.3) 75

9. Yercaud 13

(17.3)

28

(37.3)

34

(45.3) 75

Total 108 217 350 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

It could be observed from table no.5.53 that the percentage of high

empowered was the highest (62.7%) among the Edapady and Gangavalli

respondents and the same was the lowest (37.3%) among the Valapady

respondents. The percentage of medium empowered was the highest (41.3%)

among the Valapady respondents and the same was the lowest (22.7%) among

the Gangavalli respondents. On the other hand, the per cent of low empowered

was the highest (21.3%) among the Sangagiri and Valapady respondents and

the same was lowest (4.0%) among the Edapady respondents.

183

In order to find the association between living place of the respondents

and their level of empowerment status, a chi-square test was used and result of

the test is shown in the following table.

Table 5.54

Taluks and Level of Empowerment Status

(Chi-Square Test)

Factor Calculated

2

Value Table Value D.F Remarks

Taluks 26.905 16 Significant at 5%

level

It is noted from table no.5.54 that the calculated value of chi-square is

greater than the table value at 5% level of significance. Hence the hypothesis,

“The respondents with their living place and their level of empowerment of

women are not associated” does not hold good. It is found from the analysis

that there is a significant association between taluks of the respondents and

their level of empowerment status.

184

5.18.2 AGE AND LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT STATUS

Hypothesis :

H0 : There is no association between age level of the respondents and

level of empowerment status among the SHG members.

Table 5.55

Age and Level of Empowerment Status

S.

No. Age

No. of

Respondents %

Ave

rage

Range S.D

Min Max

1. 20-30 Yrs. 131 19.4 55.9 45 71 4.91

2. 31-40 yrs. 176 26.1 56.8 44 69 5.09

3. 41-50 yrs. 164 24.3 54.8 42 67 5.15

4. Above 50 yrs. 204 30.2 56.3 40 70 5.42

Total 675 100.0

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

It is recognized from the above table that the level of empowerment

status of SHG members of 20 to 30 years age group which ranges between 45

and 71 with an average of 55.9. The SHG members, age group of 31 to 40

years, empowerment status is in the range of 44 and 69 with an average of 56.8.

The level of empowerment status of the SHG women respondents ranges

between 42 and 67 with an average of 54.8. On the other hand, the level of

empowerment of above 50 years women respondents ranges between 40 and 70

with an average of 56.3. From the analysis, it is noted that the SHG women

respondents who are in the age of 31 to 40 years have attained empowerment at

the maximum level.

185

With a view to find the degree of association between age group and

level of empowerment of SHG women, a two-way table was prepared and is

illustrated as below.

Table 5.56

Age and Level of Empowerment Status

(Two-Way Table)

S.

No. Age

Level of Empowerment Total

Low Medium High

1. 20-30 Yrs. 10

(7.6)

52

(39.7)

69

(52.7) 131

2. 31-40 yrs. 34

(19.3)

48

(27.3)

94

(53.5) 176

3. 41-50 yrs. 33

(20.1)

57

(34.8)

74

(45.1) 164

4. Above 50 yrs. 31

(15.2)

60

(29.4)

113

(55.4) 204

Total 108 217 350 675

Source : Primary Data

Figures in Bracket denote percentage to row total

It is established from table no.5.56 that the per cent of high

empowerment status was the highest (55.4%) among the respondents who are

in the age group of above 50 years and the same was the lowest (45.1%) among

the 41 to 50 years aged respondents. The percentage of medium level of

empowerment was the highest (39.7%) among the 20 to 30 years aged

respondents and the same was the lowest (27.3%) among the respondents of 31

to 40 years of age. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of

empowerment was the highest (20.1%) among the respondents of 41 to 50

years aged respondents and the same was lowest (7.6%) among the respondents

of 20 to 30 years age group.

186

In order to find the association between age of the respondents and their

level of empowerment status, a chi-square test was used and the result of the

test is shown in the following table:

Table 5.57

Age and Level of Empowerment Status

(Chi-Square Test)

Factor Calculated

2

Value Table Value D.F Remarks

Age 15.235 12.592 6 Significant at

5% level

It is noted from table no.5.57 that the calculated value of chi-square is

greater than the table value at 5% level of significance. Hence the hypothesis,

“The age of the respondents and their level of empowerment of women are not

associated” does not hold good. It is found from the analysis that there is a

significant association between age of the respondents and their level of

empowerment status.

187

5.18.3 COMMUNITY AND LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT STATUS

Hypothesis :

H0 : There is no association between community level of the

respondents and level of empowerment status among the SHG

members.

Table 5.58

Community and Level of Empowerment Status

S.

No. Community

No. of

Respondents %

Ave

rage

Range

S.D

Min Max

1. BC 126 18.7 55.5 44 68 4.85

2. MBC 307 45.5 56.2 40 71 5.45

3. SC 185 27.4 55.7 42 68 4.83

4. ST 57 8.4 54.2 42 64 5.42

Total 675 100.0

Source : Primary Data

It is surmised from the above table that the level of empowerment status

of BC members ranges between 44 and 68 with an average of 55.5. The MBC

members‟ empowerment status is in the range of 40 and 71 with an average of

56.2. The level of empowerment of the SC women respondents ranges

between 42 and 68 with an average of 55.7. On the other hand, the level of

empowerment of ST women respondents ranges between 42 and 64 with an

average of 54.2. From the analysis, it is noted that the SHG women respondents

188

who belong to the category of MBC are having their empowerment status at the

maximum level.

With a view to find the degree of association between community and

their level of empowerment status of SHG women, a two-way table was

prepared and is illustrated as below.

Table 5.59

Community and Level of Empowerment Status

(Two-Way Table)

S.

No. Community

Level of Empowerment Total

Low Medium High

1. BC 20

(15.9)

37

(29.4)

69

(54.8) 126

2. MBC 50

(16.3)

88

(28.7)

169

(55.0) 307

3. SC 23

(12.4)

73

(39.5)

89

(48.1) 185

4. ST 15

(26.3)

19

(33.3)

23

(40.4) 57

Total 108 217 350 675

Source : Primary Data

It is established from table no.5.59 that the per cent of high

empowerment status was the highest (55.0%) among the MBC respondents and

the same was the lowest (40.4%) among the ST respondents. The percentage

of medium level of empowerment was the highest (39.5%) among the SC

respondents and the same was the lowest (28.7%) among the MBC

respondents. On the other hand, the per cent of low level of empowerment was

189

the highest (26.3%) among the ST respondents and the same was lowest

(12.4%) among the SC respondents.

In order to find the association between community of the respondents

and their level of empowerment status, a chi-square test was used and result of

the test is shown in the following table.

Table 5.60

Community and Level of Empowerment Status

(Chi-Square Test)

Factor Calculated

2

Value Table Value D.F Remarks

Community 12.608 12.592 6 Significant at 5%

level

It is noted from table no. 5.60 that the calculated value of chi-square is

greater than the table value at 5% level of significance. Hence the hypothesis,

“The community level of the respondents and their level of empowerment of

women are not associated” does not hold good. It is found from the analysis

that there is a significant association between community level of the

respondents and their level of empowerment status.

190

5.18.4 MARITAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT STATUS

Hypothesis :

H0 : There is no association between marital status of the respondents

and level of empowerment status among the SHG members.

Table 5.61

Marital Status and Level of Empowerment Status

S.

No. Marital Status

No. of

Respondents %

Ave

rage

Range S.D

Min Max

1. Married 615 91.1 55.9 40 71 5.28

2. Unmarried 60 8.9 54.7 46 63 4.04

Total 675 100.0

Source : Primary Data

It is deduced from the above table that the level of empowerment status

of married women which ranges between 40 and 71 with an average of 55.9.

On the other hand, the level of empowerment of unmarried women respondents

ranges between 46 and 63 with an average of 54.7. From the analysis, it is

noted that the married respondents are having empowerment status at the

maximum level than unmarried respondents.

With a view to find the degree of association between marital status and

their level of empowerment status of SHG women, a two-way table was

prepared and is illustrated as below.

191

Table 5.62

Marital Status and Level of Empowerment Status

(Two-Way Table)

S.

No. Marital Status

Level of Empowerment

Total

Low Medium High

1. Married 99

(16.1)

187

(30.4)

329

(53.5) 615

2. Unmarried 9

(15.0)

30

(50.0)

21

(35.0) 60

Total 108 217 350 675

Source : Primary Data

It is established from table no.5.62 that the per cent of high

empowerment status was the highest (53.5%) among the married respondents

and the same was the lowest (35.0%) among the unmarried respondents. The

percentage of medium level of empowerment was the highest (50.0%) among

the unmarried respondents and the same was the lowest (30.4%) among the

married respondents. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of

empowerment was the highest (16.1%) among the married respondents and the

same was lowest (15.0%) among the unmarried respondents.

In order to find the association between marital status of the respondents

and their level of empowerment status, a chi-square test was used and result of

the test is shown in the following table.

192

Table 5.63

Marital Status and Level of Empowerment Status

(Chi-Square Test)

Factor Calculated

2

Value Table Value D.F Remarks

Marital

Status 10.176 5.991 2

Significant at 5%

level

It is noted from table no. 5.63 that the calculated value of chi-square is

greater than the table value at 5% level of significance. Hence the hypothesis,

“The marital status of the respondents and their level of empowerment of

women are not associated” does not hold good. It is found from the analysis

that there is a significant association between marital status of the respondents

and their level of empowerment status.

193

5.18.5 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF

EMPOWERMENT STATUS

Hypothesis :

H0 : There is no association between educational qualification of the

respondents and level of empowerment status among the SHG

members.

Table 5.64

Educational Qualification and Level of Empowerment Status

S.

No.

Educational

Qualification

No. of

Respondents %

Ave

rage

Range S.D

Min Max

1 Illiterate 142 21.0 56.2 42 70 5.48

2 Primary 319 47.3 55.8 40 71 5.29

3 Pre Secondary 120 17.8 56.5 43 69 4.94

4 Secondary 94 13.9 56.5 44 68 4.77

Total 675 100.0

Source : Primary Data

It could be observed from the above table no 5.64 that the level of

empowerment status of illiterate women respondents which ranges between 42

and 70 with an average of 56.2. The respondents with primary level education

range between 40 and 71 with an average of 55.8. The respondents who are

educated till pre secondary level range between 43 and 69 with an average of

56.5. On the other hand, the level of empowerment of secondary level

educated women respondents range between 44 and 68 with an average of 56.5.

From the analysis, it is found that the pre secondary and secondary level

194

educated respondents are empowered at the maximum level than the other

respondents.

With a view to find the degree of association between educational

qualification and their level of empowerment status of SHG women, a two-way

table was prepared and is illustrated as below.

Table 5.65

Educational Qualification and Level of Empowerment Status

(Two-Way Table)

S.

No.

Educational

Qualification

Level of Empowerment Total

Low Medium High

1 Illiterate 12

(8.5)

55

(38.7)

75

(52.8) 142

2 Primary 64

(20.1)

84

(26.3)

171

(53.6) 319

3 Pre Secondary 18

(15.0)

45

(37.5)

57

(47.5) 120

4 Secondary 14

(14.9)

33

(35.1)

47

(50.0) 94

Total 108 217 350 675

Source : Primary Data

It is scrutinized from table no.5.65 that the per cent of high

empowerment status was the highest (53.6%) among the primary level

educated respondents and the same was the lowest (47.5%) among the pre

secondary level respondents. The per cent of medium level of empowerment

was the highest (38.7%) among the illiterate respondents and the same was the

lowest (26.3%) among the primary level respondents. On the other hand, the

percentage of low level of empowerment was the highest (20.1%) among the

195

primary level respondents and the same was lowest (8.5%) among the illiterate

respondents.

In order to find the association between educational qualification of the

respondents and their level of empowerment status, a chi-square test was used

and result of the test is shown in the following table.

Table 5.66

Educational Qualification and Level of Empowerment Status

(Chi-Square Test)

Factor Calculated

2

Value Table Value D.F Remarks

Educational

Qualification 15.807 12.592 6

Significant at 5%

level

It is observed from table no.5.66 that the calculated value of chi-square

is greater than the table value at 5% level of significance. Hence the

hypothesis, “The educational qualification of the respondents and their level of

empowerment of women are not associated” does not hold good. It is found

from the analysis that there is a significant association between educational

qualification of the respondents and their level of empowerment status.

196

5.18.5 FAMILY SIZE AND LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT STATUS

Hypothesis:

H0 : There is no association between family size of the respondents

and level of empowerment status among the SHG members.

Table 5.67

Family Size and Level of Empowerment Status

S.

No. Family size

No. of

Respondents %

Ave

rage

Range

S.D

Min Max

1 Small 187 27.7 56.0 42 68 5.06

2 Medium 436 64.6 55.8 40 71 5.30

3 Large 52 7.7 54.8 45 65 4.72

Total 675 100.0

Source : Primary Data

It is divulged from the above table that the level of empowerment status

of the respondents who have small family which ranges between 42 and 68

with an average of 56.0. The respondents with medium size family range

between 40 and 71 with an average of 55.8. On the other hand, the level of

empowerment of large family respondents ranges between 45 and 65 with an

average of 54.8. From the analysis, it is found that the small size family

respondents are empowered at the maximum level than the other group

respondents.

197

With a view to find the degree of association between family size and

their level of empowerment status of SHG women, a two-way table was

prepared and is illustrated as below.

Table 5.68

Family Size and Level of Empowerment Status

(Two-Way Table)

S.

No. Family size

Level of Empowerment Total

Low Medium High

1 Small 28

(15.0)

57

(30.5)

102

(54.5) 187

2 Medium 71

(16.3)

138

(31.7)

227

(52.1) 436

3 Large 9

(17.3)

22

(42.3)

21

(40.4) 52

Total 108 217 350 675

Source : Primary Data

It is contemplated from table no.5.68 that the percentage of high

empowerment status was the highest (54.5%) among the small size family

respondents and the same was the lowest (40.4%) among the large size family

respondents. The percentage of medium level of empowerment was the highest

(42.3%) among the large size family respondents and the same was the lowest

(30.5%) among the small size family respondents. On the other hand, the

percentage of low level of empowerment was the highest (17.3%) among the

large size family respondents and the same was lowest (15.0%) among the

small size family respondents.

198

In order to find the association between family size of the respondents

and their level of empowerment status, a chi-square test was used and result of

the test is shown in the following table.

Table 5.69

Family Size and Level of Empowerment Status

(Chi-Square Test)

Factor Calculated

2

Value Table Value D.F Remarks

Family size 3.65 9.488 4 Not Significant

It is noted from table no. 5.69 that the calculated value of chi-square is

less than the table value at 5% and 1% level of significance. Hence the

hypothesis, “The family size of the respondents and their level of

empowerment of women are not associated” holds good. It is found from the

analysis that there is no significant association between family size of the

respondents and their level of empowerment status.

199

5.18.6 OCCUPATION AND LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT STATUS

Hypothesis :

H0 : There is no association between occupational status of the

respondents and level of empowerment status among the SHG

members.

Table 5.70

Occupation and Level of Empowerment Status

S.

No. Occupation

No. of

Respondents %

Ave

rage

Range S.D

Min Max

1 Worker 175 25.9 56.1 42 70 4.91

2 Rural Artisan 301 44.6 56.0 43 71 5.30

3 Marginal

Farmer 100 14.8 55.1 40 68 5.57

4 Small Farmer 99 14.7 55.3 42 65 4.93

Total 675 100.0

Source : Primary Data

It is interpreted from the above table that the level of empowerment

status of the respondents who are workers which ranges between 42 and 70

with an average of 56.1. The respondents with their occupation in the status of

„Rural Artisan‟ range between 43 and 71 with an average of 56.0. The

Marginal Farmers empowered in the range between 40 and 68 with an average

of 55.1. On the other hand, the level of empowerment of small farmers ranges

between 42 and 65 with an average of 55.3. From the analysis, it is found that

the workers respondents are empowered at the maximum level than the other

group respondents.

200

With a view to find the degree of association between occupation and

their level of empowerment status of SHG women, a two-way table was

prepared and is illustrated as below.

Table 5.71

Occupation and Level of Empowerment Status

(Two-Way Table)

S.

No. Occupation

Level of Empowerment Total

Low Medium High

1 Worker 15

(8.6)

67

(38.3)

93

(53.1) 175

2 Rural Artisan 55

(18.3)

85

(28.2)

161

(53.5) 301

3 Marginal Farmer 23

(23.0)

30

(30.0)

47

(47.0) 100

4 Small Farmer 15

(15.2)

35

(35.4)

49

(49.5) 99

Total 108 217 350 675

Source : Primary Data

It is perceived from table no.5.71 that the per cent of high empowerment

status was the highest (53.5%) among the rural artisan and the same was the

lowest (47.0%) among the marginal farmers. The per cent of medium level of

empowerment was the highest (38.3%) among the workers and the same was

the lowest (28.2%) among the rural artisan. On the other hand, the percentage

of low level of empowerment was the highest (23.0%) among the marginal

farmers and the same was lowest (8.6%) among the workers.

201

In order to find the association between occupation of the respondents

and their level of empowerment status, a chi-square test was used and result of

the test is shown in the following table.

Table 5.72

Occupation and Level of Empowerment Status

(Chi-Square Test)

Factor Calculated

2

Value Table Value D.F Remarks

Occupation 14.825 12.592 6 Significant at 5%

level

It could be found from table no. 5.72 that the calculated value of chi-

square is greater than the table value at 5% level of significance. Hence the

hypothesis, “the occupational status of the respondents and their level of

empowerment of women are not associated” does not hold good. It is found

from the analysis that there is a significant association between occupational

status of the respondents and their level of empowerment status.

202

5.19 ANOVA ANALYSIS

5.19.1 ‘F’ TEST

This measures the ratio of the variance between samples to the variance

with in samples.

1. H0 : There is no significant variation among the taluks in the

personal and household income of SHGs.

Table 5.73

Changes in Personal and Household Income : Taluk-Wise

Sources

of

variation

Sum of

Squares

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean

Squares

F-

Ratio

(Fc)

‘F’ Critical Value

(Ft)

At 1% At 5%

Between

Column 12.439 8 1.555 5.023 2.80 2.10

Within

Column 206.133 666 0.310

Total 218.572 674

Since Fc > Ft, H0 is rejected. i.e., the variation in the taluks is

statistically identified as significant with respect to financial position of SHG

members both at 1% and 5% levels.

203

2. H0 : There is no significant variation among the communities

in the personal and household income of SHGs.

Table 5.74

Changes in Personal and Household Income : Community-Wise

Sources

of

variation

Sum of

Squares

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean

Squares

F-

Ratio

(Fc)

‘F’ Critical Value

(Ft)

At 1% At 5%

Between

Column 1.815 3 0.605 1.873 3.78 2.60

Within

Column 216.756 671 0.323

Total 218.572 674

Since Fc < Ft, H0 is accepted. i.e., the variation in the community wise

is not statistically identified as significant with respect to financial position of

SHG members both at 1% and 5% levels.

204

3. H0 : There is no significant variation among the group duration

wise in the personal and household income of SHGs.

Table 5.75

Changes in Personal and Household Income : Group Duration Wise

Sources

of

variation

Sum of

Squares

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean

Squares

F-

Ratio

(Fc)

‘F’ Critical

Value (Ft)

At 1% At 5%

Between

Column 5.613 2 2.807 8.856 4.60 2.99

Within

Column 212.959 672 0.317

Total 218.572 674

Since Fc > Ft, H0 is rejected. i.e., the variation in the community wise is

statistically identified as significant with respect to financial position of SHG

members both at 1% and 5% levels.

205

4. H0 : There is no significant variation among the education wise

in the personal and household income of SHGs.

Table 5.76

Changes in Personal and Household Income: Education Wise

Sources

of

variation

Sum of

Squares

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean

Squares

F- Ratio

(Fc)

‘F’ Critical

Value (Ft)

At

1%

At

5%

Between

Column 0.516 3 0.172 0.529 3.78 2.60

Within

Column 218.056 671 0.325

Total 218.572 674

Since Fc < Ft, H0 is rejected. i.e., the variation in the education wise is

not statistically identified as significant with respect to financial position of

SHG members both at 1% and 5% levels.

206

5.20 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

In the following analysis, the relationship between the level of

empowerment among the SHG members and seven independent factors were

studied. It was found that out of seven, six factors were closely associated with

the level of empowerment through SHG activities by the selected sample

respondents.

Selected seven independent factors are,

1. Taluks

2. Age

3. Community

4. Marital Status

5. Educational Qualification

6. Family size

7. Occupation

In order to measure the interdependence of independent factors and their

level of empowerment through SHG activities, the results were subjected to

multiple regression analysis. The results of multiple regression analysis are

shown in the following table.

Table 5.77

Inter-Correlation Matrix

Variables Y X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7

Y 1.00

X1 -0.14* 1.00

X2 -0.38* -0.08** 1.00

X3 -0.47* 0.05 0.07 1.00

X4 -0.03 0.03 -0.05 -0.04 1.00

X5 -0.02 0.04 -0.07 0.14* -0.08** 1.00

X6 -0.05 0.02 -0.04 0.06 0.04 -0.09** 1.00

X7 -0.25* 0.09** -0.04 0.03 0.01 0.13* 0.06 1.00

Note : * - Significant at 1% level; ** - Significant at 5% level

207

The above table shows the inter correlation matrix which indicates the

relationship between the selected independent variables with dependent

variable. It could be found from the analysis that the dependent variable „level

of empowerment‟ correlated with the variables like block, age, community and

their occupational status.

Table 5.78

Multiple Regression Analysis

Sl.

No. Variables

Unstandardized

coefficients

Standardized

coefficients T Sig.

B Std.

Error Beta

(Constant) 2.129 0.302

1 Taluks 0.869 0.017 0.895 52.290 1%

2 Age -0.074 0.032 -0.086 -2.287 5%

3 Community 0.158 0.041 0.144 3.819 1%

4 Marital Status -0.155 0.130 -0.047 -1.192 NS

5 Qualification -0.031 0.007 -0.074 -4.246 1%

6 Family Size 0.029 0.013 0.087 2.148 5%

7 Occupation 0.123 0.036 0.129 3.409 1%

R-Value R

2 –

Value

Degree of

freedom – V1

Degree of

freedom – V2 F Value Significance

0.900 0.810 8 666 354.20 1% Level

The multiple linear regression co-efficient (dependent variable) is found

to be statistically good fit as R2 is 0.810. It shows that independent variables

contribute about 81.0 per cent of the variation in the level of empowerment felt

by the selected sample respondents and this is statistically significant at 1%

level and 5% level respectively.

208

The table indicated that the co-efficient of Block, Community, Family

size and Occupation are positively associated with the level of empowerment.

On the other hand, the co-efficient of Age and Educational qualification are

negatively associated. Further, it indicated that the contribution of Block,

Community, Family size and Occupation are statistically significant implying

that their influence on level of empowerment is stronger than the other

variables.

Thus from the above analysis, the following observation could be made.

The level of empowerment is positively associated with their Block,

Community, Family size and Occupation in the study area.

209